核磁共振与腔内超声对直肠癌术前局部分期的价值比较

目的 比较核磁共振(MRI)和腔内超声(EUS)对直肠癌术前分期的价值.方法 分别应用MRI和EUS检查对72例和55例直肠癌患者行术前分期,与手术及病理结果对比,比较MRI和EUS对直肠肿瘤浸润深度、区域淋巴结转移判断的准确性.结果 MRI判断T分期总的准确率为76.4％ (55/72),MRI评价N分期的准确率为63.9％ (46/72),EUS判断T分期总的准确率为81.8％(45/55),评价N分期的准确率为65.5％ (36/55).结论 MRI与EUS判断T分期的准确性差异无统计学意义,EUS判断早中期直肠肿瘤浸润层次的准确率高于MRI,两者判断N分期的准确率均较低.     

内镜超声在结直肠癌术前分期中的应用价值

目的 探讨内镜超声（EUS）在结直肠癌术前TNM分期中的应用价值。方法 对60例手术切除的结直肠癌患术前行内镜超声检查,术后进行病理检查,将两对肿瘤侵犯深度的诊断结果进行比较。结果 经EUS检查,发现正常结直肠壁表现为5层结构,第1、3、5民支表现为高回声,第2、4层表现为低回声。第1、2层为黏膜层,第3层为黏膜下层,第4层为固有肌层,第5层为浆膜下和浆膜层。EUS下结直肠癌表现为低回声肿块,其回声强度介于第3层高回声和第4层低回声之间。根据EUS下结直肠壁5层结构和邻近器官的改变判断肿瘤侵犯的深度,进行TNM分期诊断。肿瘤旁直径大于或等于5mm圆形的低回声病灶诊断为转移性淋巴结。EUS对本组结直肠癌TNM分期诊断总的准确率为85．0％;周围淋巴结转移诊断的敏感性和特异性为54．8％和66．7％。结论有EUS对结直肠癌侵犯深度的判断有较高的准确率,对术前TNM分期诊断有一定价值。术前EUS检查可以结直肠癌治疗选择合适的方案提供指导。     

直肠内充气CT对直肠癌诊断及临床分期的价值

为探讨直肠内充气CT对直肠癌诊断和临床分期的价值,回顾分析104例经手术病理证实的直肠癌患者的直肠内充气CT表现,评价直肠内充气CT对直肠癌诊断和临床分期的价值。结果显示,直肠内充气CT患者直肠及乙状结肠充分扩张,包绕直肠周围的脂肪密度结构,与相对较高密度的肠壁及极低密度的肠腔对比清晰。直肠内充气CT对直肠癌TNM分期总的准确率为84．6％（88／104）,T分期的准确率为90．4％（94／104）,N分期的准确率为86．5％（90／104）,M分期的准确率为98．1％（102／104）。结果表明,直肠内充气CT能够清晰地显示肿瘤的大小、形态、浸润深度、淋巴结转移情况、远处转移情况及其与周围器官的关系,并能获得清晰的直肠系膜影像学特征。直肠内充气CT与TNM病理分期有较高的一致性,是直肠癌术前诊断及判断临床分期的重要方法。     

内镜超声对结直肠癌术前分期的评价

目的：探讨内镜超声(endoscopic ultrasonography，EUS)在结直肠癌术前TNM分期中的应用价值。方法：对81例手术切除的结直肠癌患者术前行内镜超声检查，所有病例术后均得到病理证实。结果：EUS检查发现正常结直肠壁表现为5层结构，第1，3，5层表现为高回声，第2，4层表现为低回声。第1，2层为黏膜层，第3层为黏膜下层，第4层为固有肌层，第5层为浆膜下和浆膜层。EUS下结直肠癌表现为低回声肿块，其回声强度介于第3层高回声和第4层低回声之间。根据EUS下结直肠壁5层结构和邻近器官的改变判断肿瘤侵犯的深度，进行T分期诊断。肿瘤旁直径≥5mm圆形的低回声病灶诊断为转移性淋巴结。EUS对结直肠癌T分期诊断总的准确率为82．7％，周围淋巴结转移诊断的敏感性和特异性为55．4％和68．7％。结论：EUS对结直肠癌侵犯深度的判断有较高的准确率，对术前TNM分期诊断有一定价值。术前EUS检查可以为结直肠癌选择合适的治疗方案提供指导。     

磁共振水成像检查在直肠癌术前诊断中的应用

目的探讨综合应用磁共振水成像技术对直肠癌术前诊断和分期的价值。方法对本院34例临床确诊为直肠癌的患者应用磁共振水成像技术检查，并与术后病理诊断结果进行对比分析。结果34例直肠癌患者均能显示原发病灶。手术病理诊断T1、T2、T3、T4期肿瘤中，磁共振水成像检查的准确率分别为67％，77％，87％，100％，总准确率为82％。判断淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为69％、63％、68％。对邻近组织脏器浸润、远处转移判断的准确率分别为94％、97％。结论磁共振水成像对直肠癌的诊断和分期有较大价值，可以较准确地判断肿瘤在肠壁的浸润深度及盆腔内淋巴结的转移。     

磁共振成像技术对直肠癌术前分期应用的评价

目的探讨MRI直肠成像技术对直肠癌术前分期的价值。方法2004年12月至2006年6月，156例经肠镜和病理确诊为直肠癌的患者在我院行直肠MRI扫描，将影像诊断结果与手术病理结果进行对照。结果156例患者中72例表现为腔内局限性软组织肿块；84例表现为肠壁不规则增厚．肠腔环形狭窄环绕肠腔1周或部分：16例合并直肠息肉，2例合并卵巢囊肿；骶前转移13例．股骨转移2例。MRI对直肠T1-2、T3和L分期的敏感性分别为25.0％（8／32）、93.3％（84／90）、94．1％（32／34），特异性分别为100％（124／124）、57．6％（38／66）、96．7％（118／122）。MRI对肠旁转移淋巴结诊断（直径超过5mm，边界不规则或呈混合信号定为转移）的敏感性85．1％（80／94）．特异性45．2％（28／62）。结论MRI对直肠癌的术前分期诊断有较高的准确性，有助于判断肿瘤直肠浆膜外浸润及区域淋巴结转移。     

腔内三维超声扫查在直肠癌术前分期中的应用

自１９９１年１１月～１９９２年１２月，我们对６３例直肠癌病人进行了直肠腔内三维超声检查，旨在对直肠癌的分期进行前瞻性研究。结果：腔内三超声对直肠癌浸润深度判断的总符合率为９３．６５％，对淋巴结转移癌诊断的符合率为９２．１％。对直肠癌进行术前Ｄｕｄｅｓ分期与病理的总率为９３．６５％，Ｐ＜０．００１。因此，我们认为腔内三维超声可有效的判断直肠癌浸润深度，可靠的检测淋巴结转移情况，准确的用于术前Ｄｕｋｅ     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗直肠上皮内瘤变和早期直肠癌

目的探讨经肛门内镜微创手术（TEM）治疗直肠上皮内瘤变（IN）和早期直肠癌的临床价值。方法选择15例直肠肿瘤患者采用TEM行局部切除术。根据活检病理结合直肠腔内超声检查（EUS）术前诊断低级别IN8例，高级别IN4例，早期直肠癌3例。肿瘤距肛缘的距离4—15（平均7．2）cm，肿瘤直径1—4（平均1．8）cm，肿瘤占据肠腔周径比例10％～40％（平均20％）。结果15例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除（黏膜下切除5例，全层切除10例），各切缘均阴性。手术时间为40．90（平均57）min；术中出血量为10-60（平均35）ml。术后住院时间为2-9（平均4．5）d。术后病理确诊：直肠低级别IN5例，高级别IN6例，早期黏膜下浸润癌（pT1期）和进展期癌（pT2期）各2例。术前EUS评估肿瘤浸润肠壁深度的准确率为86．7％（13／15）。15例术后随访2．10（平均6）个月，肿瘤无局部复发。结论TEM微创、显露良好、切除精确、能获取高质量的肿瘤标本用于准确的病理分期，是治疗直肠IN和早期直肠癌的理想术式。术前EUS检查对TEM病例的选择十分重要。     

MRI在直肠癌术前分期中的作用

目的:评估盆腔MRI检查在直肠癌术前分期和治疗决策中的作用。方法:对2009年4月至2010年6月手术治疗的60例直肠癌病例的术前盆腔MRI检查结果与术后组织病理学诊断结果进行比较,分析MRI对直肠癌术前分期的准确率。结果:MRI对直肠癌浸润深度(T分期)的诊断准确率为75%,对T2期肿瘤的诊断准确率为73.1%,对T3期肿瘤的诊断准确率为86.7%;对淋巴结转移的诊断准确率为32.4%。在病理确诊淋巴结转移的16例病人中,MRI检出淋巴结平均数为5.8枚;在淋巴结转移阴性的44例病人中,MRI检出淋巴结平均数为2.4枚;两组淋巴结数有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:术前MRI检查可较准确地判断肿瘤在直肠壁的浸润深度,但对淋巴转移的诊断准确率较低,故MRI可作为直肠癌术前分期的方法,为新辅助治疗提供依据,为术后辅助化疗提供信息。     

胃癌超声内镜分期和术中分期之比较

目的：比较内镜超声（EUS）和手术时触摸法对判断胃癌浸润深度及胃周淋巴结转移的准确性。方法：73例经病理证实的胃癌病例，于术前接受EUS检查并在术时按Rhode原则进行评估，其结果与术后组织病理分期学相比较。结果：在判断胃癌浸润深度（T）上，EUS的准确性为80．8％（59／73），手术时评估的准确性为58．9％（43／73）。在判断淋巴结转移（N）上，前者的准确性为60．3％，后者为65．8％；但在26例NO病例中，EUS分期的准确性为92．3％而手术时评估的准确性仅为57．7％。结论：EUS判断胃癌的T及N0，较术中临床评估更为准确。     

Endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance in preoperative staging of rectal cancer: Comparison with histologic findings

The development of new surgical techniques and use of neoadjuvant therapy have increased the need for accurate preoperative staging of rectal cancer. We compared the ability of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coils to locally stage rectal carcinoma before surgery. Forty-nine patients with histologically proven rectal carcinoma were T and N staged by EUS and either body coil MRI or phased-array coil MRI. After radical surgery, the preoperative findings were compared with histologic findings on the surgical specimen. For T stage, accuracies were 70% for EUS, 43% for body coil MRI, and 71% for phased-array coil MRI. For N stage, accuracies were 63% for EUS, 64% for body coil MRI, and 76% for phased-array coil MRI. For T stage, EUS had the best sensitivity (80%) and the same specificity (67%) as phased-array coil MRI. For N stage, phased-array coil MRI had the best sensitivity (63%) and the same specificity (80%) as the other methods. EUS and phased-array coil MRI provided similar results for assessing T stage. No method provided satisfactory assessments of local N stage, although phased-array coil MRI was marginally better in assessing this important parameter. Although none of the results differed significantly, phased-array coil MRI seems to be the best single method for the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (oral presentation).     

内镜超声检查和多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前T、N分期的比较研究

目的探讨内镜超声(endoscopicultrasonography,EUS)与多层螺旋CT(multi slicespiralCT,MSCT)在胃癌术前T、N分期中的临床应用价值。方法2000年10月至2002年5月,对89例活检证实的胃癌病人术前分别行内镜超声和多层螺旋CT检查,并与手术病理结果对照。结果EUS对胃癌术前T分期的准确率为75.6%,其中T176.5%,T268.8%,T384.4%,T464.7%;MSCT分别79.3%,58.8%,62.5%,90.6%和94.1%。两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EUS对胃癌术前N分期的准确率为57.5%,其中N095.8%,N145.8%,N232.0%;MSCT分别78.1%,70.8%,75.0%和88.0%。EUS和MSCT对胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感性分别为61.2%和91.8%。EUS对N0分期的准确率显著高于MSCT(P<0.05),MSCT对N和N2分期的准确率及淋巴结转移的敏感性均显著高于EUS(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论内镜超声检查与多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前TN分期均有较高的准确性。     

Endoscopic ultrasound in esophageal carcinoma: comparison with multislice computed tomography and importance in the clinical decision making process

AIM: As resective surgery for oesophageal carcinoma is only appropriate for a selected cohort of patients, preoperative staging plays an important role in the management of these patients. This study assessed the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) staging in comparison with computerised tomography (CT) staging and the impact of EUS in management of patients with oesophageal carcinoma undergoing gastro-esophagectomy. METHODS: Ninety-six consecutive patients with oesophageal carcinoma underwent preoperative staging with multislice CT and EUS. Of these, 50 patients underwent gastro-esophagectomy, allowing preoperative staging data from these imaging modalities to be compared to postoperative histopathological staging, classified according to the TNM system. Management plans for these patients made without use of EUS were then compared to those following EUS staging. RESULTS: The overall accuracy rate of EUS for T staging was 64%, showing good agreement with postoperative histopathological staging of the resected specimen (weighted k=0.42, 95%CI= 0.32-0.52). In terms of clinical decision making, the T stage accuracy rose to 90% when differentiating T1 from T2/3 lesions. In terms of N staging, the overall accuracy was 72% (weighted k=0.44, 95% CI=0.34-0.54). In comparison, N staging by CT was significantly less accurate (62% vs 72%, P<0.01, chi squared) and showed poor agreement with postoperative histopathological nodal staging (weighted k=0.24, 95%CI =0.11-0.37). Importantly, in 56% of patients, staging information obtained from EUS instigated change in management compared to that configured without EUS. CONCLUSION: EUS enhances preoperative staging of oesophageal cancer and is important in preoperative clinical decision making process, especially with increasing use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.     

Efficacy of 3-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography compared with conventional ultrasonography and computed tomography in preoperative rectal cancer staging

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to verify reports of the decreased accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography (EUS) in preoperative staging of rectal cancer, and to compare the efficacy of 3-dimensional (3D) EUS with that of 2-dimensional (2D) EUS and computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Eighty-six consecutive rectal cancer patients undergoing curative surgery were evaluated by 2D EUS, 3D EUS, and CT scan. RESULTS: The accuracy in T-staging was 78% for 3D EUS, 69% for 2D EUS, and 57% for CT (P < .001-.002), whereas the accuracy in evaluating lymph node metastases was 65%, 56%, and 53%, respectively (P < .001-.006). Examiner errors were the most frequent cause of misinterpretation, occurring in 47% of 2D EUS examinations and in 65% of 3D EUS examinations. By eliminating examiner errors, the accuracy rates in T-staging and lymph node evaluation could be improved to 88% and 76%, respectively, for 2D EUS, and to 91% and 90%, respectively, for 3D EUS. Conical protrusions along the deep tumor border on 3D images were correlated closely with infiltration grade, advanced T-stage, and lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: We found that 3D EUS showed greater accuracy than 2D EUS or CT in rectal cancer staging and lymph node metastases. Concrete 3D images based on tumor biology appear to provide more accurate information on tumor progression.     

Selektion von Patienten mit Rektumtumoren zur lokalen Exzision aufgrund der präoperativen Diagnostik

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to evaluate the accuracy of clinical staging (CS), biopsies, and endoluminal ultrasonic examination (EUS) in preoperative staging of rectal tumors treated with transanal local excision. This local excision is an adequate procedure for benign rectal polyps and low-risk T1 carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 552 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma, villous adenoma, or tumors with other histologic characteristics who underwent a transanal excision (transanal endoscopic microsurgery n=513 or transanal excision n=39). We compared the results of CS, biopsies, and EUS with postoperative pathology findings. RESULTS: Preoperative histological diagnosis of the rectal carcinoma depended on tumor size (52% in cancers <3 cm, 25% in cancers >3 cm; p=0.001) and was correct in 56% of cases. Transanal ultrasonography (uT0/1) had superior sensitivity (95% vs 78%) and a higher positive predictive value (93% vs 85%) than clinical staging (CS I) in detecting adenoma or T1 rectal carcinoma, whereas specificity was similar in both (62% vs 58%). In patients in whom preoperative histological analysis revealed adenomas, transanal ultrasonography was accurate (uT0/1) for the postoperatively assessed adenoma pT1 in 97%, whereas diagnosis (uT0/1) was correct in only 71% of cases in which preoperative histological analyses showed rectal carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with rectal tumors, preoperative staging with transanal ultrasonography and biopsy is essential for the indication and allows selection of patients for transanal local excision.     

多层螺旋CT检查在肾癌分期及分型中的应用价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(SCT)检查在肾癌分期分型中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析64例肾癌患者术前肾脏SCT资料和术后病理结果.男44例,女20例.年龄33～78岁,平均54岁.通过平扫期、皮髓期CT值及强化模式,依据2005年CUA制定标准对肾癌进行分期分型,并与术后病理结果 进行对比.结果 SCT检查发现透明细胞癌38例、乳头状癌14例、嫌色细胞癌12例,病理结果 为透明细胞癌40例、乳头状癌16例、嫌色细胞癌8例.肾癌SCT与病理分型和分期结果 差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),SCT分型准确性为88%,分期准确性为89%.平扫期以CT值40 HU为标准鉴别乳头状癌与透明细胞癌和嫌色细胞癌的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为75%、79%和78%;皮髓期以CT值90 HU为标准鉴别透明细胞癌与乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为90%、88%、89%;均匀强化在嫌色细胞癌的比率显著高于透明细胞癌及乳头状癌.结论 多层SCT检查诊断肾癌准确性较高,是术前评估肾癌分型和分期较理想的手段之一.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the value of multi-slice spiral CT (SCT) scan in staging and subtyping of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods The preoperative kidney SCT data and postoperative pathology results of 64 patients with RCC were retrospectively analyzed. The patients′ ages ranged from 33-78 years (average 54 years). There were 44 males and 20 females in the study group. According to the CUA Guidelines, the staging and subtyping of RCC were performed through the combined information of preoperative SCT attenuation in unenhanced, corticomedullary phase and enhancement pattern. The results were compared with the postoperative histopathological results. Results The SCT results showed 38 cases were clear cell RCC, 14 cases were papillary RCC and 12 cases were chromophobic cell RCC. Histopathological results showed that 40 cases were clear cell RCC, 16 cases were papillary RCC and 8 cases were chromophobic cell RCC. According to the standard of 40 HU of CT attenuation value, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 75%, 79% and 78% for diagnosis of papillary RCC in the unenhanced phase. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy by the standard of 90 HU of CT attenuation value was 90%, 88% and 89% for diagnosis of clear cell RCC in the corticomedullary phase. In chromophobic RCC, homogeneous enhancement was more common than in papillary RCC and clear cell RCC. There was no significant difference of staging and subtyping of RCC between SCT and pathological results (P>0.05). The accuracy of SCT in staging and subtyping of RCC was 88% in staging, and 89% in subtyping. Conclusions SCT is a useful preoperative tool to stage and subtype RCC     

腔内水囊磁共振成像对直肠癌术前分期的诊断

目的评估腔内水囊磁共振成像（MRI）预测直肠癌术前分期的准确程度。方法回顾性分析19例直肠癌患者的临床资料，对照术前MRI和术后病理结果．评估MRI能否准确预测直肠癌T和系膜淋巴结转移（N）分期。结果MRI正确T分期15例（78．9％），错误4例，其中2例T1-2期报告为T3期，2例T3期报告为T1-2期；T1-2期的准确率为80％（8／10），B期的准确率为7／9。MRI正确N分期11例（57．9％），错误分期8例；其中高估2例，低估6例，灵敏度为3／9，特异度为80．0％（8／10）。结论术前腔内水囊MRI不能对直肠癌系膜淋巴结转移做出准确预测，可以对T分期进行一般预测。     

STAGING OF OESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA BY ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND: PRELIMINARY EXPERIENCE

Background : Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a relatively recent imaging modality that is capable of visualizing oesophageal tissue layers and para-oesophageal structures. Current pre-operative staging of oesophageal cancer is less than satisfactory, and a modality which may improve pre-operative staging, thus allowing a more rational approach to choice of treatment, may be a welcome addition to current techniques. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of EUS in the staging of oesophageal carcinoma in a consecutive cohort of patients. Methods : Forty-three patients with oesophageal cancer were prospectively staged with EUS using the radial scanning Olympus EUM–3 echo-endoscope. In the 28 patients who underwent surgery EUS staging was correlated with operative and histological findings to evaluate the EUS accuracy rate of assessing tumour depth (T stage), and the presence of nodal involvement (N stage) using internationally accepted TNM staging criteria. Results : Endoscopic ultrasound accuracy rates for overall T-staging was 61% whereas that of N-staging was 75%. The overall TNM pathological staging was 75% accurate by EUS. Conclusions : Compared to published literature figures for oesophageal staging by computed tomography scanning (39–54%) these results demonstrate that EUS has a reasonable accuracy rate for staging. Endoscopic ultrasound may prove to be a useful additional modality in the management of oesophageal cancer.     

Endorectal ultrasound in rectal cancer

Accurate staging of rectal carcinoma is crucial for planning surgery and the indication for adjuvant therapy. Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are very sensitive in the detection metastastic disease, local staging of rectal cancer with these techniques has been disappointing. Endorectal ultrasound (EUS) remains the most accurate method for staging of rectal cancer. High accuracy rates in the assessment of the depth of infiltration (T stage) (80–90%) and in the determination of the lymph node status (70–80%) have been confirmed in several studies. Continued research and development has made the instrumentation for EUS more accurate and user‐friendly. New techniques that have contributed significantly to the evolution of EUS include three‐dimensional EUS, high‐frequency miniprobes and transrectal ultrasound‐guided biopsy techniques. Further improvement can be expected by contrast enhancement with microbubbles and colour Doppler imaging.     

胃癌术前螺旋CT分期的临床意义

目的:探讨胃癌术前人工气腹法螺旋CT(induccd pneumo-peritoneurn in spiral CT,SCTPP)检查对胃癌术前分期,选择治疗方案、确定手术方式的临床意义。方法;进展期胃癌52例先后进行常规SCT和SCTPP检查,检查结果与手术后病理结果进行对照。结果:常规SCT和SCTPP对T分期的准确性分别为72.3％和95.7％(P<0.05),对M分期的敏感性分别为61％和100％(P<0.05),二者均不能准确提供淋巴结转移情况。结论:SCTPP对术前判断胃癌局部病变情况及远处转移的准确性明显高于常规SCT,对选择治疗方案、确定手术方式具有重要的参考价值。