煤烟型大气污染对成人呼吸系统疾病及其症状影响的研究

采用环境流行病学方法调查了太原市 3个不同程度大气污染研究区成人的呼吸系统疾病和症状以及相关影响因素。结果表明 ,成人呼吸系统症状的标化发生率和疫区的标化患病率均为重度污染区 >中度污染区 >相对清洁区 (P <0 0 5 ) ,出现呼吸系统症状和疾病的危险性 ,重、中污染区分别是相对清洁区的1 8倍和 2 1倍、1 3倍和 1 8倍 ,经多因素Logistic回归分析 ,在调整了年龄、性别、职业、吸烟、家庭燃料、家族史等因素后 ,燃煤产生的LNSO2 、LNTSP、LNPM1 0 、LNPM2 5 每增加一个单位 ,成人呼吸系统症状发生的危险性分别增加 1 39倍、1 71倍、1 6 7倍和 1 79倍 ,慢性阻塞性肺部疾病患病的危险性分别增加 1 31倍、1 5 3倍、1 5 1倍和 1 6 8倍。提示煤烟型大气污染对成人呼吸系统症状和疾病的发生已产生一定程度的影响。     

煤烟型大气污染对儿童肺功能的影响

为观察煤烟型大气污染对儿童健康的影响 ,选择了太原市 3个污染程度不同地区的 45 0名儿童进行肺功能测试和问卷调查。研究结果显示 ,儿童呼吸功能表现为重度污染区 <中度污染区 <相对清洁区 ;肺通气功能阻塞性异常率表现为重度污染区 >中度污染区 >相对清洁区 ;Logistic回归分析发现肺通气功能阻塞性异常率与小学生家庭的取暖方式、厨房和卧室是否分开以及污染物的水平有关 ;多元线性回归分析显示重度污染区儿童的FVC、FEF5 0与相对清洁区相比分别减少了 65 80ml、119 2 7ml,中度污染区儿童的FVC、FEF5 0与相对清洁区相比分别减少了 5 7 2 8ml和 114 2 9ml;Ln(SO2 )每升高一个单位 ,FVC和FEF5 0分别减少69 10ml和 119 79ml,Ln(PM1 0 )每升高一个单位 ,FVC、FEF5 0等分别减少了 193 5 0ml和 171 69ml。结果提示 ,太原市煤烟型大气污染对儿童呼吸系统产生了危害。     

煤烟型大气污染对呼吸系统症状和疾病发生的影响

山西省太原市是中国乃至全世界大气污染最严重的城市之一,属典型的煤烟型大气污染城市。为了探讨煤烟型大气污染对成人呼吸系统症状和疾病发生的影响,太原市卫生监督所于1 999～2 0 0 1年对太原市污染区(A区)、相对清洁区(B区)的62 92名成人呼吸系统症状和疾病发生情况进行了调查,现报告如下:对象与方法1 对象　62 92名成人,男3 0 5 2人,女3 2 40人;年龄范围3 0～40岁。其中A区3 490人、B区2 80 2人。A区男性占48 9% ,女性占5 1 1 % ;B区男性占48 0 % ,女性占5 2 0 %。2 方法　根据太原市1 993～1 997年大气环境监测点(国控点)的监测…     

本溪市儿童呼吸系统健康状况及其影响因素

目的 调查工业城市——本溪市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响,筛选可能产生呼吸系统损害的各种因素,以提出防治措施,保护易感人群。方法 根据环保部门提供的大气污染数据,选择轻、重2个污染区,并分别选取1、6年级学龄儿童各3000名,男、女各半,以发放调查表的方式进行呼吸系统健康状况调查。结果 轻、重污染区TSP浓度分别为0.59 mg/m3和1.02 mg/m3,差异有显著性(P<0.05);SO2分别为0.17 mg/m3和0.19 mg/m3。重污染区儿童的咳嗽、咯痰、咳嗽咯痰、持续咳嗽咯痰等症状的阳性率均高于轻污染区儿童(P<0.05)。重污染区儿童的支气管炎、哮喘性支气管炎、肺炎的患病率也高于轻污染区儿童(P<0.05)。用非条件logistic回归模型计算了几种呼吸系统症状和疾病的OR值及95%,可信区间,通过调整大气污染区、年龄、性别、家庭用煤、父母吸烟、通风设施、父母亲呼吸系疾病史等因素,在控制了其他因素后,重污染区儿童患呼吸系统疾病和症状的危险性显著高于轻污染区(P<0.05或P<0.01)。父母亲呼吸系疾病史、家庭成员吸烟也是危险因素之一。结论 大气污染能够引起儿童呼吸系统健康的损害。     

哈尔滨市空气污染对小学生呼吸系统疾病的影响

研究哈尔滨市空气污染对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响,为帮助人们认识空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康危害提供参考.方法 运用现场流行病学调查方法,对哈尔滨市大气污染水平不同的2个地区的1 038名小学生进行了健康问卷调查,收集哈尔滨市2004-2010年空气质量监测资料,采用Excel 2003和SPSS 13.0统计软件进行统计学分析.结果 对2个研究区居住年限超过3a的5~13岁866名小学生2010年呼吸系统疾病发病情况进行分析发现,儿童呼吸系统总疾病,以及哮喘、慢性咽炎/喉炎、扁桃体炎、肺炎、过敏性鼻炎的标化发生率为污染区高于对照区(x2值分别为58.90,4.33,7.50,7.50,26.14,7.43,P值均<0.05).2个研究区儿童呼吸系统疾病发生危险性Logistic分析结果显示,污染区高于对照区,污染区呼吸系统总疾病发生危险性是对照区的1.109倍,小学生6种呼吸系统疾病发生危险性表现为污染区是对照区的1.024~1.569倍.结论 大气污染对儿童呼吸系统产生了一定的危害.     

中国煤烟型大气污染对人群健康危害的定量研究

采用环境流行病学、环境化学、污染气象学相结合的研究方法 ,通过建立暴露浓度数学模型和大气颗粒物源解析确定燃煤污染物暴露水平 ,并定量研究其对人群健康危害程度的技术方法 ,获得了大气环境常规监测资料不能得到的燃煤大气污染物PM1 0 、PM2 5、B(a)P等的人群历史暴露水平、燃煤对大气污染物的贡献率及煤烟型大气污染物的现状污染水平 ;确定了燃煤污染物对人群健康危害的影响程度。结果表明 ,重度污染区成人发生呼吸系统症状和阻塞性肺部疾病的危险性分别是相对清洁区的 1 7倍和 1 5倍 ;Ln(PM1 0 )每升高一个单位 ,小学生呼吸系统大、小气道通气量分别降低 1 94ml和 1 72ml;Ln(SO2 )升高一个单位 ,小学生呼吸系统大、小气道通气量分别降低 69ml和 1 1 9ml;重度污染区小学生非特异免疫指标和体液免疫指标均明显低于相对清洁区     

大气污染对儿童上呼吸道微生态影响的分析

目的：探讨大气污染对儿童上呼吸道微生态的影响。为微生态防治提供依据。方法：采用整群抽样的方法，分别于2000年、2002年对沈阳市大气污染、轻重不同两个地区的儿童进行了上呼吸道菌群检测。需氧菌用血琼脂和伊红美兰琼脂培养，按常规方法鉴定；厌氧菌用厌氧分离培养基培养，按KA21－109微机处理系统检索。结果：轻重污染区儿童口咽部菌群分布出现不同，轻污染区儿童口咽部的优势菌依次为奈瑟氏菌（85．6％）、消化链球菌（54．4％）、甲型链球菌（42．2％），重污染区依次为奈瑟氏菌（90．1％）、肺炎链球菌（50．6％）、韦荣球菌（48．1％），其中两地区儿童口咽部肺炎链球菌和甲型链球菌比较有显性差异（P＜0．01），重污染区儿童甲型链球菌减少。重污染区检出的细菌种类数为24，离于轻污染区（17种），并有非正常菌群。对不同污染区儿童咽部菌群密度分析，重污染区儿童口咽部需氧菌和厌氧菌密度均高于轻污染区（P＜0．01）。此外重污染区儿童咽部菌群密度分析，重污染区儿童口咽部需氧菌和厌氧菌密度均高于轻污染区（P＜0．01）。此外重污染区儿童条件致病菌检出率高于轻污染区（P＜0．01）。结论：大气污染可使儿童上呼吸道菌群平衡发生改变，特别是甲型链球菌的减少，可导致其它异常菌群的增多，使呼吸系统疾病易感性增强。     

太原市小学生外周血淋巴细胞微核观察

为了观察大气污染对小学生外周血淋巴细胞微核形成的影响 ,在太原市重污染区和相对清洁区选取五年级小学生 84人 ,进行外周血淋巴细胞微核 (MN)观察。结果发现污染区小学生外周血淋巴细胞的微核细胞率高于相对清洁区 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;污染区小学生外周血淋巴细胞的微核率也高于相对清洁区 (P <0 0 5 )。提示小学生外周血淋巴细胞微核形成可能与大气污染有关     

北京市大气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统疾病和症状的影响

目的了解北京市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统疾病和症状的影响,为保护儿童健康和治理空气污染提出依据。方法根据北京环境监测的结果,选择污染程度和类型不同的A、B、C3个区。在每区选择3所小学,按照整群抽样的方法,选取1～5年级的5749名小学生进行呼吸系统健康问卷调查。结果在大气质量较好的A区,儿童各呼吸系统疾病和症状的发生率均小于污染严重的B、C区,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。而在污染类型不同的B、C区,儿童各呼吸系统疾病和症状的发生率相当(P>0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析发现,咳嗽、感冒时咳嗽、咯痰、感冒时咯痰以及咳嗽、咯痰等症状在B、C区儿童发生的危险性高于A区儿童。居室附近有交通要道的儿童中各呼吸系统疾病和症状的发生率高于居室附近没有交通要道的儿童。结论学龄儿童中一些呼吸系统症状的增加与北京市城区大气污染有关。     

室外空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响

目的 探讨空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的危害，根据本溪市历年空气质量监测结果，对不同污染区的儿童健康状况进行调查。方法 采取整群抽样方法，在本溪市轻、中、重污染区随机抽取小学和幼儿园各一所，全部幼童为调查对象。结果 本溪市儿童持续咳嗽、咯痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣及喘鸣样症状的发生率分别为11．89％，5．44％，1．15％，0．62％，6．98％，5．83％。幼儿呼吸系统各病症发生率均高于学龄儿童的发生率；除幼儿男性持续咳嗽发生率低于女性的发生率外(OR=0．69，95％CI=0．49～0．98)，性别间差异无统计学意义。重、中污染区儿童的发生率高于轻污染区儿童的发生率，其中重污染区儿童喘鸣样症状的发生率高于轻污染区儿童的发生率(OR=1．50，95％CI=1．01～2．25)。沿街居住可使儿童呼吸系统疾病及症状的发生率增高，随着住房与交通干线距离的接近，儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生率也呈现增高趋势。易感因素与室外空气污染的联合作用较强，呼吸系统各种疾病的发生率均以受其他因素影响的易感儿童为高，无其他因素影响的非易感儿童发生率为低。结论 室外空气污染是儿童呼吸系统健康的影响因素。     

鞍山市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响

目的探讨空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的危害.方法于2002年4月,在鞍山市轻、中、重污染区随机抽取小学和幼儿园各1所,学校内的所有学生作为调查对象(共1951人),调查不同污染区的儿童健康状况及室内外环境.结果鞍山市儿童持续咳嗽、持续咯痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣及喘鸣样症状的发生率分别为9.48%,4.82%,1.33%,0.92%,6.30%,4.97%.幼儿哮喘、哮喘现患,喘鸣、喘鸣样症状发生率均高于学龄儿童;性别间差异无统计学意义.重污染区儿童持续咳嗽和持续咯痰的发生率高于轻污染区儿童的发生率(P＜0.05).随着住房与交通干线距离的接近,儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生率也呈增高趋势.易感因素与室外空气污染的联合作用较强,呼吸系统各种疾病的发生率均以受大气污染影响的易感儿童为高,无大气污染影响的非易感儿童发生率为低.结论室外空气污染是儿童呼吸系统健康的影响因素.     

Assessing the health impacts of air pollution: a re-analysis of the Hamilton children's cohort data using a spatial analytic approach

The objective of this paper was to reassess children's exposure to air pollution as well as investigate the importance of other covariates of respiratory health. We re-examined the Hamilton Children's Cohort (HCC) dataset with enhanced spatial analysis methods, refined in the approximately two decades since the original study was undertaken. Children's exposure to air pollution was first re-estimated using kriging and land-use regression. The land-use regression model performed better, compared to kriging, in capturing local variation of air pollution. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis was then applied for the study of potential risk factors for respiratory health. Findings agree with the HCC study-results, confirming that children's respiratory health was associated with maternal smoking, hospitalization in infancy and air pollution. However, results from this study reveal a stronger association between children's respiratory health and air pollution. Additionally, this study demonstrated associations with low-income, household crowding and chest illness in siblings.     

Breathless in Los Angeles: the exhausting search for clean air

Population growth and the proliferation of roadways in Southern California have facilitated a glut of mobile air pollution sources (cars and trucks), resulting in substantial atmospheric pollution. Despite successful efforts over the past 40 years to reduce pollution, an alarming set of health effects attributable to air pollution have been described in Southern California. The Children's Health Study indicates that reduced lung function growth, increased school absences, asthma exacerbation, and new-onset asthma are occurring at current levels of air pollution, with sizable economic consequences. We describe these findings and urge a more aggressive effort to reduce air pollution exposures to protect our children's health. Lessons from this "case study" have national implications.     

Kids need clean air: air pollution and children's health.

Air pollution affects children's health in many ways, including reduced lung function, increased morbidity, increased use of health care services, and infant mortality. Information on the relationship of air pollution and children's health is discussed, with a focus on the diversity of research methods used to understand this relationship. Decisions affecting air quality ultimately are made through political and social processes. Health care and health promotion practitioners who are concerned about the health of children should provide leadership for advocacy to promote environmental health in our communities.     

Air pollution and children's health in São Paulo (1986-1998)

Air pollution in the conurbation of S?o Paulo, Brazil, with 17 million inhabitants, has been measured from air quality monitoring stations. In three contrasted sample areas, children's respiratory health parameters were collected to assess the role of air pollution in 1986. Twelve years later, in 1998, a similar study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of pollution control programs on the respiratory symptoms of children living in the same neighborhoods previously studied. Results indicated that pollution control programs were in part neutralized by increased number of cars and that the control of a single pollutant was not enough to protect children's health. In the area where both particulate matter and sulfur dioxide levels decreased, there was a reduction in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms.     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution: tobacco smoke, moulds and diseases in infants and children

Although outdoor air pollution first brought the issue of air pollution health effects to public attention, it is now indoor air pollution that likely has the greatest impact on children's health. The World Health Organization estimates that the global burden of disease from indoor air pollution is far greater than the burden from outdoor air pollution. This review focuses on two indoor pollutants, one that has been well studied, and another that deserves additional study. There is very strong evidence about the harmful effects of tobacco. Policy to decrease children's tobacco exposure and use should be implemented without delay. The emerging findings linking household inhalation of mould spores and infant pulmonary hemorrhage merit follow-up in other countries, because they may provide clues to some deaths from the sudden infant death syndrome.     

Estimating the effect of air pollution from a coal-fired power station on the development of children's pulmonary function

Using geographical information systems (GIS) tools, the present study analyzed the association between children's lung function development and their long-term exposure to air pollution. The study covered the cohort of 1492 schoolchildren living in the vicinity of a major coal-fired power station in the Hadera sub-district of Israel. In 1996 and 1999, the children underwent subsequent pulmonary function tests (PFT) (forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV(1))), and the children's parents completed a detailed questionnaire on their health status and household characteristics. A negative association was found between changes in the results of PFT and the estimated individual levels of air pollution. A sensitivity test revealed a FEV(1) decline from -4.3% for the average pollution level to -10.2% for the high air pollution level. The results of a sensitivity test for FVC were found to be similar. Association with the reported health status was found to be insignificant. As we conclude, air pollution from a coal-fired power station, although not exceeding local pollution standards, had a negative effect on children's lung function development. As argued, previous studies carried out in the region failed to show the above association because they were based on zone approaches that assign average concentration levels of air pollutants to all individuals in each zone, leading to a misclassification bias of individual exposure.     

室内装修污染对学龄儿童肺功能的影响

目的 探讨室内装修污染对学龄儿童肺功能的影响,为促进儿童的健康成长提供依据.方法 对泰安市城区5所小学的二～四年级(7 ～10岁)学龄儿童进行调查,内容包括居室内装修状况、室内空气污染指标监测及儿童肺功能.结果 随居室装修时间的延长,室内空气中甲醛、苯、总挥发性有机物的超标率均有所下降(P＜0.0l);有室内装修...     

Effects of air pollution episodes on pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms

In January 1985, a decline of primary school children's pulmonary function was observed during an air pollution episode. Ambient 24 hour average levels of SO2, TSP and RSP were in the range of 200-250 micrograms/m3. The response persisted for at least two weeks. In January 1987, again a decline of school children's pulmonary function was observed associated with an air pollution episode. Levels of TSP were about as elevated as in the 1985 episode. Two weeks after the episode, lung function levels were even lower than during the episode. In June 1987 a long term study was started to investigate potential effects of winter and summer air pollution episodes on pulmonary function and occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms of primary school children. An important issue for this study is the characterization of short term variation of lung function in absence of air pollution. Exposure is characterized by ambient levels of several gases (SO2, NO2, O3, HNO3), PM10, TSP and components of particulate matter (SO4(2-), NO3-, H-, NH4+). Sampling is being conducted on a daily basis to obtain a continuous exposure estimate. In the winter of 1987/1988, no air pollution episodes were observed. The study will continue through the winters of 1988/1989, and 1989/1990.