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1.
Formica Matteo Cavagnaro Luca Basso Marco Zanirato Andrea Felli Lamberto Formica Carlo 《European spine journal》2015,24(7):849-854
Purpose of the study
To evaluate the results of a novel rigid–dynamic stabilization technique in lumbar degenerative segment diseases (DSD), expressly pointing out the preservation of postoperative lumbar lordosis (LL).Materials and methods
Forty-one patients with one level lumbar DSD and initial disc degeneration at the adjacent level were treated. Circumferential lumbar arthrodesis and posterior hybrid instrumentation were performed to preserve an initial disc degeneration above the segment that has to be fused. Clinical and spino-pelvic parameters were evaluated pre- and postoperatively.Results
At 2-year follow-up, a significant improvement of clinical outcomes was reported. No statistically significant difference was noted between postoperative and 2-year follow-up in LL and in disc/vertebral body height ratio at the upper adjacent fusion level.Conclusions
When properly selected, this technique leads to good results. A proper LL should be achieved after any hybrid stabilization to preserve the segment above the fusion.2.
Introduction
Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) of the cervicothoracic spine is a deformity that can affect patients who have undergone long thoracolumbar instrumented fusion. Preoperative hyperkyphosis of the thoracic spine and changes of more than 30° in lumbar lordosis are independent risk factors for the onset of PJK.Methods
When PJK occurs in the cervicothoracic spine, extension of the fusion with eventual application of osteotomy techniques is frequently necessary to treat symptomatic patients or in case a neurological deficit occurs. Ponte osteotomy and pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) are the two most used techniques to restore a good cervicothoracic alignment, although they are still demanding procedures even for expert surgeons. In junctional fractures, a vertebral column resection can be performed to support the anterior column. Ponte osteotomy ideally restores 10° at each treated level, while PSO allows a segmental correction up to 30°–35°. Adequate preoperative planning is fundamental for outlining the correct surgery and choosing the appropriate osteotomy.Conclusions
The aim of corrective surgery is to restore the cervicothoracic alignment, obtaining an adequate postoperative sagittal balance and decreasing the risk of further complications and new revision surgeries.3.
Background
Sagittal decompensation after pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is considered as late onset complication. Several mechanisms have been suggested, but little attention has been paid to the caudal end of lumbar instrumented fusion, especially sacral iliac joint (SIJ) deterioration.Methods
Clinical histories and radiographic sagittal parameters of two patients with SIJ luxation after PSO are presented. The biomechanical failure mechanism and risk factors are analysed.Results
Two patients underwent correction of fixed anterior sagittal imbalance by PSO, followed by pseudarthrosis revision surgery. Both of them sustained persistent sacroiliac pain, progressive recurrence of anterior imbalance and progressive pelvic incidence (PI) increase around 10°. An acute bilateral SIJ luxation occurred in both patients leading to sharp increase or PI around 20°. One patient was treated by SIJ fusion and the other patient was placed on non-weight-bearing crutch ambulation for 1 year. Both patients had a high preoperative PI (95° and 78°). A theoretical match between lumbar lordosis (LL) and PI was not achieved by PSO. Osteopenia was present in both patients. Computed tomography evidenced L5–S1 pseudarthrosis and sacroiliac joint violation by pelvic or sacral ala screws.Conclusion
Patients with high PI might seek for further compensation at their SIJ when lacking LL after PSO. Chronic anterior imbalance might lead to progressive weakening of sacroiliac ligaments. Initial circumferential lumbosacral fusion and accurate iliac screw fixation might reduce stress on implants, risk for pseudarthrosis, implant failure and finally SIJ deterioration. Bone mineral density should further be investigated preoperatively.4.
Faldini Cesare Traina Francesco Perna Fabrizio Borghi Raffaele Martikos Konstantinos Greggi Tiziana 《European spine journal》2015,24(7):893-897
Purpose
To analyze changes in sagittal spinopelvic parameters (SSPs) after surgical treatment of Scheuermann’s Kyphosis (SK).Methods
We analyzed 20 patients affected by SK and subjected to posterior correction of the kyphosis by facetectomy, Ponte osteotomy, fusion and multilevel instrumentation with pedicle screw system. Four spinal and three pelvic parameters were measured: sagittal vertical axis (SVA), thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS) and pelvic tilt (PT). Analysis of changes in postprocedural SSPs compared to preoperative values was performed.Results
TK passed from 78.6° preoperatively to 45.8° (p = 0.003). LL passed from 74.5° preoperatively to 53.5° (p = 0.01). No significant changes occurred in SVA, SS, PT and PI compared to preoperative values.Conclusion
We confirm the positive effect of surgery by Ponte osteotomy and posterior spinal fusion on TK and LL in patients with SK. In our experience, pelvic parameters did not change after surgery.5.
Purpose
Recently, strategies aimed at optimizing provider factors have been proposed, including regionalization of surgeries to higher volume centers and adoption of volume standards. With limited literature promoting the regionalization of spine surgeries, we undertook a systematic review to investigate the impact of surgeon volume on outcomes in patients undergoing spine surgery.Methods
We performed a systematic review examining the association between surgeon volume and spine surgery outcomes. To be included in the review, the study population had to include patients undergoing a primary or revision spinal procedure. These included anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), anterior/posterior cervical fusion, laminectomy/decompression, anterior/posterior lumbar decompression with fusion, discectomy, and spinal deformity surgery (spine arthrodesis).Results
Studies were variable in defining surgeon volume thresholds. Higher surgeon volume was associated with a significantly lower risk of postoperative complications, a lower length of stay (LOS), lower cost of hospital stay and a lower risk of readmissions and reoperations/revisions.Conclusions
Findings suggest a trend towards better outcomes for higher volume surgeons; however, further study needs to be carried out to define objective volume thresholds for individual spine surgeries for surgeons to use as a marker of proficiency.6.
Junseok Bae Sang-Ho Lee Sang-Ha Shin Jin Suk Seo Kyeong Hwan Kim Jee-Soo Jang 《European spine journal》2016,25(5):1382-1388
Purpose
A retrospective cross-sectional study was designed to explore the role of spinopelvic sagittal alignment in upper lumbar disc herniation (ULD) development.Methods
A total of 207 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for single-level lumbar disc herniation [24 with ULD and 183 with lower lumbar disc herniation (LLD)] and 40 asymptomatic volunteers were enrolled. Full-length radiographs of the spine were taken to evaluate pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA). The Roussouly classification was utilized to categorize all subjects according to their sagittal alignment. Spinopelvic parameters and Roussouly classification results were compared between groups.Results
There were significant differences in PI, SS, PT, LL, and SVA between the ULD, LLD, and control groups. PI in the ULD (40.9°) was significantly lower than in the LLD and control groups (48.8° and 47.6°, respectively). LL was significantly lower in the ULD than in the LLD (?32.4° and ?40°, respectively). There were significant differences between the three groups in Roussouly types. The LLD had a significantly higher proportion (62.6 %) of type 2 lordosis (flat back), and the ULD had a higher proportion (33.3 %) of type 1 lordosis than the other groups.Conclusions
This study demonstrated the importance of PI and lumbar curvature in the pathogenesis of ULD. The higher prevalence of short LL and long TK with low PI in the ULD group implies that an increased mechanical stress at this level may be one of the risk factors of ULD.7.
Purpose
Cervical spine alignment interests appeared recently and relationships between the pelvis and the cervical spine have been reported but remain unclear. In this study, postoperative changes for cranial, cervical, lumbar and sagittal balance parameters have been measured in adult scoliosis surgery without major sagittal malalignment to appreciate the adaptation of the cervical spine.Methods
Twenty-nine consecutive patients with a surgical adult degenerative scoliosis treated with a T8–T11 to iliac fusion without PSO or multiple Ponte’s osteotomies had preoperative and postoperative full spine EOS radiographies to measure spino-pelvic parameters. Correlation analysis between the different parameters was performed.Results
Lower cervical, lordosis, lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis were increased in postoperative as no changes were observed for upper cervical lordosis. C1–C7 CL highly correlated (0.85 in preoperative and 0.87 in postoperative) with C7 slope, which highly correlated itself with global balance parameters (0.74 in preoperative and 0.71 in postoperative for CAM-PL) underlining the relationship between cervical spine alignment and global malalignment.Conclusions
Modifications of lower CL are observed, as upper CL remains constant. If no correlation was found for LL, TK and CL changes, CL appears to be highly correlated with C7 slope, which highly correlated itself with sagittal global balance parameters. C7 slope appears as a base for CL influenced by the spine global alignment.8.
Chong Leslie Lich Ng Boon Chuan Pang Paul Julius A. Medina Kimberly-Anne Tan Selvaraj Dahshaini Li-Zhen Liu 《European spine journal》2015,24(3):361-368
Purpose
Lateral access lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is a minimally invasive technique that has an increasing popularity. It offers unique advantages and circumvents risk of certain serious complications encountered in other conventional spinal approaches. This study provides a statistical analysis defining the lateral access learning curve in the Asian population.Methods
This prospective study included 32 consecutive patients who underwent LLIF from April 2012 to August 2014. The surgeries were performed by two senior spine surgeons and follow-up was conducted at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9 months and 1 year post-operation.Results
The breakpoint in operating time occurred at the 22nd level operated, from a mean of 71 min in the early phase group to a mean of 42 min in the steady state group. LLIF at L4/5 level is technically more demanding but technically feasible as competency is achieved.Conclusions
During the learning process, there was no compromise of perioperative or clinical outcomes. It should be feasibly incorporated into a spine surgeon’s repertoire of procedures for the lumbar spine.9.
Isaac C. Stein Khoi D. Than Kevin S. Chen Anthony C. Wang Paul Park 《European spine journal》2015,24(4):555-559
Purpose
Expandable cages are a more recent option for maintaining or restoring disc height and segmental lordosis with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). Complications associated with expandable cages have not yet been widely reported. We report a case of postoperative failure of a polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) expandable interbody device used during TLIF.Methods
A 50-year-old man presented with severe back and right leg pain after undergoing L4-5 and L5-S1 TLIFs with expandable cages and L3-S1 posterior instrumented fusion. Imaging showed retropulsion of a portion of the interbody cage into the spinal canal causing nerve compression. Displacement occurred in a delayed manner. In addition, pseudoarthrosis was present.Results
The patient underwent re-exploration with removal of the retropulsed wafer and redo fusion.Conclusions
Expandable cages are a recent innovation; as such, efficacy and complication data are limited. As with any new device, there exists potential for mechanical failure, as occurred in the case presented.10.
Purpose
To evaluate the radiographic, functional outcomes, complications and surgical specificities of L5 pedicle subtraction osteotomy for fixed sagittal and coronal malalignment.Methods
A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with prospectively collected data. Ten patients who underwent PSO at L5 were eligible for a 2-year minimum follow-up (average, 4.0 years). Patients were evaluated by standardized upright radiographs. Preoperative and postoperative radiographies, surgical data and complications were collected.Results
All surgeries were revision surgeries. The mean lumbar lordosis before surgery was ? 22.5° (range, 8° to ? 33°) and improved to ? 58.5° (range, ? 40° to ? 79°). The sagittal vertical axis demonstrated a preoperative mean sagittal malalignment of 13.7 cm (range 3.5 to 20 cm), with correction to 4.6 cm postoperatively. Three patients required additional surgery at the latest follow-up for rod breakage.Conclusions
PSO of L5 can be a safe and effective technique to treat and correct fixed sagittal imbalance and provide biomechanical stability. The high complication rate mandates a careful assessment of the risk/benefit ratio of such a major surgery. Most patients are satisfied, particularly when sagittal balance is achieved.11.
Purpose
The human standing position requires permanent reciprocal spino-pelvic adjustments to obtain a dynamic and economic posture. This study focuses on a hypokyphotic Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients cohort and points out their particular lumbo-pelvic adaptive mechanisms to maintain a neutral sagittal balance.Methods
Preoperative retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on a monocentric cohort of 455 AIS patients planned for corrective surgery. Radiological low-dose system coupled with a validated clinical routine software allowed to obtain data from eighty-four hypokyphotic [thoracic kyphosis (TK) <20°] Lenke 1 patients and were separately analyzed. Bilateral Student and one-way ANOVAs were conducted for statistical analysis.Results
Mean Cobb angle was 46.3° (±7.2), TK was 11° (±7.1), sagittal vertical axis (SVA) was ?10.1 mm (±30.9), pelvic incidence (PI) was 55.7° (±12.9). Fifty percents of patients were posteriorly imbalanced. Among them, patients with a low PI used an anteversion of their pelvis [indicated by a high pelvic tilt (PT) angle] but were not able to increase their lumbar lordosis (LL) to minimize the posterior spinal shift.Conclusions
Hypokyphotic Lenke 1 AIS patients use lumbo-pelvic compensatory mechanisms to maintain their global balance with a poor effectiveness. Subjects with a low PI have a restricted range of LL adaptation. Attention should be paid during surgical planning not to overcorrect lordosis in the instrumented levels in case of non-selective fusion, that may induce posterior shift of the fusion mass and expose to junctional syndromes and poor functional outcomes in this particular patients.12.
Gisela Murray Joshua Beckman Konrad Bach Donald A. Smith Elias Dakwar Juan S. Uribe 《European spine journal》2015,24(3):397-404
Background
Minimally invasive techniques have become increasing popular and are expanding into deformity surgery. The lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas anterior column release (ACR) is a newer minimally invasive alternative to posterior osteotomy techniques for correcting and promoting global spinal alignment. This procedure attempts to avoid the potential complications associated with conventional osteotomies, but has its own subset of unique complications to be discussed in depth.Methods
A retrospective review was performed in all patients who underwent the minimally invasive (MIS) ACR procedure from 2010 to present at our institution. All perioperative and postoperative complications were recorded by an independent reviewer. Demographics, spinopelvic parameters, and operative data were collected. The primary etiologic diagnosis was adult spinal deformity. Spinopelvic parameters were measured based on standing 36-inch scoliosis films.Results
Thirty-one patients underwent a total of 47 MIS-ACRs. The mean age of the cohort was 62. Mean follow up was 12 months (range 3–38 months). The average change from in lumbar lordosis (LL) was 17.6°, in pelvic tilt was 4.3°, coronal Cobb was 13.9 and in SVA was 3.8 cm. Of the 47 MIS-ACR procedures, there were 9 (9/47, 19 %) major complications related to the ACR. Iliopsoas weakness was seen in eight patients and retrograde ejaculation in one patient. Only one patient remained with mild motor deficit at the most recent follow-up. No revision surgeries were required for the anterolateral approach. There was no vascular, visceral, or infectious complications associated with the MIS-ACR.Conclusion
The MIS-ACR is one of the most technically demanding procedures performed from the lateral transpsoas approach. This procedure has the advantage of maintaining and improving spinal global alignment while minimizing blood loss and excessive tissue dissection. It comes with its own unique set of potentially catastrophic complications and should only be performed by surgeons proficient in both deformity correction and the lateral approach.13.
Introduction
The narrow correlation between sagittal alignment parameters and clinical outcomes has been widely established, demonstrating that improper sagittal alignment is a clinical condition that is associated with increased pain and limitations in patients’ functional ability.Indication
Lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is indicated in the treatment of large sagittal (more than 25° of rigid loss of lordosis) deformities of the lumbar spine or its combination with coronal deformity, especially when they are rigid. Indication should be based on careful assessment of the severity of symptoms, functional impairment, functional expectations of the patient, general clinical condition and surgical and anesthesiological team experience. Risk should be carefully assessed and discussed to obtain appropriate informed consent.Surgical procedure
Surgical planning includes selection of the safest levels for the upper and lower instrumented vertebra, site of the osteotomy, modality of fixation, and, most importantly angular value of the correction goal (target lumbar lordosis). Failure to adequately obtain the necessary amount of sagittal correction is the most frequent cause of failure and reoperation.Conclusion
PSO is a valuable surgical procedure in correction of severe hypolordosis (=relative kyphosis) in the lumbar spine. It is a demanding procedure for the surgeon, the anesthesiologist and the intensive care team. Although its complication rate is high, it has a substantial positive impact in the quality of life of patients, including the elderly.14.
Purpose
The aim of the study is to assess and quantify the effectiveness of interbody lordotic cages applied by trans-psoas approach to improve radiographic parameters, showing the differences between completely mini-invasive and hybrid approach.Methods
We collected data of 65 patients affected by degenerative lumbar deformity/diseases and underwent mini-invasive lateral interbody fusion followed by percutaneous (group A, completely mini-invasive) or open (group B, hybrid) posterior instrumentation. A subgroup underwent anterior column realignment (ACR). We assessed statistical differences in preoperative and postoperative (at least 6-month) coronal and sagittal parameters, and disc angle (DA) at each level of cage application.Results
107 lordotic cages were implanted. Group B had the most significant mean changes, especially in coronal Cobb angle, sagittal vertical axis, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence-LL mismatch and DA. Concerning DA, at each level of lordotic cage application, in group A changed from ?2.9° preop to ?6.5° postop (p = 0.01); in group B, DA changed from ?2.6° to ?9.5° (p = 0.002) and from +1° to ?13.2° in patients underwent ACR.Conclusions
Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion is an effective technique in improving sagittal parameters. When combined with posterior open approach and/or application of ACR procedure greater corrections are possible.15.
Sebastian Weckbach Heiko Reichel Michael Kraus Tugrul Kocak Friederike Lattig 《Patient safety in surgery》2017,11(1):19
Background
Sagittal rebalancing of a fixated lumbar hypolordosis (kyphosis) is very important to gain satisfactory results. To correct a misalignment vertebral column resection or pedicle subtraction osteotomies are favored, disregarding the relatively high complication rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of a new modified transforaminal lumbar fusion technique as an alternative.Methods
We conducted a retrospective review (06/2011-06/2015 ) of a prospective database at an University hospital. Inclusion criteria were adult patients with a fixated lumbar hypolordosis and the need of monosegmental correction of more than 10° with an mTLIF. Exclusion criteria consisted of minor aged patients and polysegmental corrections. Study parameters were the perioperative complications and the achieved postsurgical lordosis. The follow up period was 6 months.Results
A total of 11 patients could be included. The mean segmental lordosis was -2.3° ± 12.4° (range -22° to 14°) preoperative and 15.5° ± 10.5° (range 0° to 29°) postoperative. The degree of correction was 17° ± 5.7° in mean per treated segment (range 12° to 29°). No neurologic or vascular complications occurred. No substantial loss of correction or implant failure was noted during the 6-month follow-up.Conclusion
The modified transforaminal lumbar fusion technique is a safe method to correct a fixated lumbar kyphosis. The potential of segmental correction is comparable to pedicle subtraction osteotomies but sparing potentially healthy segments.16.
Juan S. Uribe Jeffrey E. Harris J. M. Beckman Alexander W. L. Turner Gregory M. Mundis Behrooz A. Akbarnia 《European spine journal》2015,24(3):420-426
Purpose
Restoring sagittal alignment is an important factor in the treatment of spinal deformities. Recent investigations have determined that releasing the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) and placing hyperlordotic cages can increase lordosis, while minimizing need for 3 column osteotomies. The influences of parameters such as cage height and angle have not been determined. Finite element analysis was employed to assess the extent of lordosis achievable after placement of different sized lordotic cages.Methods
A 3-dimensional model of a L3–4 segment was used. Disc distraction was simulated by inserting interbody cages mid-body in the disc space. Analyses were performed in the following conditions: (1) intact, (2) ALL release, (3) ALL release + facetectomy, and (4) ALL release + posterior column osteotomy. Changes in segmental lordosis, disc height, foraminal height, and foraminal area were measured.Results
After ALL resection and insertion of hyperlordotic cages, lordosis was increased in all cases. The lordosis achieved by the shorter cages was less due to posterior disc height maintained by the facet joints. A facetectomy increased segmental lordosis, but led to contact between the spinous processes. For some configurations, a posterior column osteotomy was required if the end goal was to match cage angle to intradiscal angle.Conclusion
Increased segmental lumbar lordosis is achievable with hyperlordotic cages after ALL resection. Increased cage height tended to increase the amount of lordosis achieved, although in some cases additional posterior bone resection was required to maximize lordosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact on regional lumbar lordosis.17.
Objective
The goal of this paper was to describe how endoscope-assisted oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) could remove huge lumbar disc herniation (HLDH) manifested with cauda equina syndrome (CES).Methods
In this study, the authors made an attempt to treat CES with a direct endoscopic decompression through the OLIF corridor and performed OLIF in two patients with HLDH.Results
Two patients with HLDH were successfully treated using OLIF with spinal endoscopic discectomy. We achieved direct ventral decompression by removal of herniated disc fragments located beyond the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). All preoperative symptoms in two patients improved postoperatively.Conclusions
Endoscope-assisted oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) could successfully achieve neural decompression without additional posterior decompression in CES and could be used as an alternative treatment in well selected cases.18.
Ajoy Prasad Shetty Siddharth N. Aiyer Rishi Mugesh Kanna Anupama Maheswaran Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran 《International orthopaedics》2016,40(6):1163-1170
Purpose
Our aim was to study the safety and outcomes of posterior instrumentation and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for treating pyogenic lumbar spondylodiscitis.Methods
Retrospective analysis was performed on prospectively collected data of 27 consecutive cases of lumbar pyogenic spondylodiscitis treated with posterior instrumentation and TLIF between January 2009 and December 2012. Cases were analysed for safety, radiological and clinical outcomes of transforaminal interbody fusion using bone graft?±?titanium cages. Interbody metallic cages with bone graft were used in 17 cases and ten cases used only bone graft. Indications for surgical treatment were failed conservative management in 17, neurodeficit in six and significant bony destruction in four.Results
There were no cases reporting cage migration, loosening, pseudoarthrosis or recurrence of infection at a mean follow-up of 30 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Kirkaldy–Willis criteria, which showed 14 excellent, nine good, three fair and one poor result. Mean focal deformity improved with the use of bone graft?±?interbody cages, and the deformity correction was maintained at final follow-up. Mean pre-operative focal lordosis for the graft group was 8.5° (2–16.5°), which improved to 10.9 °(3.3–16°); mean pre-operative focal lordosis in the group treated with cages was 6.7 °(0–15°), which improved to 7°(0–15°) .Conclusion
TLIFs with cages in patients with pyogenic lumbar spondylodiscitis allows for acceptable clearance of infection, satisfactory deformity correction with low incidence of cage migration, loosening and infection recurrence.19.
Purpose
The goal of this study was to characterize the spino-pelvic realignment and the maintenance of that realignment by the upper-most instrumented vertebra (UIV) for adult deformity spinal (ASD) patients treated with lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO).Methods
ASD patients were divided by UIV, classified as upper thoracic (UT: T1–T6) or Thoracolumbar (TL: T9–L1). Complications were recorded and radiographic parameters included thoracic kyphosis (TK, T2–T12), lumbar lordosis (LL, L1–S1), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic tilt, and the mismatch between pelvic incidence and LL. Patients were also classified by the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-Schwab modifier grades. Changes in radiographic parameters and SRS-Schwab grades were evaluated between the two groups. Additional analyses were performed on patients with pre-operative SVA ≥ 15 cm.Results
165 patients were included (UT: 81 and TL: 84); 124 women, 41 men, with average age 59.9 ± 11.1 years (range 25–81). UT had a lower percentage of patients above the radiographic thresholds for disability than TL. UT had a significantly higher percentage of patients that improved in SRS-Schwab global alignment grade than the TL group at 2 years. Within the patients with pre-operative SVA ≥ 15 cm, TL developed significantly increased SVA and had a significantly higher percentage of patients above the SVA threshold at 3 months, and 1 and 2 years than UT.Conclusions
Patients undergoing a single-level PSO for ASD who have fixation extending to the UT region (T1–T6) are more likely to maintain sagittal spino-pelvic alignment, lower overall revision rates and revision rate for proximal junctional kyphosis than those with fixation terminating in the TL region (T9–L1).20.