葡萄球菌临床分离株克林霉素诱导耐药的检测

目的 了解葡萄球菌对克林霉素和红霉素的耐药性及红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药的情况,以便更准确地指导临床合理使用抗生素.方法 采用纸片扩散法检测葡萄球菌对克林霉素和红霉素的耐药性,依据NCCLS2004年发布的M100-S14 D试验方法检测并判读红霉素对克林霉素的诱导耐药性,头孢西丁纸片扩散法检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌.结果 92株金黄色葡萄对红霉素和克林霉素均耐药率的有44株,占47.8%,对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的有34株,其中D试验阳性的有18株,占红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的52.9%,检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)56株,占60.8%;77株凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(CNS)对红霉素和克林霉素均耐药的有31株,占40.2%,对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的有31株,其中D试验阳性14株,占红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的45.2%,检出耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)51株占66.2%.结论 葡萄球菌临床分离株对红霉素耐药性严重,红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药的发生率较高,临床微生物实验室必需开展D试验,才能更准确地指导临床合理使用抗生素.     

可诱导克林霉素耐药金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染分子流行病学调查

目的 了解我院金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性，测定红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药率及诱导耐药基因。方法 双纸片法测定临床分离株红霉素对克林霉素的诱导耐药表型，聚合酶链反应检测诱导耐药基因。结果 94株金黄色葡萄球菌中有77株为红霉素耐药，其中结构型克林霉素耐药45株，诱导型耐药（D试验阳性）26株。51株MRSA中结构型耐药菌株占62．7％，D试验阳性菌株占19．6％。43株MSSA中结构型耐药菌株占30．2％，D试验阳性菌株占37．2％。克林霉素诱导型耐药主要由ermC基因决定。结论临床微生物实验室须加强可诱导克林霉素耐药的检测，以指导临床合理使用大环内酯类、林可酰胺类和链阳霉素B类抗生素。     

葡萄球菌大环内酯类耐药基因检测及其意义

目的了解葡萄球菌对大环内酯类药物表型耐药性和耐药基因以及分析大环内酯类耐药基因与诱导克林霉素耐药的相关性。方法用K—B纸片法检测2004—2005年分离的136株葡萄球菌对红霉素和克林霉素的耐药性，依据NCCLS2004年发布M100-S14的D-试验方法，测定红霉素对克林霉素的诱导耐药率；应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法检测MsrA、Vgb、Sat4、ermA、ermB、ermC、mphA、MefA／E、ereA、ereB10种耐药基因。结果136株葡萄球菌共栓出MsrA、Sat4、ermC、mphA、ereB5种耐药基因，耐药基因总检出率为80，15％（109／136）。MRSA、MRCNS、MSSA、MSCNS耐药基因的检出率分别为81．25％（13／16）、89，47（68／76）、73，08％（19／26）、50，00％（9／18），耐药基因主要存在于MRCNS。葡萄球菌对红霉素和克林霉素同时耐药株占43．38％，红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感株占37，50％；D-试验阳性率为25，00％（34／136），阳性株数占红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感株的66，67％（34／51）。耐药基因MsrA、Sat4、ermC、mphA、ereB的阳性率分别为24．26％、41．91％、56，62％、1．47％、18．38％，其中核糖体甲基化酶基因ermC是诱导克林霉素耐药的主要基因。结论ermC是诱导克林霉素耐药的主要基因，临床微生物实验室应同时开展D试验和耐药基因检测，以指导临床更加合理使用抗菌素。     

D-试验应用于葡萄球菌对克林霉素诱导耐药的研究

目的：了解葡萄球菌对克林霉素的耐药性。方法：用D-试验检测红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的葡萄球菌是否产生克林霉素诱导型耐药。采用NCCLS推荐的纸片扩散法。结果：红霉素耐药但克林霉素敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌71株中产生克林霉素诱导型耐药33株（46．5％）；对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌100株，产克林霉素诱导型耐药42株（42％）。结论：开展D-试验检测葡萄球菌中红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药可帮助临床医生正确选用大环内酯类、林可酰胺类和链阳霉素B类。     

葡萄球菌中诱导型克林霉素株的耐药性分析

目的 了解葡萄球菌对红霉素和克林霉素的耐药性及其以红霉素诱导克林霉素耐药的发生率。方法用K-B法检测葡萄球菌对红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性，依据NCCLS2004年发布M100-S14的D-试验方法，测定红霉素对克林霉素的诱导耐药表型。结果耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）对红霉素及克林霉素同时耐药分别占80％和54．05％。D-试验阳性占所检测葡萄球菌的26．12％，占红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感菌株的68．62％。红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中，D-试验阳性即对克林霉素具有诱导耐药性者分别为75％和66．66％。结论临床微生物室应开展D-试验，检测葡萄球菌中红霉素对克林霉素的诱导耐药性，指导临床医生更合理使用抗生素。     

金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌红霉素诱导克林霉素耐药的检测

目的通过对齐市中医院临床分离葡萄球菌株中红霉素和克林霉素耐药性及红霉素诱导克林霉素的耐药发生率,为临床提供比较可靠的药敏结果。方法采用D试验检测280株葡萄球菌的可诱导克林霉素耐药性。结果红霉素和克林霉素均耐药占35%。D试验阳性占所测葡萄球菌的20.71%,占红霉素耐药克林霉素敏感株的70.73%。结论检测葡萄球菌属诱导型耐药,避免盲目使用克林霉素而导致治疗无效,帮助临床正确选用大环内酯类-林可酰胺类-链阳霉素B类（MLSB）抗菌药物。     

耐红霉素葡萄球菌中克林霉素诱导型耐药株的检测分析

目的了解本院临床分离的葡萄球菌中克林霉素诱导型耐药的发生率，帮助临床医师正确选用药物。方法采用K—B纸片琼脂扩散法检测葡萄球茵对红霉素和克林霉素的耐药性，按照CLSI／NCCLS推荐的D一试验方法检测葡萄球菌的克林霉素诱导型耐药。结果耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）对红霉素及克林霉素同时耐药分别占61．53％和37．03％。D-试验阳性菌株占所检测葡萄球菌的19．16％，占红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感菌株的52．87％。对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中，D-试验阳性者分别为64．28％和47．45％。结论收集的葡萄球茵中克林霉素诱导型耐药株的发生率较高，应引起临床医生的高度重视。     

葡萄球菌对克林霉素诱导性耐药的检测及耐药性分析

目的:了解我院葡萄球菌对克林霉素诱导性耐药的检出率及耐药性情况,指导临床合理用药.方法:按美国国家临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI/NCCLS)2004年推荐的D试验检测红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药的葡萄球菌,同时检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)和甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌(MSS)对12种常用抗生素的耐药性.结果:310株临床分离葡萄球菌中,红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的菌株中D试验阳性的MRS、MSS分别为6.6%(12/183)、18.1%(23/127),MSS菌株明显高于MRS菌株的检出率,具有统计学意义(x2=9.99,P＜0.01).51株红霉素耐药、克林霉素敏感的葡萄球菌中,D试验阳性菌株35株,检出率为68.6%(35/51).对于12种常用抗生素的耐药性除复方新诺明和万古霉素外,MRS对其余10种抗生素的耐药率明显高于MSS,具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:常规开展D试验检测红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药的葡萄球菌,D试验阳性应报告分离株对克林霉素耐药,可避免不适当使用克林霉素导致临床上的治疗失败,有助于医生正确选用大环内酯类及林可霉素类抗生素;并且MRS的耐药性较高,对各类抗生素多重耐药,需加强其耐药性监测.     

D-试验在葡萄球菌对克林霉素诱导型耐药的检测

目的：检测葡萄球菌对红霉素诱导克林霉素耐药性的发生率。方法：用双纸片扩散法对本院检验科采集923份痰液标本分离的132株对红霉素耐药而对克林霉素敏感的葡萄球菌进行可诱导克林霉素耐药试验。结果：对红霉素耐药而对克林霉素敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌，D-试验阳性即对克林霉素具有诱导型耐药的检出率分别为52．2％（24／46）、48．8％（42／86）。结论：D-试验阳性的发生率较高，临床微生物实验室必须加强对红霉素耐药而对克林霉素敏感的葡萄球菌D-试验的检测，指导临床合理使用抗生素。     

葡萄球菌对红霉素诱导型克林霉素耐药的检测分析

目的检测本院临床分离的葡萄球菌对红霉素诱导型克林霉素耐药的发生率,为临床医师正确选用治疗药物提供参考。方法采甩K-B纸片琼脂扩散法检测葡萄球菌对红霉素和克林霉素的耐药性,按照CLSI／NCCLS推荐的D-试验方法检测红霉索诱导型克林霉素耐药性。结果72株金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素和克林霉素均耐药的有19株,占26．4％,对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的有30株,其中D-试验阳性17株,红霉素诱导克林霉素耐药发生率为56．7％（17／30）,143株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中对红霉素和克林霉素均耐药的有31株,占21．7％,对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的有44株,其中D-试验阳性21株,红霉素诱导克林霉素耐药发生率为47．7％。结论对红霉素耐药而对克林霉素敏感的菌株,应加做D-试验以免造成错误判断导致临床用药治疗失败。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.