一期后路经椎弓根截骨病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核

[目的]探讨治疗胸腰段脊柱结核一期完成病灶清除、矫正脊柱后凸畸形、植骨、后路钉棒固定的临床疗效。[方法]自2004年1月~2008年6月收治活动期胸腰段单节段脊柱结核伴后凸畸形患者34例,采用一期后路椎弓根截骨病灶清除(在胸椎段,先切取左右肋骨后段),钛笼植骨,后路矫形系统内固定。根据术前、术后X线分析植骨融合情况以及脊柱后凸畸形矫正效果。[结果]34例患者随访时间9~28个月,平均18个月,X线片示结核病灶清除彻底,脊柱畸形矫正,Cobb角由术前20°~45°矫正到术后3°~5°,植骨块无移位,2例再次行前路补充植骨术。结核无复发。[结论]该手术入路简捷,病灶清除彻底,360°环形解除压迫,畸形矫正满意,三柱固定,植骨融合,后期脊柱稳定,缩短了卧床时间,减少了相应的并发症。     

全脊柱截骨联合前方钛网支撑治疗100°以上胸腰段角状后凸畸形

[目的]探讨全脊柱截骨矫形联合应用前方钛网支撑治疗100°度以上胸腰段角状后凸畸形的治疗效果及临床应用价值.[方法] 2008年3月～2011年3月采用经后凸顶椎全脊柱截骨矫形内固定、前方钛网植骨支撑治疗18例重度胸腰段角状后凸患者,男13例,女5例;年龄16 ～34岁,平均22.4岁.术前后凸Cobb角平均为122°(102°～ 175°),其中先天性脊柱后凸8例,陈旧结核性脊柱后凸6例,陈旧创伤性后凸2例,神经纤维瘤病性后凸2例.术前Frankel分级C级2例,D级3例,E级13例,均有不同程度的腰背疼痛.截骨部位均位于胸腰段后凸顶点.[结果]平均手术时间4.5 h(3.5 ～5.5 h),术中平均出血量2020ml(1 200～4500ml),术后后凸Cobb角平均28°(5°～51°),平均矫正率77％.术后平均随访23个月(11 ～33个月),末次随访Cobb角平均33°,平均丢失4°,X线显示截骨部位骨性融合.术中2例出现脑脊液漏,1例血压(—)过性下降.3例术后出现双下肢不全瘫痪,其中1例因截骨近端固定不稳再次翻修手术后恢复,2例保守治疗后恢复.末次随访时Frankel分级D级2例,E级16例.[结论]全脊柱截骨术联合应用前方钛网支撑治疗100°度以上胸腰段角状后凸畸形矫形效果良好,可避免脊柱过度短缩造成脊髓折皱,提高了手术安全性,但因畸形严重仍存在神经并发症风险.     

前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨胸腰椎结核前路病灶清除植骨内固定手术治疗的效果。方法本组104例采用前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗脊柱结核,病变位于胸椎30例、胸腰椎24例、腰椎50例,术前有后凸成角畸形38°±19°。手术前后配合正规化疗,根据X线片观察脊柱融合时间,手术前后后凸角度变化以及按照Frankel分级的神经功能变化。结果全部病例伤口均一期愈合,未出现严重并发症。随访时间10～48个月,植骨界面骨性融合时间平均5个月。后凸平均矫正度数为18°±5°,22例术前伴有神经损害症状者Frankel分级平均提高2级。结论脊柱前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核具有能矫正后凸成角畸形、预防畸形复发、术后患者能早期离床活动等优点,治疗效果满意。     

一期病灶清除椎间植骨内固定治疗脊柱结核

[目的]观察一期病灶清除椎体间植骨内固定治疗脊柱结核的疗效.[方法] 2005年1月～2010年1月手术治疗脊柱结核患者54例,男38例,女16例;年龄23 ～63岁,平均46.2岁.病变位于胸椎12例,胸腰段20例,腰椎18例,腰骶椎4例.病变累及2个椎体36例,3个椎体12例,4个椎体5例,5个椎体1例.手术采用病灶清除一期椎体间植骨融合内固定,观察治疗效果.[结果]术后随访2～7年,平均38个月,切口一期愈合,8例Pott截瘫患者全部恢复,椎间植骨全部融合,脊柱结核治愈.后突畸形术前平均Cobb角16°,术后平均4.8°,末次随访时平均丢失2°.[结论]病灶清除椎体间一期植骨融合内固定,有利于恢复脊柱的即刻稳定性,骨融合率高,可纠正及预防脊柱后凸畸形,减少晚期并发症.     

前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫

目的：探讨前路植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫的疗效。方法：1996年～2002年4月采用前路病灶清除，植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫62例，观察术后植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复及结核病灶愈合情况。结果：平均随访2年2个月，56例患者获访，平均融合时间为3．6个月。骨性融合率100％。在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正29°、15°及9°，随访时无矫正度丢失；伴截瘫者11例，Frankel神经功能平均恢复2级；本组脊柱结核均治愈。结论：一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定，融合时间短，畸形矫正效果好，减压彻底，有利于截瘫恢复。     

侧前方病灶清除椎弓根内固定治疗胸椎结核后凸畸形

目的观察侧前方病灶清除椎间植骨经椎弓根内固定术治疗脊柱结核并后凸畸形的疗效。方法胸椎结核并后凸畸形患者17例,男11例,女6例;年龄23～56岁,平均36.4岁。结核病损位于下胸椎,累及两或三个椎体。后凸成角15°～34°,平均25°。5例患者合并脊髓损伤,Frankel分级为C级2例、D级3例。手术方法为一期侧前方病灶清除椎间植骨经椎弓根内固定,抗结核药物治疗9个月。结果术后随访2~4年,切口一期愈合,椎间植骨全部融合,脊柱结核全部治愈,脊髓功能损害患者术后1年内完全恢复。术后后凸成角平均为7°,平均矫正18°,随访期间畸形矫正无明显丢失。结论侧前方病灶清除椎弓根内固定术治疗脊柱结核并后凸畸形,能够一期完成病灶清除、脊髓减压、脊柱稳定性重建和后凸畸形矫正。坚强的内固定可促进病椎植骨融合,有助于缩短术后药物治疗时间和提高脊柱结核治愈率。     

Ⅰ期病灶清除内固定治疗胸腰椎结核并后凸畸形

[目的]探讨Ⅰ期病灶清除内固定治疗胸腰椎结核并后凸畸形的临床疗效.[方法]回顾分析本科自2003年1月～2009年3月对79例胸腰椎结核合并后凸畸形患者行Ⅰ期病灶清除内固定治疗.术后观察植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复程度及结核病灶愈合情况.随访时间2～6年,平均31个月.[结果]未发现结核复发病例;植骨融合,内固定无松动、移位;术后经X线片、CT或MRI检查,无残留病灶;术前Cobb角10°～60°,平均34.4°,术后0°～31.2°,平均矫正角度为24.2°,矫正度平均达70％,随访矫正度丢失＜3°,后突畸形矫正满意;未发现术后椎管狭窄;神经功能恢复情况:A级恢复至B级1例,B级恢复至C、D级各1例,C级恢复至D、E级10例,D级完全恢复.[结论]根据病人的实际情况,胸腰椎发病节段及后凸畸形和截瘫程度,选择不同人路的手术方式彻底的清除病灶,植骨融合,矫正畸形后使用内固定重建脊柱前后方的稳定性,促进脊髓神经功能恢复,使脊柱结核获得有效的根治,改善患者的生活质量.     

一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核临床观察

[目的] 探讨经前路病灶清除植骨一期前路/后路内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效.[方法] 对24例胸腰椎结核患者,经3～4周正规抗结核治疗,行前路病灶清除、椎间大块自体髂骨/肋骨植骨、一期前路/后路内固定术,术后继续抗结核治疗18～24个月.[结果] 1例脊柱结核复发(3%).23例植骨融合,植骨融合率为96.9%,植骨愈合时间 4～8个月(平均6个月).无窦道形成.脊柱后凸畸形平均矫正80%.[结论] 经前路病灶清除植骨一期前路/后路内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核能彻底清除结核病灶,对脊髓及神经根进行彻底减压,促进脊髓及神经功能恢复,矫正脊柱后凸畸形,同时一期建立和恢复脊柱的连续性和稳定性,促进脊柱植骨融合,提高脊柱结核的治愈率.     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗多椎体脊柱结核

目的:总结一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合及前路内固定治疗多椎体脊柱结核的临床效果。方法:1998年5月～2008年5月收治多椎体脊柱结核(≥3个椎体,包括跳跃性病灶)患者41例,病灶分布为C4～S1,颈椎2例,胸椎14例,胸腰段19例,腰椎4例,腰骶椎2例。伴截瘫者7例,Frankel分级C级4例,B级2例,A级1例。伴后凸成角21例。均采用一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合及内固定术治疗,随访观察治疗效果。结果:随访12个月～10年,平均67个月。7例截瘫患者术后1年神经功能较术前均有恢复。后凸畸形术前平均Cobb角23.5°,术后平均11.5°,末次随访时平均丢失3.8°。内固定松动1例,伤口及植骨延迟愈合2例。所有患者均骨性融合,结核无复发。结论:多椎体脊柱结核患者采用一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合、前路内固定治疗可取得良好效果。     

多节段胸腰椎结核外科治疗48例

[目的]总结多节段胸腰椎结核外科治疗的经验.[方法]采用一期前路病灶清除、自体植骨、单钉棒固定38例,前路病灶清除、后路固定10例.[结果]平均随访时间24.4个月,本组病例47例一次治愈,1例复发失访;术前后凸畸形(Cobb角)15.3.～39.2°,平均25.3°,术后患者残余后凸角3°～13.1°,平均6.6.,手术矫正角度11.2°～25.6°,平均18.7°,矫正率为73.5％;35例不全瘫患者神经功能均有不同程度的恢复,其中21例恢复至E级,平均改善1级;所有患者随访期间均达到骨性融合.[结论]多节段胸腰椎结核全身情况较差,病程较长,局部症状重,病变范围广,椎体破坏重,神经功能损伤并发症高,脊柱稳定性差.针对破坏情况采取不同方式彻底清除病灶,选用合适的内固定方法,尽量避免长节段植骨,采取多节段植骨,是治疗脊柱结核的有效方法,术后术区常规硬膜外导管给药能提高治愈率.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.