软骨延迟增强磁共振成像在关节疾病中的应用

软骨延迟增强磁共振成像(delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage,dGEMRIC)是一种分子成像技术,借助增强剂钆喷酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA2)的存在,利用计算机图像处理软件,将获得的T1值绘制成T1图像,用以评价关节软骨中糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG)的分布状况[1]。Bashir等于上世纪90年代经过实验证实,静脉注射Gd-DTPA2经过一段时间后,Gd-DTPA2可分布至关节软骨,通过MRI成像所测T1值与软骨中GAG含量呈正相关,从而为dGEMRIC技术奠定了初步的理论基础[2-3]。近年来dGEMRIC逐步开始应用于检测早期骨性关节炎软骨退变[4]、股骨头坏死[5]及髋关节发育不良[6]所造成的关节软骨损害、自体软骨细胞移植后疗效评估[7]及关节外伤软骨改变[8]等。本文主要对dGEMRIC技术主要原理、临床应用进展等方面进行综述。     

影响髋臼周围截骨术结果的术前因素分析

[目的]探讨术前因素对髋臼周围截骨术结果的影响.[方法]2002～2006年接受髋臼周围截骨术的56例髋关节发育不良患者,共56髋,平均随访2.7年.定义髋臼周围截骨术后WOMAC疼痛评分在10分(中度疼痛)以上和(或)术后Tnnis分期显示骨关节炎有进展的患者为不满意组,其余为满意组.比较满意组和不满意组之间术前疼痛和影像学表现等评估指标的差异性.[结果]56髋中,不满意组病例数为10髋.其余46髋为满意组.比较满意组和不满意组之间各术前评估指标见年龄、外侧CE角、前方CE角、臼顶倾斜角,无组间差异性,而WOMAC疼痛评分、Shenton' s线连续性、T(o)nnis分期有显著性差异.满意组术后和术前WOMAC评分有显著性差异.满意组和不满意组之间CE角和臼顶倾斜角在术后没有差异性.[结论]髋臼周围截骨术可以有效地改善髋臼覆盖情况,缓解患者疼痛症状.髋臼发育不良继发骨关节炎术前就较严重的患者,髋臼截骨术后结果不满意率较高.     

改良Bernese髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良

[目的]介绍经改良的经髂腹股沟入路在骨盆内壁行Bemese髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良.[方法] 10例髋关节发育不良造成髋关节疼痛的患者行髂腹股沟入路髋臼周围截骨术,并对原截骨方法进行适当改良.患者平均年龄29岁,术前患者平均疼痛2.5年,髋关节活动度正常或基本正常,髋关节间隙正常或轻度狭窄.术前术后均测量CE角和AC角及Harris评分.[结果]术后10例经12 ～28个月(平均20个月)的随访.髋术后疼痛明显减轻,髋关节活动度保持正常.术后CE角和AC角及Harri评分明显改善,术中术后无明显并发症发生.[结论]骨盆内髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良可以获得良好疗效.     

髋臼周围截骨治疗成人髋关节发育不良

目的 探讨髋臼周围截骨治疗成人髋关节发育不良的手术适应证及疗效.方法 25例成人髋关节发育不良患者接受经改良Smith-Peterson人路的髋臼周围截骨术,女19例,男6例;年龄18～45岁,平均25.5岁.均为单侧发病,左侧14例,右侧11例.3例有既往手术史,2例Chari截骨术、1例Salter截骨术.髋关节骨关节炎T(o)nnis 0期13例、Ⅰ期9例、Ⅱ期3例.Shenton线不连续18例.髋臼外侧CE角4.57°±7.39°,前侧CE角0.95°±6.02°,髋臼顶倾斜角32.50°±5.96°,股骨头超出指数38.11%±5.70%,Harris髋关节评分(75.32±7.51)分.结果 全部患者随访2.0～7.5年,平均4.5年.3例髋关节骨关节炎T(o)nnis Ⅰ期者改善为0期,2例T(o)nnisⅡ期者改善为Ⅰ期,1例T(o)nnis Ⅰ期者进展为Ⅱ期.Shenton线不连续减少为10例.外侧CE角29.07°±5.81°,前侧CE角29.52°±4.51°,髋臼顶倾斜角19.17°±4.95°,股骨头超出指数24.20%±4.83%,Harris髋关节评分(84.88±4.88)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义.16例出现股外侧皮神经支配区感觉麻木,其中9例自行恢复,7例残留永久性麻木.1例出现髋关节周围Brooker Ⅰ型异位骨化.结论 经改良Smith-Peterson人路行髋臼周围截骨治疗成人髋关节发育不良可有效增加髋臼包容,改善关节功能,阻止髋臼周围硬化和囊性变,保持关节间隙,延缓骨关节炎进展.     

膝骨关节炎临床症状与X线表现相关性研究

目的:探讨膝骨关节炎临床症状与X线片表现的相关性,为临床诊疗提供依据.方法:收集门诊78例(108膝)膝骨关节炎患者,年龄41～77岁;女65例(89膝),男13例(19膝).对所有病例进行严重性指数(Lequesne膝关节指数)问卷调查,计算严重性指数,并将病例分成轻度组(Lequesne指数≤8)和重度组(Lequesne指数>8).摄负重站立位膝关节正侧位、髌股关节Skyline位X线片,分部位观察评价关节间隙狭窄、骨赘生成、软骨下骨硬化、软骨下囊变,测量下肢力线角及外侧髌股角.对膝骨关节炎严重性与各X线表现进行相关性及回归分析.结果:膝骨关节炎轻度组和重度组在外侧胫股关节间隙、内侧髌股关节间隙狭窄程度、内侧胫骨骨赘、内侧股骨骨赘、外侧胫骨骨赘、外侧股骨骨赘、内侧滑车骨赘、外侧髌骨骨赘、外侧滑车骨赘、胫骨髁问骨赘程度等方面的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析结果显示外侧股骨骨赘的相伴概率(0.009)最小,Wald值最大(6.779),提示外侧股骨骨赞为判断膝骨关节炎严重性最重要的放射学表现.结论:评价膝骨关节炎严重性时,关节间隙狭窄与骨赘生成是最有意义的X线表现,其中外侧胫股关节间隙狭窄、内侧髌股关节间隙狭窄、内侧胫骨骨赘、内侧股骨骨赘、外侧胫骨骨赘、外侧股骨骨赘、内侧滑车骨赘、外侧髌骨骨赘、外侧滑车骨赘、胫骨髁问骨赘更加应该予以重视.     

Pemberton截骨术治疗大龄儿童髋关节发育不良的疗效分析

[目的]探讨Peruberton截骨术治疗大龄儿童髋关节发育不良的疗效.[方法]应用Pemlberton截骨术治疗大龄儿童髋关节发育不良共21例(24髋).手术时平均年龄为9岁7个月(7～13岁6个月).术中根据股骨头脱位高度、前倾角和颈干角联合行股骨短缩截骨、去旋转截骨和近端内翻截骨术.[结果]术后平均随访5年5个月(4～10年),有18髋达到McKay临床功能评价的优或者良;所有髋关节的髋臼指数(或者Sharp角)、CE角和头臼指数均得到明显改善,平均值恢复到正常范围;18髋的X线片评价达到Severin影像学评价的Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.新出现和在原基础上加重的髋关节活动受限9例,髋父节半脱位4例,股骨头缺血性坏死6例,髋关节骨关节炎3例.[结论]Pembenon截骨术治疗大龄儿童髋关节发育不良大部分可以得到一个临床功能优良、中心复位或包含良好的髋关节,同时需要注意减少术后并发症的发生.     

腰椎小关节间隙宽度分布体内定位图分析——健康和患者的对照研究

[摘要]目的：小关节间隙变窄，关节软骨变薄，关节下骨皮质肥厚是常观察到的年龄相关变化。小关节间隙宽度是一个评估骨关节炎的明确参数。据我们所知，没有其它的量化三维小关节间隙宽度在体内分布的研究。体内的3维小关节间隙宽度测量。确定腰椎小关节间隙宽度在体内的临床相关定位区域，以及与年龄，节段和存在的下腰痛症状的相互关系。     

经髂腹股沟入路伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术的中期随访

目的探讨经髂腹股沟入路伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术的中期随访结果。方法84例96髋接受经髂腹股沟入路伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术,男6例,女78例;年龄11～46岁,平均27.6岁。髋关节发育不良87髋,Perthes病9髋。结果随访3.8～9.0年,平均6.0年。Harris髋关节评分从术前平均76.1分增加到末次随访92.7分;外侧CE角从8.7°增加到32.7°,前方CE角从-4.2°增加到36.4°,髋臼臼顶倾斜角从27.9°减小到9.4°。术前有66髋存在Shenton线不连续,术后为31髋;术前有76髋存在软骨下骨硬化,术后为34髋;术前有41髋存在软骨下骨囊变,术后为23髋,差异有统计学意义。骨关节炎表现改善或未进展者78髋;骨关节炎表现有进展者18髋,4髋进展为T＂nnis3级,其中3髋矫正不足,1髋截骨进入关节。主要并发症包括截骨矫正不足9髋,过度矫正17髋,截骨进入关节2髋,截骨块固定失败1髋,股神经麻痹1例,切口疝4例,股外侧皮神经永久性麻木8例,BrookerⅠ期异位骨化3例。结论经髂腹股沟入路伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋关节发育不良,可获得畸形矫正与功能改善;缓解髋臼周围硬化和囊变,使髋臼周围骨质再生,保持关节间隙,延缓骨关节炎进展。手术操作正确、髋臼矫正位置准确是其技术关键。     

改良髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋臼发育不良

[目的]研究改良的髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋臼发育不良的方法及有效性.[方法]自2002年10月～2007年8月采用改良的Ninomiya方法治疗27例髋臼发育不良的患者,其中男3例3髋,女24例27髋;平均年龄29.4岁(15～42岁).术前、术后拍摄骨盆正位、双髋侧位及外展位像,测量髋臼的CE角(中心边缘角)和AC角(臼顶倾斜角),记录髋关节旋转中心及Shenton氏线变化、骨关节炎的严重程度并进行随访,行髋关节Harris评分并进行评价.[结果]所有患者截骨术后股骨头覆盖均得到改善,CE角由术前的3.2°(-15°～15°)矫正为28.5°(20°～40°),AC角由术前的26.6°(15°～38°)矫正为3.9°(0°～12°),髋臼旋转中心内移率为63.3%(19/30),Shenton氏线不连续率由67%降为23%.平均随访4.2年(1.5～7年),1髋失随访,28髋疼痛减轻、骨关节炎得到控制,1髋疼痛加重,Harris评分由术前82.7分(67～96分)改善为97.8分(87～100分).术后2例患者出现耻骨纤维愈合,1例出现耻骨下支应力骨折,无截骨块或大粗隆不愈合病例.[结论]改良的髋臼旋转截骨术能有效地治疗髋臼发育不良,是一种有效、安全的手术方式.     

髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋臼发育不良继发骨关节炎的临床效果

目的 探讨中青年髋臼发育不良继发骨关节炎采用髋臼旋转截骨术的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析11例髋臼发育不良继发骨关节炎患者,采用髋臼周围旋转截骨术同时行骨移植金属或可吸收螺钉固定.通过手术改变髋臼角及关节负重点,同时增加了股骨头的包容.本组患者手术时平均年龄为28.6岁,平均随访时间为3.5年.采用Harris髋关节评分对患者满意度、日常活动、关节功能、疼痛、步态、行走是否借助辅助器等进行了综合性评估.患者均接受了影像学检查.结果 Harris评分从术前的70.6分上升到术后的89.7分.主要表现为疼痛减轻、步态改善、髋关节功能改善,尤其是旋转功能.负重时明显感觉稳定性增加.影像学检查髋臼角明显减小,从术前平均31°减少到术后22°左右.结论 该手术对于髋臼发育不良继发骨关节炎患者效果明显,对于不适合全髋置换手术者应是首选且有效的方法,同时可减缓继发性骨关节炎的进展.     

Assessment of postabsorptive renal glucose metabolism in humans with multiple glucose tracers

The contribution of the kidneys to postabsorptive endogenous glucose production is a matter of controversy. To assess whether this could relate to the use of various isotopical methods with different analytical performance capabilities, we measured glucose kinetics in 12 healthy subjects. Blood samples were taken from the femoral artery and the renal vein after 4 h of [6,6-2H2]glucose infusion (for gas chromatography [GC]/mass spectrometry [MS] analysis), and renal plasma flow was determined with paraaminohippurate. In addition, six subjects received uniformly labeled [13C]glucose (for GC/combustion/isotope ratio MS [IRMS]) and [3-3H]glucose (for counting of radioactive disintegrations). Arterial glucose concentrations (means +/- SD) were 4.2+/-0.1 mmol/l, and endogenous glucose production rates using [2H2]glucose were 2.2+/-0.1 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) or 818+/-50 micromol/min. Dilution of [2H2]glucose across the kidney was 0.79+/-1.32%, and renal glucose production (RGP) rates were 27+/-72 micromol/min. In the six subjects receiving additional tracers, dilutions across the kidney were 2.83+/-0.72 and 0.54+/-1.20 (for [U-13C]glucose and [3-3H]glucose, respectively, the dilution with [U-13C] being higher than that with [2H2] (P = 0.007). Corresponding RGP values were 144+/-39 and 43+/-76 micromol/min for [U-13C] and [3-3H], respectively. In conclusion, we found that the highly sensitive [U-13C] GC/Combustion/IRMS technique showed consistent dilution of label across the kidney, whereas the less sensitive techniques gave some negative values and smaller RGP rates. Thus, depending on which technique is being used, a fivefold difference in calculated RGP values may be encountered. The methodological variability of our data suggests that extrapolation from regional renal measurements to the whole-body level should be perfumed with caution.     

青年性腰椎弓根崩裂直接修复后TSRH钩钉系统固定12例初步报告

[目的]评价TSRH钩钉系统对青年患者腰椎弓崩裂直接修复后固定的临床疗效。[方法]自2001年7月~2003年10月,对12例男性单纯腰椎弓崩裂患者(16~31周岁)行腰椎弓崩裂自体骨直接修复峡部裂后TSRH椎板钩、椎弓根钉固定术。术后随访,根据术后X线、CT结果评价修复效果,并根据MacNab's标准进行临床评价。[结果]经过6~19个月随访,所有患者腰椎弓崩裂影像学全部融合;临床下腰痛显著缓解,按MacNab's标准,优8例,良3例,一般1例;无手术及内固定相关并发症发生。[结论]直接修复后TSRH钩钉系统固定治疗青年性腰椎弓崩裂能充分保留腰椎运动节段,在减少融合节段的同时能有效恢复腰椎稳定,操作简便、安全,固定可靠,是一种合乎逻辑的治疗青年性腰椎弓崩裂方法。     

Quantitation and relative distribution of extracellular matrix in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm

The relationship between adherence of bacteria to foreign bodies and their deposition of extracellular matrix was examined on glass and suture material. To quantitate bacterial adherence, uptake of [3H]thymidine into bacterial DNA was analyzed. Corresponding amounts of extracellular matrix were measured by a new technique using [14C]glucose incorporation. This study shows that [14C]glucose preferentially labeled bacterial strains in proportion to biofilm production. The ratio of 3H14C in high biofilm producers was 0.9 and in low producers it was 3.7. Radioactive identification of organisms as high and low producers was confirmed by electron microscopy. The results presented here show that production and accumulation of biofilm over time is a stable characteristic in different strains of S. epidermidis. The use of ratios reflecting radiolabeling of bacteria and biofilm by [3H]thymidine and [14C]glucose, respectively, is a quantitative yet simple technique to assess extracellular matrix of different strains of S. epidermidis.     

Human Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes Predict Efficacy of Halogenated Compounds That Disobey the Meyer-Overton Rule

Background: According to the Meyer-Overton rule, anesthetic potency of a substance can be predicted by its lipid solubility, but a group of halogenated volatile compounds predicted to induce anesthesia does not obey this rule. Thus, these compounds are useful tools for studies of molecular targets of anesthetics. Human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (hnAChR) subunits have been recently cloned, which allowed the authors to assess whether these receptors could differentiate among volatile anesthetic and nonimmobilizer compounds. This study provides the first data regarding anesthetic sensitivity of hnAChRs.

Methods: [alpha]2[beta]4, [alpha]3[beta]4, and [alpha]4[beta]2 hnAChRs were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and effects of volatile anesthetics isoflurane and F3 (1-chloro-1,2,2-triflurocyclobutane, 1A) and nonimmobilizers F6 (1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane, 2N) and F8 (2,3-dichlorooctafluorobutane) on the peak acetylcholine-gated currents were studied using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique.

Results: Isoflurane and F3 inhibited all the hnAChRs tested in a concentration-dependent manner. Isoflurane at a concentration corresponding to 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) inhibited 83, 69, and 71% of ACh-induced currents in [alpha]2[beta]4, [alpha]3[beta]4, and [alpha]4[beta]2 hnAChRs, respectively, and 1 MAC of F3 inhibited 64, 44, and 61% of currents gated in those receptors. F6 (8-34[mu]M) did not cause any changes in currents gated by any of the receptors tested. F8 (4-18[mu]M) did not alter the currents gated in either [alpha]3[beta]4 or [alpha]4[beta]2 receptors, but caused a small potentiation of [alpha]2[beta]4 hnAChRs without a concentration-response relation.     

蛋壳技术在强直性脊柱炎并脊柱后凸畸形矫形中的应用

[目的]观察腰椎后路经椎弓根椎体楔形截骨的蛋壳技术在治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形中的临床效果.[方法] 34例强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形患者,平均年龄为34.6岁,男性27例,女性7例.根据术前测量的颌眉垂线角,采用后路经L2或L2及L3椎弓根的椎体楔形截骨.[结果]所有患者都能很好的耐受手术.手术时间为150～ 210min,出血量为1 000～2 400 ml.无神经系统并发症发生.颌眉垂线角由术前的平均41°矫正为术后的平均为5°.所有患者能够平视行走,矢状面平衡和步态得到明显改善.随访中植骨均获骨性融合,无断钉及内固定失效发生.[结论]腰椎后路经椎弓根的蛋壳技术,能够在充分保护脊髓和神经根的前提下实现椎体的楔形截骨,对于强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形具有良好的治疗效果.     

单侧椎弓根外入路经皮椎体成形和后凸成形术治疗高位胸椎转移性肿瘤

[目的]探讨单侧椎弓根外入路经皮椎体成形(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)和后凸成形术(percuta-neous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗高位胸椎转移性肿瘤椎体破坏的可行性和安全性,评价临床疗效。[方法]2008年3月,1例T1~3肺癌转移,男性,59岁,诊断肺癌8个月,上胸椎及左侧肩部剧烈疼痛6个月,药物镇痛效果不佳,无手术可能。使用国产PVP和PKP工具包,采用局部麻醉,在透视引导下单侧椎弓根外入路完成T2和T3椎体强化。随访观察治疗效果。[结果]手术过程顺利,T3和T2椎体分别进行PKP和PVP治疗,T1椎体因患者不能继续耐受而放弃。T3椎体PKP时间57 min,骨水泥填充量1.9 ml,T2椎体PVP时间49 min,骨水泥填充量1.5 ml。T2椎体左侧椎弓根破坏骨水泥外漏但无临床症状,无其它并发症发生。患者术后5 d出院。术前、术后2 d和3个月随访时VAS评分分别为10分、3分和6分,使用镇痛药物可控制疼痛。[结论]单侧椎弓根外入路PVP和PKP是治疗高位胸椎转移性肿瘤的安全有效方法,能够有效缓解疼痛。     

Cervicomedullary Intrathecal Injection of Morphine Produces Antinociception in the Orofacial Formalin Test in the Rat

Background : High cervical and medullary drug delivery has been advocated for the treatment of refractory head and neck pain in humans. Currently, parallel models in animals have not been developed to support this methodology. We combined an accepted animal model of pain of cranial origin with a novel technique of neuraxial drug delivery to address this issue.

Methods : Male Wistar rats were implanted with intrathecal catheters that were advanced cephalad through a lumbar guide cannula to the high cervical spinal cord. The orofacial formalin test was used to assess antinociception. Vehicle or morphine (1, 3, 6, 10, 30 [mu]g) was injected intrathecally followed 10 minutes later by injection of formalin solution, 2.5%, into the vibrissal pad. Motor assessment and hemodynamic and respiratory blood gas measurements were evaluated in a separate group of animals.

Results : Intrathecal morphine produced a dose-dependent decrease in the first and second phases of the behavioral response (P < 0.05). The ED50 (95% confidence limits) values for the first and second phases were 6.65 [mu]g (3.52-14.9 [mu]g) and 3.40 [mu]g (2.37-4.61 [mu]g), respectively. Ten micrograms intrathecal naloxone antagonized the morphine effect (P < 0.05). Significant cardiovascular and respiratory depression was observed. No significant motor dysfunction was observed.     

人工全膝关节置换后股骨假体角度的CT影像学评估：股骨外上髁线参照与间隙平衡技术的对比研究

[目的]虽然人工全膝关节置换术中假体旋转定位的重要性已得到公认,但术中以哪条轴线为参照能够更加精确的保证股骨假体的旋转定位,目前尚存争议.研究表明股骨外上髁线(TEA)与膝关节屈曲轴线平行,但这一轴线术中难以精确确定.本文采用间隙平衡技术(BG),对比TEA技术在股骨假体实际旋转角度测量的差异 [方法]30例人工全膝关节置换分为2组(每组15膝),分别采用.TEA和BG技术,术后行CT扫描测量股骨假体旋转角度并行膝关节学会评分(KSS).[结果]BG组中股骨假体平均外旋角度为2.7°±1.1°,TEA组为5.6°±1.6°(P=0.001).术后KSS功能评分改善BG组高于TEA组(P=0.002).但两组的KSS膝评分无显著性差异(P=0.39).[结论]研究表明,与BG技术相比,术中应用TEA参照确定股骨假体的旋转定位可导致股骨假体的过度外旋,其术后KSS功能评分亦较差.     

Reduction of testosterone availability to 5 alpha-reductase by human sex hormone-binding globulin in the rat ventral prostate gland in vivo

The present studies assess the effects of human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) on the conversion of [3H]testosterone (T) into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in rat ventral prostate gland in vivo using a constant aortic infusion technique. The DHT/T ratio was determined using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and these results were confirmed with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The prostatic gland DHT/T ratio was 2.1 +/- 0.4, 1.3 +/- 0.2, 0.24 +/- 0.02, or 1.1 +/- 0.2, following a 60 sec aortic perfusion of [3H]testosterone dissolved in either Krebs-Henselite buffer (KHB), 5 g/dl human serum albumin (HSA), human pregnancy serum (HPS), or heat inactivated HPS, respectively. Heat inactivation (60 degrees C, 60 min) selectively denatured SHBG in HPS. The distribution of [3H]testosterone in rat ventral prostate was examined with thaw-mount light in microscopic autoradiography. Following an aortic perfusion of [3H]testosterone in buffer alone, the radiolabeled steroid was uniformly distributed among the epithelial and stromal compartments. However, the [3H]steroid hormone was selectively sequestered in the stromal compartment following aortic perfusion of HPS. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that human SHBG markedly restricts the availability of circulating testosterone to 5 alpha-reductase in the prostate gland in vivo and that the presence of SHBG in serum causes the selective sequestration of the steroid hormone within the stromal compartment of the gland in vivo.