人促甲状腺激素（hTSH）ELISA的建立

采用抗ｈＴＳＨ单抗８Ｅ７包被聚苯乙烯４０孔板作为固相抗体，另用高滴度的兔抗ｈＴＳＨ多抗作液相抗体，以辣根过氧化物酶标羊抗兔ＩｇＧ作为标记第二抗体为反应的显示系统，以邻苯二胺作底物，４５０ｎＭ吸收值计算ｈＴＳＨ浓度，建立了高灵敏度的ｈＴＳＨ酶免吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）。灵敏度为０．０３ｍＩＵ／Ｌ。批内ＣＶ１．４～６．７％平均５．４％（ｎ＝２０）批间ＣＶ为７．０％。方法特异性鉴定显示与其他糖蛋白激素无明显的交叉反应性。添加回收及稀释度试验鉴定均表明方法重复性、准确性、线性相关都符合临床应用标准。应用本法与瑞士Ｓｅｒｏｎｏ公司出品的酶免磁颗粒分离药盒同时测定１３０例，相关系数为０．９３。     

液相人血清TSH免疫放射分析的建立

本文利用兔抗人ＴＳＨ（ｈＴＳＨ）多克隆抗体、（１２５）~Ｉ－鼠抗ｈＴＳＨ单克隆抗体、固相驴抗兔二抗建立了液相高灵敏度人血清ＴＳＨ免疫放射分析。方法学考核显示，灵敏度为０．００８ｍＩＵ／Ｌ，批内和批间变异系数分别为１．６％～４．１％和２．７％～８．６％，回收率为９５．２％～１０１．４％，与ｈＦＳＨ和ｈＨＣＧ的交叉反应率分别为４．４１×１０~（－５）和５．０８×１０~（－７）．用本法测定了３４名正常人、２７例甲亢和９例甲低患者血清值，结果与临床相符。     

垂体性腺激素RIA室内质量控制

本文采用质控血清监测法和标准曲线参数监控测法对ＡＣＴＨ、ＴＳＨ、ＦＳＨ、ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ、ＧＨ、ＰＲＬ、Ｅ２和Ｔ等８种垂体性腺激素的ＲＩＡ进行了室内质控监测。结果显示：这８种垂体性腺激素１２批ＲＩＡ测定的质控血清的实测值均没有超出靶值范围，与靶值仅偏差１．１％～９．７％，符合偏差小于１５％的质控要求。这８种垂体性腺激素１２批ＲＩＡ测定的标准曲线参数的变异范围基本控制在１５％以内。这说明些８种ＲＩＡ试剂     

抗—hTSH抗独特型抗体的制备及生物活性的研究

本文根据独特性－抗独特性免疫网络学说的理论，探讨Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病发病机现。本文用ｈＴＳＨ免疫家兔制备了ＴＳＨ抗体（ＴＳＨＡｂ１）并进行纯化。用纯化后的ＴＳＨＡｂ１作为免疫源，免疫豚鼠获得了抗ＴＳＨＡｂ１的抗独特型抗体（ＴＳＨＡｂ２），并从免疫、生物活性方面进行鉴定，证明所制备同的抗体ＴＳＨＡｂ２有类似ＴＳＨ样的功能。     

抗TSH独特型抗体的制备及免疫学特性的研究

抗激素抗体的抗原结合部位（即独特型）本身可以作为抗原刺激机体产生独特型抗体，该独特型抗体能与该激素的膜受体特异性结合并诱导模拟激素样作用［１］。根据这种免疫网络理论，我们用人促甲状腺激素（ＴＳＨ）免疫小鼠获得ＴＳＨ单克隆抗体，并以此为抗原进一步免疫动物产生抗ＴＳＨ独特型抗体，并研究了其免疫学特性。材料与方法１．ＴＳＨ单抗制备、纯化［２］用ＴＳＨ（活性：７ＩＵ／ｍｇ，Ｓｉｇｍａ）为抗原，常规制备ＴＳＨ单抗。蛋白Ａ－琼脂糖凝腔ＣＬ－４Ｂ亲和层析后，冷冻干燥，获Ｔ５Ｈ单抗纯品。２．ＴＳＨ抗独特型抗体（…     

正常育龄和经绝期妇女及成年男子九种生殖激素的放射免疫测定

本文报告了促黄体生成激素（ＬＨ）、促卵泡生成激素（ＦＳＨ）、泌乳素（ＰＲＬ）、雌二醇（Ｅ２）、睾酮（Ｔ）、孕酮（Ｐ）、１７α－羟基孕酮（１７α－ＯＨＰ）、硫酸去氢表雄酮（ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４）和雄烯二酮等９种生殖激素的正常值。受检者为３２名正常育龄妇女、３６名健康经绝期妇女和５７名正常成年男子。育龄组妇女的排卵期ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ和Ｅ２的峰值分别为８６．１±６３．５ＩＵ／Ｌ、２５．２±１０．４ＩＵ／Ｌ和７５１±３３０ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ｐ和１７α－ＯＨＰ高峰出现在黄体期，分别为４２．７±１８．８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１３±６．５５ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。Ｔ、ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４和雄烯二酮在月经周期中血清水平稳定，均值为１．９３±１．２６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ、４．６９±１．８３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和３．０４±１．１６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。ＰＲＬ在排卵期轻度升高，平均１６．９±８．８６μｇ／Ｌ，最高达３７．７μｇ／Ｌ。经绝期妇女的生殖激素水平较之育龄妇女有明显差别，除ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ呈高水平外，其他激素均明显低下，其中２１名（５８．３％）的Ｅ２接近０。男子组的Ｅ２、Ｐ、ＰＲＬ和雄烯二酮较女性为低，Ｔ和ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４则高于女性；ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ、１７α－ＯＨＰ近似女性卵泡期水平。     

腺垂体细胞之间联系的研究进展

腺垂体含有多种形态、功能各异的细胞。根据所分泌激素的不同，可将这些细胞分为：生长激素（ＧＨ）细胞、催乳激素（ＰＲＬ）细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ）细胞、促甲状腺激素（ＴＳＨ）细胞、卵泡刺激素（ＦＳＧ）细胞、黄体生成素（ＬＨ）细胞和滤泡星状细胞（ＦＳＣｅｌｌｓ）。大鼠的ＦＳＨ和ＬＨ产生于同一类细胞、即促性腺激素（ＧＴＨ）细胞￣［１，２］。这些细胞参差组成细胞素、团。每个细胞都与同种的和（或）其它种类的细胞相邻接，并彼此密切接触。这种形态学上的密切关系，提示它们在发育、分化及生理功能诸方面可能存在一定联系。为了探讨各类细胞之间的可能联系，人们已进行了一些研究工作，特别是近年来，各类细胞之间在功能上的相互调节引起了研究者的兴趣。这些研究进一步丰富了们对腺垂体的组织结构、生理、生化及内分泌细胞分泌机制的认识。     

PRL细胞腺瘤过度分泌对促性腺激素水平及性腺功能的影响

利用ＲＩＡ测定ＰＲＬ细胞腺瘤患者血清中ＰＲＬ，ＦＳＨ，ＬＨ，Ｔ水平，探讨ＰＲＬ细胞腺瘤过度分泌ＰＲＬ对促性原激素以及对男性性功能的影响。结果在３６６例ＰＲＬ细胞腺瘤患者中，１５９例，血清ＦＳＨ水平低于正常，１４８例，血清ＬＨ水平低于正常，８例血清ＦＳＨ水平高于正常，１０例血清ＬＨ水平高于正常。     

12例Turner综合征内分泌激光的观察

末文对１９９４－１９９７年经染色体核型分析确诊的１２例Ｔｕｒｎｅｒ综合征患者，进行了垂体－性腺轴激素及生长激素（ＧＨ）、甲状腺素、皮质醇的测定。结果显示：患者血清Ｅ２水平均较低，２例骨龄小于１１岁者血ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ基础值正常，而峰值增高；１０例骨龄在于１１岁者血ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ基础值和峰值均增高。１２例患者中，２例生长激素药物刺激试验反应低下；２例Ｔ４明显增高，１０例皮质醇增高；１例睾酮增高。经己烯雌酚     

小盾纤恙螨体内肾综合征出血热病毒增殖的初步研究

为进一步观察小盾纤恙螨感染肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）后的体内增殖，直接取饲养的小盾纤恙螨幼虫和若虫，每２０天为一批制成无菌滤液，接种Ｖｅｒｏ－Ｅ６细胞测定ＴＣＩＤ５０／ｍｌ滴度，动态观察ＨＦＲＳＶ在螨体内的增殖。结果表明：在小盾纤恙螨幼虫期除采集至测定６０天批未测出ＨＦＲＳＶ滴度和未分离到ＨＦＲＳＶ外，其余１２批均在不同时间内测出ＨＦＲＳＶ滴度和分离到ＨＦＲＳＶ，滴度均在１０－１～１０－５之间。３批若虫亦有２批测出ＨＦＲＳＶ滴度和分离到ＨＦＲＳＶ，滴度为１０－５。所分离的ＨＦＲＳＶ用ＰＣＲ扩增技术亦检测出ＨＦＲＳＶＲＮＡ。这为小盾纤恙螨作为ＨＦＲＳ的传播媒介提供了进一步的证据。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.