布加综合征的超声诊断

目的探讨布加综合征的声像图表现及超声对布加综合征的诊断价值。方法分析31例经下腔静脉造影确诊的布加综合征病例的超声图像。结果肝静脉阻塞或闭塞（型）6例,下腔静脉阻塞或闭塞（型）22例,肝静脉和下腔静脉混合病变（型）3例。本组中超声诊断准确率93.55%。结论超声可以明确布加综合征血管病变的部位、范围及类型,准确反映下腔静脉、肝静脉的血流颜色、方向及流速曲线的变化,对诊断具有重要参考价值,可为治疗提供可靠信息。     

超声在布-加综合征诊断中的运用

目的 探索彩色多普勒超声及实时灰阶超声造影技术对布-加综合征的诊断价值.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声及实时灰阶超声造影技术观察55例布加氏综合征的声像图及血流灌注特点,并与血管造影对比分析.结果 肝静脉梗阻22例、下腔静脉梗阻17例、肝静脉和下腔静脉混合性梗阻16例.结论 彩色多普勒超声较准确地判定肝静脉和下腔静脉血管狭窄及闭塞的部位和类型,超声造影帮助识别血管梗阻的程度及侧支血管情况,有助于手术方式的选择以及术后疗效的判断.     

节段性狭窄闭塞布-加综合征的介入治疗

目的　探讨布 加综合征 (BCS)下腔静脉节段性狭窄、闭塞合并肝静脉阻塞的介入治疗。方法　 2 8例节段性狭窄、节段闭塞患者 ,多数合并 1～ 3支肝静脉闭塞 ,无合并下腔静脉血栓形成。应用球囊导管或房间隔穿刺针行下腔静脉开通术 ,下腔静脉开通后用 2 .0～ 2 .3cm球囊扩张后放入金属内支架。术后抗凝治疗 2年。结果　 2 7例患者成功进行了经皮穿刺球囊破膜扩张 ,即经皮腔内血管成形术 (PTA)和血管内支架植入治疗。闭塞肝静脉多数扩张下腔静脉后同时开通。患者肝、脾缩小 ,腹水吸收。 1例穿破下腔静脉急诊手术止血。随访 2～ 36个月未见复发及消化道出血。结论　下腔静脉狭窄者注意有肝静脉闭塞 ;下腔静脉闭塞破膜后 ,2 0例肝静脉闭塞者 19例随之开放 ,无需特殊处理 ;安放支架时注意保护肝静脉入口。     

布加综合征的超声诊断

目的：总结布加综合征与肝硬化的彩色多普勒(CDFI)鉴别诊断价值及临床意义。方法：8例布加综合征的患均行二维与CDFI超声检查。观察声像图特征，肝内、外血管病变及一些侧支血管异常显示与血流动力学改变，找出病因，后经血管造影验证。结果：8例中4例为下腔静脉阻塞型，1例为下腔静脉外压性狭窄，1例为肝静脉阻塞型。2例为混合性阻塞。声像图特征；肝脏及尾状叶增大，脾肿大，顽固性大量腹水、肝段下腔静脉和(或)肝静脉狭窄、不完全或完全性阻塞。副肝静脉与尾状叶静脉扩张，内脏与下肢静脉淤血扩张。结论：布加综合征是门脉高压的原因之一，用CDFI能提高鉴别诊断的准确率，为临床制定治疗方案和评估预后具有重耍意义，并提供可靠依据。     

布-加综合征的超声诊断价值

目的：评价超声检查对布-加综合征的诊断价值,探讨布-加综合征下腔静脉阻塞的超声分型。方法：对66例布-加综合征患的声像图进行分析,全部病例均经下腔静脉造影。选择性肝静脉造影证实。结果：据病因及声像图表现分为四型：膜性狭窄、膜型闭塞、节段性狭窄、瘤栓阻塞型。超声检查可显示部位、类型、范围和梗阻程度,对布-加综合征的诊断、分型及治疗方案的选择具有重要意义,是筛选和诊断布-加综合征的首选方法。     

Budd-Chiari综合征的彩色多普勒超声诊断与分型

目的 探讨Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)的彩色多普勒超声图像特点和超声诊断分型,以利于选择治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析126例BCS患者的临床资料,全部患者经血管造影、介入或手术治疗证实.根据彩色多普勒超声图像特征进行分型.结果 根据彩色多普勒超声图像特点,将BCS分为8型:Ⅰ型,不完全性下腔静脉隔膜,30例;Ⅱ型,完全性下腔静脉隔膜,3例;Ⅲ型,下腔静脉狭窄,8例;Ⅳ型,下腔静脉阻塞,3例;V型,大肝静脉狭窄,20例;Ⅵ型,大肝静脉阻塞,15例;Ⅶ型,小肝静脉广泛性阻塞,9例;Ⅷ型,混合型病变,38例.结论 彩色多普勒超声检查能良好显示下腔静脉、肝静脉狭窄或阻塞的性质、部位、程度及血流动力学变化,对BCS的诊断分型准确可靠.     

Budd-Chiari综合征肝静脉病变的超声分型诊断

目的：探讨Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征（Ｂ－ＣＳ）的肝静脉病变特点。方法：对１２５例Ｂ－ＣＳ患者的肝静脉声像图进行分析,全部病例均经下腔静脉造影、选择性肝静脉造影或经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影证实并行手术或介入治疗。结果：根据病因及声像图表现将其分为五型,即隔膜阻塞、节段阻塞、长段闭塞、血栓形成及外压性肝静脉阻塞型。结论：超声检查可显示主肝静脉阻塞部位、程度、范围及侧支循环状态,对Ｂ－ＣＳ的诊断、分型及治疗方案的选择具有重要意义,是筛选和诊断肝静脉阻塞型Ｂ－ＣＳ的首选方法。     

多膜结构在布加综合征介入治疗中临床意义

布加综合征（Budd—Chiarisyndrome）是肝后段下腔静脉狭窄阻塞或肝静脉的狭窄阻塞而引起的肝后性门静脉高压及下腔静脉高压。随着介入技术的发展，特别是血管成形术（FFA）及血管内支架（stint）植入术的应用，使得布加综合征的治疗取得了突破性的进展。作者1998年2月至2005年12月介入治疗布加综合征189例，发现102例节段闭塞型布加综合征中37例为双膜及多膜闭塞，现着重对其介入治疗作一回顾性总结。     

磁共振LAVA技术在Budd-Chiari综合征诊断及其分型中的价值

目的：探讨磁共振LAVA技术对Budd-Chiari综合征显示及其分型价值。方法：25例Budd-Chiari综合征患者行MRI检查,均采用肝脏加速容积采集序列（LAVA）,分析图像质量及显示肝静脉、下腔静脉和侧支循环。结果：14例下腔静脉型,其中12例下腔静脉闭塞或狭窄,2例下腔静脉腔内阻塞性隔膜;肝静脉型7例,混合型4例。副肝静脉增粗18例,肝内侧支循环22例,肝外侧支血管形成21例。结论：磁共振LAVA技术能清楚显示下腔静脉、肝静脉的正常解剖和各种病变,对Budd-Chiari综合征病变的程度、部分、侧支血管分布及分型具有较高的诊断价值。     

彩色多普勒超声观测布-加氏综合征血流动力学变化

目的：探讨布－加氏综合征（Ｂ－ＣＳ）特征性异常血管形态及其血流动力学变化。方法：对３８例临床疑诊Ｂ－ＣＳ的患者,进行彩色多普勒超声检查并与Ｘ线血管造影对照。结果：２２例确诊为Ｂ－ＣＳ,其肝静脉间均见有多条侧支血管;肝静脉狭窄１１例,闭塞６例;下腔静脉狭窄６例;闭塞３例。肝静脉血流经侧支血管分流到未闭的肝静脉,或经肝尾叶静脉及其它扩张的静脉分流入下腔静脉血流;下腔静脉闭塞时血流亦可逆向分流入肝静脉。结论：肝静脉、下腔静脉狭窄及闭塞和肝静脉间侧支血管形成是Ｂ－ＣＳ特征性异常血管形态;依据其特征性异常血管形态及血流动力学变化可以准确诊断Ｂ－ＣＳ。对影响肝静脉及下腔静脉检测的因素也进行了探讨。     

预先腹内控制下腔静脉防治肝切除术中肝静脉及下腔静脉损伤大出血

作者对7例半肝以上肝切除术及2例ⅦⅧ肝段切除应用止血带在腹腔内围绕肝下肾上及膈下肝上之下腔静脉,同时用橡皮管控制肝门血管,而暂不阻断,以预防术中可能发生的肝静脉或/和下腔静脉损伤大出血,其中2例还同时控制膈下腹腔动脉以上的腹主动脉。9例中7例无意外,2例术中发生肝中静脉损伤大出血,经止血带迅速控制,修补裂口,抢救成功。本文对肝叶切除术中误伤肝静脉或/和下腔静脉的原因和预防处理方法进行了讨论,认为在病变接近或累及第二肝门或下腔静脉的肝叶肝段切除,以及在半肝或三叶切除术中常规控制下腔静脉和肝门是一个简而有效的防治肝静脉或/和下腔静脉损伤大出血的好方法。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像评价肝移植受者移植前后血管结构

背景:多层螺旋CT具有先进的扫描技术和强大的图像后处理功能,其亚秒级的扫描速度及各向同性的成像功能,在血管成像上有很多优势.目的:探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像技术对肝移植受者移植前后血管结构评价的应用价值.设计、时间及地点:回顾性分析,以肝移植受者肝脏血管为观察对象,自身对照观察,于2003-10/2006-12在中山大学附属第五医院放射科完成.对象:选择拟行原位肝移植患者27例,年龄31～67岁,男17例,女10例.方法:轴位螺旋扫描范围为膈顶上方2 cm至双肾下极以下.电压120 kV,动脉期准直0.75 mm,平扫、门脉期、肝静脉期准直1.5 cm;使用非离子型对比剂优维显,注射速度为3 mL/s,三期增强扫描延迟时间分别为20～25 s,50～55 s,75～80 s.重建增强的薄层图像序列,动脉期层厚1 mm,间隔0.7 mm;门脉期、肝静脉期层厚2 mm,间隔1 mm.将图像序列传入后处理工作站,以MIP、VR等方式显示腹腔干系、门脉系、肝静脉及下腔静脉血管的三维结构.主要观察指标:肝移植前后患者血管三维结构.结果:移植前所有患者腹腔干系均得到良好显示,21例肝动脉走形正常,6例患者肝动脉变异,其中门静脉海绵样变2例,门脉多发血栓1例,因不适宜手术此3例未进行肝移植.24例患者第二肝门及下腔静脉肝内段血管结构显示清楚,肝右静脉单独汇入下腔静脉、肝左静脉和肝中静脉先汇合后再注入下腔静脉18例,肝有静脉、肝中静脉及肝左静脉分别单独汇入下腔静脉6例,下腔静脉肝后段狭窄2例.17例肝移植后CT血管成像发现肝动脉吻合口部狭窄2例,门脉高压侧支迂曲缓解10例,另7例患者因检查费用问题选择B超检查.结论:多层螺旋CT血管成像能够清晰显示肝移植患者移植前后血管结构,对适宜手术的病例筛选、指导手术方案及移植后血管结构的评价具有重要意义.     

微创时代下腔静脉开放手术的治疗机遇

因下腔静脉在解剖学及组织学方面的特性,治疗上具有特殊性。本文通过回顾既往文献报道,对下腔静脉综合征、平滑肌肉瘤及布加综合征等下腔静脉疾病外科治疗方式的进展进行论述。下腔静脉综合征为下腔静脉部分或完全阻塞所致的临床症候群,较常见且病因多样,占位性病变中下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤发病罕见,根治性切除是目前唯一有效的治疗手段,其中下腔静脉及肾静脉的处理为手术难点。布加综合征表现为肝后性门脉高压,外科治疗包括手术治疗及介入治疗。     

Recurrent acute Budd–Chiari syndrome after right hepatectomy: US color-Doppler vascular pattern and left hepatic vein stenting for treatment

After extended right hepatectomy remnant liver can be affected by outflow obstruction due to torsion of the inferior vena cava or kinking of the left hepatic vein. Remnant liver fixation is therefore suggested to avoid postoperative acute Budd–Chiari syndrome. Despite remnant liver reposition during surgery, a 76-years-old woman developed complete outflow obstruction. This clinical situation, due to left hepatic vein kinking, was suspected by US examination and confirmed by CT scan that showed a pathological intrahepatic vascular pattern. Patient required urgent relaparotomy and the liver was replaced in normal position. However, recurrence of outflow obstruction occurred and it was ultimately treated by inferior vena cava angiogram with left hepatic vein stenting.     

Review of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

This study aims to report the Budd-Chiari syndrome clinical research status and progress that has occurred in over nearly 30 years in China, and emphasize the value of imaging in facilitating the diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome based on more than 2500 cases. Findings on ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and digital subtraction angiography images are used to propose new Budd-Chiari syndrome types and subtypes. The new subtype classification presented here has important value for guiding interventional treatment. This study also proposes a new concept of anatomical and functional obstruction of hepatic vein that stresses the compensatory value of accessory hepatic vein and azygos vein and describes the risk of manipulation of the communication branch of inferior vena cava obstruction in interventional therapy.     

Diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome: three-dimensional dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography

Objective

To investigate the characteristics and diagnostic value of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (3D CE-MRA) in the diagnosis of Budd?CChiari syndrome (BCS).

Methods

One hundred thirty-three BCS patients underwent 3D CE-MRA, 64 patients had primary BCS, and 69 had secondary BCS.

Results

Fifty five cases (41.4%) showed a segmental stenosis of the inferior vena cava, 9 cases (6.8%) a membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava, 5 cases (3.8%) an unobstructed inferior vena cava and hepatic veno-occlusive condition, 16 cases (12.0%) an inferior vena cava stenosis and hepatic veno-occlusive disease, and 48 cases (36.1%) an intraluminal filling defect in the inferior vena cava. In 52 cases (39.1%), collateral blood vessels were formed, with deep, medium, and shallow portal veins and intrahepatic collateral veins in 88 groups. Among these, 41 (46.6%) had deep venous collateral channels, 24 (27.3%) had medium venous collateral channels, 9 (10.2%) had superficial venous collateral channels, 5 (5.7%) had portal vein collateral channels, and 9 (10.2%) had intrahepatic venous collateral channels.

Conclusion

3D CE-MRA is important in the clinical diagnosis and treatment planning of BCS and displays hepatic veins, the inferior vena cava system, and collateral vessels.     

Experimental evaluation of portal venous pulsatile flow synchronized with heartbeat intervals: effects of vascular clamping on portal hemodynamics

Purpose

We previously showed that blood flow in the portal vein was pulsatile and influenced by both the inferior vena cava and the arterial system in a complex manner (Nihei et al., 38:141–149, 2011). The objective of the present study is to identify determinants of blood flow and to clarify the source of pulsatile flow in the portal vein.

Methods

Three-breed terminal crossbreed mini-pigs underwent general anesthesia. Pressure and flow in the portal vein, inferior vena cava, hepatic artery, and mesenteric artery were measured simultaneously. Vascular occluders were placed in the inferior vena cava, hepatic artery, and mesenteric artery to examine the effects of clamping on portal venous flow.

Results

Clamping of the mesenteric artery altered pressure and flow waves in the portal vein to waveforms similar to those in the inferior vena cava. Waves resembling those of the inferior vena cava superimposed on portal venous flow appeared later than waves of the inferior vena cava. Clamping of the inferior vena cava promptly altered portal venous pressure and flow. Because clamping of the inferior vena cava led to a sharp rise in portal venous pressure, detailed evaluations were not feasible. Clamping of the hepatic artery had no effect on flow-wave pulsation in the portal vein.

Conclusions

In the hepatic circulation, flow-wave pulsation in the portal vein is influenced by flow in the inferior vena cava via the sinusoids and by flow in the mesenteric artery via the capillary vessels of the intestine.     

3.0T MR门静脉和下腔静脉血管成像对腹部肿瘤血管侵犯的评价

[目的]探讨阴道镜检查在宫颈病变诊断中的临床价值.[方法]2007年6月至2009年6月诊治275例宫颈病变患者,对其宫颈阴道镜及镜下活检结果进行分析.[结果]经病理确诊为慢性宫颈炎221例,宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN） 39例 （CIN Ⅰ10例、CINⅡ16例、CIN Ⅲ13例）,宫颈癌15例.阴道镜检查对CIN的灵敏度为69%,特异度为94%,阳性预测值为64.3%,阴性预测值为94.8%,阳性似然比为10.89,阴性似然比为0.33,诊断符合率为90.18%.阴道镜检查对宫颈癌的灵敏度为67%,特异度为98%,阳性预测值为71.4%,阴性预测值为98.1%,阳性似然比为43.33,阴性似然比为0.34,诊断符合率为96.73%.[结论]阴道镜检查对宫颈癌尤其是癌前病变的早期诊断有重要的临床价值.     

Obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the hepatic portion and hepatocellular carcinoma

High incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the hepatic portion (Budd-Chiari syndrome) was previously pointed out by us from the review of Japanese literature of autopsied cases. This was confirmed by the follow-up study of 16 patients with obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the hepatic portion hospitalized in 1958 to 1974. Follow-up information was available on 13 of the 16 patients. Deaths due to hepatocellular carcinoma occurred in 6 patients (46%), and those due to other causes in 4 patients (31%). Three patients were alive. Hepatocellular carcinoma occurred most frequently in the patients who were found to have obstruction of the inferior vena cava at less than 44 years of age and were followed up for more than 10 years.