医护人员艾滋病防治知识及职业防护现况调查

[目的]了解市、区、乡镇及村级医疗卫生单位医护人员艾滋病防治知识和职业防护现状,为开展医护人员艾滋病诊疗技术和职业防护知识培训工作提供依据。[方法]利用分层系统抽样方法,对全市不同医疗卫生单位的医务人员进行问卷调查。[结果]大多数医务人员艾滋病的一般防治知识有较好的了解,但对一些专业知识掌握不全面,存在认识误区;不同级别、不同专业人员对艾滋病防治方面的专业知识掌握程度及职业防护情况存在差异。[结论]在开展全员艾滋病防治知识培训的基础上,应对不同层次、不同专业的医务人员,进行艾滋病诊疗、流行病学、消毒和职业防护等方面的专业化培训。     

全球基金项目县医务人员艾滋病相关知识调查

[目的]了解全球基金艾滋病(AIDS)项目县镇安县医务人员对艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,掌握医务人员对艾滋病健康教育的需求,为进一步开展健康教育提供依据。[方法]对镇安县所有医务人员进行AIDS知识和态度问卷调查。[结果]医务人员对艾滋病传播途径知识掌握较好;非传播途径的正确回答率低于传播途径。医务人员对艾滋病患者和感染者的态度比较消极,部分存在恐惧和歧视心理。[结论]医务人员作为特殊的群体,进行艾滋病健康教育特别是综合宣传教育刻不容缓。     

新疆自治区医务人员艾滋病相关知识现状调查

[目的]了解新疆医务人员艾滋病相关知识的知晓现状,为进一步做好医务人员艾滋病相关知识培训提供指导依据. [方法]在新疆14个地州的31所医院随机抽取医务人员共312名进行现场问卷调查. [结果]医务人员艾滋病相关知识的正确回答牢为59.0%.医务人员对艾滋病一般知识的掌握情况较好,而预防艾滋病职业暴露的相关问题及国家关于艾滋病政策的问题正确率较低.地州级医院和县/市级医院的医务人员正确回答的题目比例分别为59.3%和58.7%.项日点医院医务人员正确回答的题目比例为60.6%,高于非项目点的56.9%(Z=-2.229,P<0.05).按是否为项目点分层,对地州和县/市医务人员的正确回答情况进行比较,非项目点地州医院医务人员艾滋病相关知识的正确回答题目比例(59.5%)与县/市医院(53.2%)的差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.457,P<0.05).[结论]对医务人员尤其是对县/市非项目点的医务人员开展艾滋病相关知识的培训还有待进一步加强.     

项目地区医务人员HIV/AIDS知识调查

[目的]了解全球基金艾滋病项目运行5年后,项目地区城乡医务人员对HIV/AIDS相关知识的知晓情况,为开展艾滋病健康教育及职业防护提供依据。[方法]自行设计问卷对山阳县629名医务人员进行HIV/AIDS相关知识调查。[结果]城乡医务人员对艾滋病三大传播途径知晓率较高,均达到95以上,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),非传播途径知晓率低于传播途径;相对专业的知识,如"艾滋病病毒能用一般的消毒方法消灭"、"艾滋病病毒感染者在被检测出来之前有传染性"、"HIV感染者发展成为艾滋病病人的时间"掌握情况较差,正确回答率均低于60,且县级医务人员高于乡镇卫生院(P﹤0.05,P﹤0.01)。[结论]医务人员对AIDS知识的明确认知是AIDS得以有效预防和控制的关键。在普及AIDS基本知识的同时,应针对医务人员的不同特点有针对性地开展AIDS专业知识的培训。     

医务人员HIV 职业暴露防护认知现状及影响因素研究

[目的]了解镇安县医务人员HIW/AIDS 职业暴露防护知识的知晓情况及影响因素,为防护知识培训提供依据.[方法]自行设计调查问卷对镇安县 614 名医务人员进行HIV/AIDS职业暴露及防护知识调查.[结果]医务人员对艾滋病职业暴露及防护知识的知晓率不高,防护意识不强.[结论]需要加强医务人员的艾滋病防治和职业暴露防护知识培训,提高医务人员的防护意识和暴露后应急处理能力,减少艾滋病职业暴露的风险.     

医院内自愿戒毒人群艾滋病健康教育干预研究

[目的]了解成都市自愿戒毒医院内戒毒人群的艾滋病相关知识和行为，实施健康教育干预活动，探索自愿戒毒人群健康教育模式。[方法]在自愿戒毒医院设立咨询室，培训并发动医务人员开展干预活动，比较干预前后吸毒者对艾滋病相关知识的认知。[结果]出院组人群艾滋病知识的得分较入院组人群有了明显的提高（P﹤0.05），纠正了吸毒者对艾滋病及其传播途径的的错误观念。[结论]在自愿戒毒医院内建立咨询室、培训并发动医务人员开展干预活动，有助于提高吸毒者对艾滋病相关知识的认知。     

上海市静安区医务人员对艾滋病隐私保护知识的状况调查

[目的]了解上海市静安区医务人员对艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病人（people living with HIV／AIDS,PHA）隐私保护相关知识的掌握情况,探索其影响因素,为提出保护PHA合法权益的针对性对策建议提供依据。[方法]采用结构式问卷,调查静安区所有公立综合性医疗机构的直接或间接提供艾滋病相关诊疗服务科室的医务人员180人,并用SPSS11．5进行频数分析和卡方检验。[结果]该区医务人员对艾滋病核心问题知晓率很高（97．8％）;对PHA隐私相关知识的掌握程度总体不高：对《艾滋病防治条例》内容的知晓率为42．8％,其中对伴侣和亲属告知知晓程度较高（87.2％）,但可向之提供PHA资料的机构知识的知晓程度较低（28．33％）。[结论]应加强上海市各级医疗卫生人员对保护PHA隐私的业务知识和法律知识的培训,以保护PHA的合法权益。     

岳阳市医务人员艾滋病知识问卷调查结果分析

目的 了解我市医务人员掌握艾滋病知识的情况,为制定医务人员艾滋病教育和培训规划提供依据。方法 用试卷考核的方法对全市38个医疗单位1130名医务人员进行了艾滋病的防治知识调查。结果 （1）对艾滋病的一般知识,如HIV／AIDS的名称,三种传播途径等掌握较好,回答的正确率都在85％以上;（2）对专业性较强的艾滋病知识如HIV的抵抗力、窗口期,有效的预防措施等掌握稍差,回答的正确率是65％－80％;（3）艾滋病检测和职业性防护知识严重缺乏,只有少数人均30％－40％能够回答;（4）文化程度和专业技术职称对回答问题的正确率无显著差异,而不同的医院类别和科室医务人员对某些问题的回答有显著性差别（P＜0．05）。结论 我市医务人员的艾滋病知识水平一般,增加宣传的范围和强调针对性、实用性、加强培训是艾滋病防治工作中应该注意的问题。     

福州市医务人员艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查

[目的 ]了解福州市医务人员对艾滋病知识、态度、行为 (KAB)现状 ,寻求影响医务人员 KAB的主要因素 ,为健康教育提供科学依据。 [方法 ]随机抽取福州市省级、市级、区 (县 )级医院及乡镇卫生院 439名医务人员进行艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查。 [结果 ]广大医务人员对艾滋病知识掌握不够系统全面 ,仅有 6 1.9%的医务人员知道 1996年颁布的关于 HIV/ AIDS的诊断标准及处理原则 ;2 4.1%的人可能会拒绝为 AIDS患者服务 ;被器械损伤后大部分医疗工作者未采取有效预防 HIV感染的规范化消毒程序 ;医院级别对医务人员 KAB影响较大。 [结论 ]对医务人员的教育要侧重知识的系统化 ,在知识的深度和广度上进一步深化 ;在医院中营造良好的积极的学术气氛有助于促进医务人员正确行为的建立     

妇产科医务人员艾滋病知识、培训及诊疗态度现状分析

目的通过调查了解妇产科医务人员掌握艾滋病知识的现状、培训现状及诊疗态度。方法采用自制的医务人员艾滋病应对能力调查问卷,于2015-12在全省范围内从各级医疗机构便利抽取203名妇产科医务人员进行调查。结果妇产科医务人员艾滋病应对能力评分(72.12±7.02)分;各维度评分中排列后4名的是职业暴露后预防用药及随访、艾滋病治疗药物、艾滋病实验室诊断指标、艾滋病病毒灭活处理;各维度评分排序前3的是艾滋病职业暴露预防、职业暴露源及暴露途径、艾滋病临床表现和传播途径;86.7%的妇产科医务人员既往接受过艾滋病相关培训,93.10%的妇产科医务人员认为仍需接受此类培训;85.71%的妇产科医务人员知晓医院配备有防护用品,且仅有60.34%的医务人员使用过;被调查对象中仅有66.01%的妇产科医务人员愿意为艾滋病患者提供诊疗服务,88.67%的妇产科医务人员认为为艾滋病患者诊疗会增加感染风险。结论经过各级培训,妇产科医务人员艾滋病相关知识掌握较好,艾滋病应对能力处于中等水平,但知识掌握不全面;医院培训应持续开展不同形式的培训,不断提升培训效果;妇产科医务人员对艾滋病患者的诊疗态度仍需不断转变,才有利于艾滋病的诊治和医务人员自身的职业防护。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.