癫(癎)发作同步记录脑电图非典型癫(癎)样病理波发放的临床意义

目的 观察癫(癎)发作时棘、尖样波群以外有别于背景波的θ、δ波在癫(癎)诊断中的价值,正确认识癫(癎)发作同步记录脑电图未见到尖、棘样典型病理波发放的临床意义.方法 对2000-01～2007-01我院收治的具有(癎)样发作患者203例的录像监测脑电图(video-EEG)进行回顾性分析.结果 脑电图正常16例(7.5%),临床发作与典型癫(癎)样病理波同步发放者157例(77.3%),临床发作与非典型癫(癎)样病理波同步发放者30例(15.2%),发作间歇期有癫(癎)样波发放者56例,发作间歇期可见不典型癫(癎)样波发放者36例.结论 正确识别棘、尖波群以外有别于背景波的癫(癎)样波的演变过程及规律,可提高癫(癎)的准确诊断率.     

临床下(癎)样放电对数学认知功能的影响

目的探讨临床下样放电对数学认知功能的影响。方法对11例经丙戊酸钠治疗后临床发作控制、但仍有频繁的临床下伴中央-颞区棘波的良性癫(BECTS)患儿(BECTS组)和11名正常儿童(正常对照组)进行以数学运算为刺激的事件相关电位(ERP)检测,并对检测结果进行比较分析。结果与正常对照组比较,BECTS组各导联P3潜伏期明显延长(均P<0.01),波幅明显降低(均P<0.05)。结论频繁的临床下癫样放电可能是造成BECTS儿童数学认知功能障碍的因素之一。     

癫(癎)发作控制后的脑电图研究报告

目的:探讨癫临床发作症状控制后,常规脑电图(REEG)和动态脑电图(AEEG)随访意义及脑电图(EEG)的异常情况。方法:采用SOLARROVER-8型AEEG仪,对2000至2005年随访的癫大发作临床发作控制后的86例患者,进行REEG和AEEG的监测。结果:REEG正常69例(80.%),异常17例(19.8%)。样波1例(5.9%),非特异性异常16例(94.1%)。AEEG正常36例(41.9%),异常50例(58.1%)。样波11例(22.0%),非特异性异常39例(78.0%)。两组阳性率差异有显著统计学意义,2=26.63,P<0.001。结论:AEEG用于研究癫控制后的脑电监测均优于REEG。控制后的脑电图异常以非特异性高幅阵发性θ、δ波为主。控制的年限越长脑电图异常率和样波发放率愈低。有利于抗癫药物疗效的观察和指导癫临床用药。     

癫癎患儿睡眠结构与认知行为关系的研究

目的探讨特发性癫患儿睡眠结构改变与认知行为异常的关系。方法对64例特发性癫患儿(癫疒间组)进行全夜睡眠多导监测、日间注意力测定及Achenbach儿童行为量表评估情感行为状态;应用秩相关系数分析睡眠与注意力、行为的相关性,并与20名正常儿童(正常对照组)进行比较。结果与正常对照组相比,癫疒间组睡眠Ⅰ期百分比和快速眼动期(REM)潜伏期显著延长(均P<0.05);部分性发作患儿入睡后觉醒次数较全身性发作患儿显著增多(P<0.05);应用丙戊酸钠的患儿睡眠总记录时间较未服用抗疒间药者延长(P<0.05);记录到疒间性电发放的患儿睡眠总记录时间、REM潜伏期延长,睡眠效率降低(均P<0.05);癫疒间组患儿划消试验总参数较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.05);Achenbach儿童行为量表总体行为问题评分升高(P<0.05),秩相关分析示划消试验总参数与睡眠Ⅰ期百分比成正相关(r=0.68,P<0.05),儿童行为量表评分与REM百分比呈正相关(r=0.57,P<0.05)。结论特发性癫疒间患儿睡眠结构异常,其与患儿的日间注意力及行为异常有关。     

视频脑电图在小儿癫痫诊断中的应用

目的评价视频脑电图(video-EEG)在小儿癫诊断中的应用价值。方法对126例具有发作性症状的患儿进行连续8h的包括清醒、睡眠、诱发试验及必要的认知测验的视频脑电图监测。结果经发作期视频脑电图证实,39例初诊为癫性发作的患儿中14例(35%)为非癫性发作;15例其他症状发作中13例(86%)为非癫性发作。64例样放电患儿中51例(80%)确定发作类型,22例(34%)确定癫类型。视频脑电图可发现短暂轻微的癫发作及样放电引起的一过性认知损伤。结论视频脑电图在排除非癫性发作、确定癫性发作的类型、评价脑电-临床关系方面可提供准确可靠的证据,进一步提高癫的临床诊断水平。     

睡眠性癫癎患者动态脑电图的研究

目的探讨睡眠性癫疒间患者的24h动态脑电图(AEEG)的表现及其诊断价值。方法对91例仅于睡眠中发作癫疒间的患者进行AEEG检查,并对检查结果进行分析。结果AEEG发现疒间性放电71例(78.0%),其中4例出现于清醒状态,41例出现于睡眠状态,26例清醒和睡眠时均有放电;在67例睡眠时有疒间性放电的患者中,34例仅出现在浅睡期,33例整个睡眠中均出现疒间性放电。清醒时有癫疒间波的患者癫疒间发作频率明显高于无异常放电患者和仅睡眠时有疒间性放电的患者(均P<0.05)。结论睡眠中癫疒间发作患者于睡眠中疒间性放电出现率明显高于白天清醒时。AEEG容易发现睡眠性癫疒间患者的发作期和发作间歇期以及自然睡眠状态下的疒间样波。     

视频脑电图在癫(癎)诊断中的应用

目的:探讨视频脑电图对癫的诊断价值及其适用性。方法:对117例发作性疾病患者进行视频脑电图监测后进行分析比较。结果:117例患者视频脑电图共诊断癫37例,诊断阳性率27.4%;60例临床未诊断癫患者中,视频脑电图比常规脑电图诊断阳性率高(11例)18.3%(P=0.04);57例临床诊断癫患者中,有5例临床诊断的癫分型与其发作时临床表现不符,不符合率为8.8%。结论:视频脑电图可以提高癫诊断率及分型的准确性,有利于指导临床合理用药。     

儿童非癫(癎)的癫(癎)样发作34例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童非癫(癎)样的癫(癎)样发作的临床特点及诊断.方法 对我院34例临床拟诊癫(癎)的发作性疾病做视频脑电图检查并进行分析.结果 34例临床拟诊癫(癎)病患儿视频脑电图检查结果 示患儿临床发作时同步脑电图无癫(癎)波发放.结论 诊断儿童癫(癎)病应慎重,视频脑电图是确诊癫(癎)与非癫(癎)可靠有效的方法.     

剥夺睡眠脑电图在癫诊断中的应用

目的 分析睡眠脑电图(EEG)在癫诊断中的价值及适应证.方法 对200例癫病人的睡眠及清醒脑电图进行研究.结果 脑电图有异常爆发活动(PA)者80例,PA只在睡眠中出现者30例,样放电检出率由清醒的25%提高到睡眠的40%.结论 睡眠脑电图对提高样放电的检出率和进一步明确癫发作类型有重要意义.     

快速眼动期动态脑电图对儿童癫(疒间)诊断的价值

目的探讨快速眼动期(REM)动态脑电图(AEEG)对儿童癫疒间(EP)诊断的价值.方法观察100例患儿(拟诊EP 73例,其他发作性疾病27例)的AEEG,并分析比较清醒期、非快速眼动期(NREM)、REM期疒间样放电检出率及分布情况.结果 AEEG清醒期EP波的检出率明显高于常规脑电图(P<0.001);而REM、NREM期EP波检出率显著高于清醒期(均P<0.01), REM期与NREM期比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);清醒及NREM期均有EP波的患儿REM期出现EP波可能性大;REM期EP波出现最多的部位为颞区、颞中央区,明显高于其他各脑区EP波的出现率.结论儿童REM期AEEG的EP波的检出率高,对EP的诊断、病灶定位有重要作用.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.