微电极导向VL核和PVP核联合毁损治疗帕金森病

目的：对震颤、僵硬及运动迟缓帕金森病（ＰＤ）患者的立体定向手术方法学进行探讨。方法：应用微电极导向技术,对４３例ＰＤ患者,同侧丘脑腹外侧核（Ｖim/Vop)及苍白球腹后部（PVP）进行联合毁损术。结果：43例PD患者的肢体震颤、僵硬及运动迟缓均得到明显改善。术前术后Motor UPDRS积分,开状态及关状态均显著改善（P＜0．01）,无永久并发症。结论：应用微电极导向立体定向技术对伴有肢体震颤、强直及运动迟缓的ＰＤ患者,行同侧Ｖim核和PVP核联合毁损手术,能全面改善PD患者的症状,是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

丘脑腹中间核毁损术治疗帕金森病的长期疗效观察

目的探讨丘脑腹中间核（Vim）毁损术治疗帕金森病（PD）的临床疗效及手术并发症。方法PD患者151例在采用MRI丘脑长度比例法定位Vim后行射频热凝毁损Vim治疗。术前、术后1周、1年、3年、6年在未服药状态下行统一PD评定量表Ⅲ（UPDRSⅢ）评分评估疗效。结果不同Hoehn-Yahr分级患者术后1周UPDRSⅢ评分较术前均明显下降（P〈0．05）。术后1周不同级别Hoehn-Yahr分级UPDRSⅢ评分改善率均差异显著术后6年,震颤型和震颤僵直型PD患者UPDRAS评分分别为（35．75±2．30）％和（27．27＋2．02）％;震颤型近期及远期疗效较震颤僵直型好（P〈0．05）。随着Hoehn-Yahr分级的增加和术后时间的延长UPDRSⅢ评分改善率下降。术后并发症包括术后毁损灶少量出血6例,构音功能障碍8例,手术同侧口周及对侧肢体麻木7例。结论经MRI丘脑长度比例法定位后行丘脑Vim毁损术治疗PD近期疗效显著,有较好的远期疗效,并发症较低。     

立体定向选择性Vim核和(或)PVP核毁损术治疗帕金森病疗效观察

目的观察应用立体定向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病的临床疗效。方法 2012年7至2013年12月采用立体定向丘脑腹中间核(Vim核)和或苍白球腹后外侧部(PVP核)毁损术治疗帕金森病45例。术前、术后1个月进行UPDRS评分,比较手术前后评分的变化和症状改善情况。结果 45例帕金森病患者的肢体震颤、僵硬及运动迟缓均得到明显改善,术后1个月的UPDRS评分较术前明显减少(P0.01),术后无明显并发症。结论立体定向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病疗效显著,靶点定位、毁损范围及程度与手术疗效及并发症密切相关。     

两种(核团)毁损术治疗帕金森病的疗效比较

目的 研究丘脑腹中间核（Vim核）毁损术与苍白球腹后内侧核（PVP）毁损术在治疗帕金森病（PD）的临床效果、术后反应及并发症。方法 回顾性分析我院从2000～2005年完成立体定向毁损术220例，行单侧Vim核毁损术125例（一组），PVP毁损术（二组）95例，对其两组临床效果、术后反应、并发症及头颅MRI扫描进行比较研究。结果两组术式手术有效率：Vim核124例（99．2％），PVP93例（97．9％）；术后反应：Vim核19例（15．2％），PVP7例（7．4％）；手术并发症：Vim核22例（17．6％），PVP2例（2．1％）。结论 帕金森病（PD）定向毁损术应根据震颤型、僵直型和运动不能型选择丘脑或／和苍白球毁损术，苍白球毁损术术后反应及并发症较丘脑毁损术明显减少，有显著差异。     

CT定位微电极引导选择性丘脑腹中间核毁损术治疗震颤型帕金森病(附33例报告)

目的　探讨选择性丘脑腹中间核 (Vim)毁损术的手术方法及对震颤型帕金森病的疗效。方法　对 33例震颤型帕金森病应用CT行Vim解剖定位 ,以微电极作神经电生理校对后 ,进行小灶性毁损。手术前后进行UPDRS分项计分、手指拍击实验和行走试验并计算改善率。结果　 33例震颤型帕金森病患者术中完全控制震颤。UPDRS计分、手指拍击实验和行走试验的改善率分别为 0 69± 0 2 2、0 31± 0 2 6及0 1 1± 0 1 7。两周后复发 1例。轻度构音障碍 1例。结论　选择性丘脑Vim毁损术对震颤型帕金森病有显著疗效。严格掌握手术适应征 ,合理应用微电极技术 ,适当的毁损体积是手术成功的保障。     

老龄帕金森病手术治疗的体会

目的：介绍微电极引导立体定向手术治疗老龄帕金森病的方法和结果。方法：采用CT/MRI双重影像学定位,术中行微电极记录技术靶点监测,对28例70岁以上老龄帕金森病患者行丘脑腹外侧核、苍白球腹后内侧部射频毁损,其中1例行单侧丘脑腹外侧核毁损术,1例行双侧丘脑腹外侧核毁损术;26例行苍白球腹后内侧部毁损术,其中1例行同期单侧苍白球腹后内侧部及丘脑腹外侧核毁损术,术前及术后12月应用motorUPDRS量表进行评价。结果：2例丘脑腹外侧核毁损术后12月,肢体静止性震颤完全或基本消除,其中1例下颌静止性震颤有明显缓解;26例行苍白球腹后内侧部毁损术,术后静止性震颤、僵直、运动迟缓均有较大改善。结论：微电极引导立体定向手术是治疗老龄帕金森病的有效手段之一。但是仍有可能出现严重的并发症。     

伽玛刀丘脑腹中间核、腹嘴核毁损术治疗帕金森病及其他运动异常(附58例临床报道)

目的总结采用伽玛刀毁损丘脑腹中间核(ventrointermediatenucleus,Vim)、腹嘴核(ventrooralnucleus,VO)治疗58例帕金森病(parkinsondisense,PD)及其他运动异常性疾患,分析治疗后的临床变化过程及丘脑毁损灶的变化。方法采用4mm准直器单枪对靶点照射130Gy。参照微电极验证立体定向丘脑毁损术时确定靶点的方法确定靶点。结果随访2年以上的患者有40例,最长的患者随访了9年。在MRI上,丘脑毁损灶的变化可分为大而不规则形和小圆形,其容积在数10mm3到约600mm3。80%的患者效果良好而无明显并发症,震颤在治疗1年后减弱。如果震颤持续存在,则追加微电极验证的常规立体定向丘脑毁损术。结论伽玛刀丘脑毁损术治疗运动异常疗效明显。     

微电极导向选择性PVP核和(或)Vim核毁损术治疗帕金森病

目的：观察应用微电极导向立体定向术对不同靶点进行毁损治疗帕金森病临床疗效。方法：６３例帕金森病患者,进行微电极导向苍白球腹后部（ＰＶＰ核）和（或）丘脑（Ｖｉｍ核）毁损术,分析其术后临床症状的改善情况。结果：不同症状的改善率分别为：僵直９４．５％、震颤９２％、运动迟缓８６．５％、步态７２．７％、平衡６８．８％、关状态７７．９％。术后Ｍｏｔｏｒ ＵＰＤＲＳ积分“关”状态下降６３．４％,“开”状态下降５     

微电极导向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病

目的探讨应用微电极导向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病的适应症,毁损靶点的选择、效果、术后并发症等有关问题。方法85例帕金森病患者进行微电极导向苍白球腹后外侧核(VPLP)和/或丘脑腹中间核(Vim)毁损术,分析其术后临床症状改善的情况。结果不同症状的改善率分别为:震颤96.0%,肌强直86.0%,运动迟缓48.6%,步态73%,平衡72%,术后UPDRS评分“关”状态下降60.5%,“开”状态下降54.3%。并发症:穿刺道出血患者2.35%,一过性呃逆12.9%,暂时性构音障碍2.35%,一过性嗜睡8.23%,精神障碍3.52%,无严重及永久并发症。结论微电极导向脑内核团毁损术是治疗帕金森病安全和有效的方法,但应注意掌握适应证,正确选择靶点并精确定位,从而提高手术效果。     

立体定向苍白球毁损术对难治性帕金森病的疗效观察

目的：探讨“难治性”帕金森病的手术治疗效果。方法：对３０例难治性帕金林病患者行立体定向苍白球毁损术治疗,观察术前术后对药物反应情况和症状改善程度。结果：苍白球毁损术对“难治性”帕金森病患者的僵直改善率为９２．０％,对运动迟缓改善率为８７．５％,对震颤改善率为７５．０％。Ｈｏｅｈｎ－Ｙａｈｒ分级显著改善。结论：苍白球毁损术对治疗“难治性”帕金森病有良好的治疗效果。     

Current therapies for parkinson's disease. Part II: surgical treatment

Surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is indicated in patients with severe neurological symptoms (tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity)--who do not benefit from nor tolerate pharmacological therapy. Surgery for PD modifies the motor system function by lesioning or electrostimulation of thalamic, pallidal or subthalamic nuclei. The technological progress together with refined CNS monitoring enabled wider application of deep brain stimulation (DBS). The efficacy of DBS is comparable with lesioning techniques (thalamotomy or pallidotomy) however bears less adverse effects. Both lesioning and DBS are generally well tolerated by patients. The side effects are mostly transient and neurological complications, if occur, usually do not affect quality of patient's life. Unfortunately, the modern surgery for PD is still very expensive and demanding for a large team of specialists and high technology.     

Clinical correlates of action tremor in Parkinson disease

BACKGROUND: Action tremor is often noted in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), yet the clinical correlates of this type of tremor have been the focus of few studies. It is not clear whether this action tremor is a manifestation of the underlying basal ganglia disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the severity of action tremor in PD is associated with age, age at disease onset, disease duration, levodopa dose, severity of rest tremor, or other motor (ie, bradykinesia, rigidity) and nonmotor manifestations of PD. METHODS: Patients with PD (N = 197) were ascertained as part of a familial aggregation study. All patients underwent a neurological examination. Rest tremor was rated with the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale; and action tremor, with the Washington Heights-Inwood Genetic Study of Essential Tremor Rating Scale. RESULTS: Action tremor was present in 184 (93.4%) of 197 patients. Four patients (2%) met criteria for definite essential tremor. The action tremor score was not associated with age, age at onset, or disease duration. The action tremor score was associated with the rest tremor score (r = 0.37; P<.001), and more strongly with the ipsilateral than contralateral rest tremor score. The association between the action tremor score and the rest tremor score was diminished but still significant (r = 0.21, P<.02) even when we excluded these 63 patients with re-emergent tremor. Neither the action nor the rest tremor score was associated with the bradykinesia or rigidity scores, Hoehn and Yahr scale score, or modified Mini-Mental State Examination score. CONCLUSIONS: Action tremor was associated with rest tremor in PD, suggesting that, at least in part, action tremor is a manifestation of the underlying basal ganglia disease. Neither tremor was associated with other motor and nonmotor manifestations of PD. This in turn suggests that tremor in PD may represent an underlying pathophysiological process different from these other manifestations.     

Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in a patient with Parkinson disease and essential tremor

BACKGROUND: The preferred surgical target for the treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) is either the internal globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus (STN); the target for treatment of essential tremor (ET) is the thalamic subnucleus ventralis intermedius (Vim). Some patients with PD have coexistent ET, and the identification of a single surgical target to treat both parkinsonian motor symptoms and ET would be of practical importance. OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of the STN target in deep brain stimulator (DBS) surgery to treat PD motor symptoms and the action-postural tremor of ET. DESIGN: Case report. PATIENT: A 62-year-old man had a greater than 30-year history of action-postural tremor in both hands, well controlled with beta-blockers for more than 20 years. He developed resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity on his right side that progressed to his left side during the past 10 years. Dopaminergic medication improved his rigidity and bradykinesia, with only mild improvement of his resting tremor and no effect on his action-postural tremor. INTERVENTIONS: Left pallidotomy followed by placement of a left DBS in the Vim and subsequent placement of a right STN DBS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Control of symptoms of PD and ET. RESULTS: The left pallidotomy controlled the patient's parkinsonian motor symptoms on the right side of his body, but did not affect the action-postural component of his tremor. The symptoms on the left side of the body, including both an action-postural and a resting tremor (as well as the rigidity and bradykinesia), improved after placement of a single right STN DBS. CONCLUSION: Placement of an STN DBS should be considered as the procedure of choice for surgical treatment of patients with a combination of PD and ET.     

Factors predicting response to dopaminergic treatment for resting tremor of Parkinson's disease

We aimed to evaluate the clinical factors predicting response to dopaminergic treatment for resting tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Eighty‐five PD patients with prominent resting tremor, defined as tremors of score greater than 3 in at least one limb on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), were divided into those responsive or nonresponsive to dopaminergic treatment. Responsiveness was defined as a reduction of at least two points for more than 3 months in the UPDRS tremor score. Of the 85 patients, 36 (42.4%) were responsive and 49 (57.6%) were nonresponsive to dopaminergic treatment. Initial UPDRS III score (P = 0.015) and Hoehn and Yahr stage (P = 0.010) were each significantly higher in the RG than in the NRG. UPDRS subscores for rigidity (P = 0.012), bradykinesia (P = 0.021) and postural impairment (P = 0.018) also correlated with responsiveness to dopaminergic treatment. Resting tremor in PD patients was more responsive to dopaminergic treatment when accompanied by moderate degrees of bradykinesia and rigidity than in patients without other prominent parkinsonian features. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society     

双侧丘脑底核脑深部刺激术治疗帕金森病13例报告

目的 探讨双侧丘脑底核（STN）脑深部刺激术（DBS）治疗帕金森病的临床经验。方法 从2002年到2005年共完成了13例帕金森病的双侧丘脑底核DBS，根据STN解剖学定位，靶点的理论坐标值是X=11-13mm，Y=0-2mm，Z=0-4mm，通过立体定向技术在双侧丘脑底核植入刺激电极，并于锁骨下方植入脑深部电刺激器。结果 随访时间为6个月到3年，3例震颤为主病人的症状完全缓解，即震颤完全消失；僵直和运动迟缓为主要症状者的症状缓解程度达90％以上，其中以四肢肌肉僵直的效果较好，运动迟缓也有明显缓解，但是有1例病人双侧肢运动协调性差。所有患者植物神经功能症状有较明显改善，如便秘、流涎、出汗和浮肿等均有改善。结论 DBS治疗帕金森病，是帕金森病治疗的一个里程碑似的进步。它可以明显地缓解帕金森病的主要症状和体征，对运动迟缓、僵直和震颤等均有较理想的效果。     

Rigidity decreases resting tremor intensity in Parkinson's disease: A [(123)I]beta-CIT SPECT study in early, nonmedicated patients.

Tremor is one of the clinical hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although it is accepted that other classic symptoms of PD such as rigidity and bradykinesia result from a degeneration of the nigrostriatal system and subsequent reduction in striatal dopamine, the pathophysiology of resting tremor remains unclear. The majority of recent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) studies, using various radioligands, demonstrated significant correlation between striatal radioligand bindings and the degree of parkinsonian symptoms such as rigidity and bradykinesia, but not tremor. We investigate the relationship between the degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway and the appearance of resting tremor, taking into account the possible interference of rigidity with the resting tremor. Thirty early and drug-na?ve PD patients were examined. Tremor and rigidity of the arms were assessed using UPDRS, and the power of tremor was estimated using spectral analysis of tremor peaks. [(123)I]beta-CIT SPECT was used to assess degeneration of the dopaminergic system in PD patients. A comparison between asymmetry indices showed that in terms of both tremor and rigidity, the most affected arm corresponded significantly with the contralateral striatum, having the largest reduction in radioligand binding. Furthermore, tremor power accounted for a significant part of variance in the contralateral striatum, suggesting a relationship between this PD symptom and the degeneration of the dopaminergic system. Further, the degree of tremor was reduced with increasing rigidity. However, correcting for the influence of rigidity, the significant contribution of tremor in the variance in the contralateral striatal [(123)I]beta-CIT binding disappeared. When the confounding influence of rigidity is taken into account, no significant direct relationship between dopaminergic degeneration and the degree of tremor could be found. Other pathophysiological mechanisms should be similarly investigated in order to further our understanding of the origin of resting tremor in PD.     

Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Northern Jordan

Background

The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Jordan is not known. This study describes the prevalence and clinical characteristics of PD in Northern Jordan.

Methods

Patients with the diagnosis of PD seen at neurology clinics in three major hospitals in Northern Jordan during the period of March 2007 to April 2008 were enrolled. PD diagnosis was established using predefined clinical diagnostic criteria.

Results

A total of 102 patients were included in the analysis (64 males; 63%, 38 females 37%). The mean age (SD) of patients was 63.3 (10.1) years and the mean age for onset of symptoms (SD) was 59.5 (12.1) years. The crude prevalence rate of PD was estimated to be 59/100,000. Clinical presentations of PD at onset of disease included; rest tremor (79.2%), bradykinesia (28.7%), rigidity (6.9%), gait problem (5%), and postural instability (2%). Eleven patients (10.9%) had a family history of PD. There was no association between the age of symptom onset, the presence of tremor, bradykinesia, or rigidity at onset, with stage of PD measured by Hoehn and Yahr scale.

Conclusion

PD is a moderately prevalent disease in Jordan. The clinical characteristics of PD patients are similar to those reported in other countries.     

Randomized trial of pallidotomy versus medical therapy for Parkinson's disease

Thirty-six patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were randomized to either medical therapy (N = 18) or unilateral GPi pallidotomy (N = 18). The primary outcome variable was the change in total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score at 6 months. Secondary outcome variables included subscores and individual parkinsonian symptoms as determined from the UPDRS. At the six month follow-up, patients receiving pallidotomy had a statistically significant reduction (32% decrease) in the total UPDRS score compared to those randomized to medical therapy (5% increase). Following surgery, patients' showed improvement in all the cardinal motor signs of PD including tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait and balance. Drug-induced dyskinesias were also markedly improved. Although the greatest improvement occurred on the side contralateral to the lesion, significant ipsilateral improvement was also observed for bradykinesia, rigidity and drug-induced dyskinesias. A total of twenty patients have been followed for 2 years to assess the effect of time on clinical outcome. These patients have shown sustained improvement in the total UPDRS (p < 0.0001), "off" motor (p < 0.0001) and complications of therapy subscores (p < 0.0001). Sustained improvement was also seen for tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, percent on time and drug-induced dyskinesias.     

Reduced muscle strength is the major determinant of reduced leg muscle power in Parkinson's disease

BackgroundReduced muscle power (speed × strength) is associated with increased fall risk and reduced walking speed in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as in the general older population. This study aimed to determine the relative contribution of motor impairments (bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and weakness) to reduced leg muscle power in people with PD.MethodsEighty-two people with PD were tested while “on” medication. Leg extensor muscle strength and muscle power were measured using pneumatic variable resistance equipment. Lower limb bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor were measured using the Movement Disorders Society-sponsored Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Associations between motor impairments and leg muscle power were examined using linear regression.ResultsUnivariate models revealed that muscle strength (R² = 0.84), bradykinesia (R² = 0.05) and rigidity (R² = 0.05) were significantly associated with leg muscle power, while tremor was not. A multivariate model including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, muscle strength, age and gender explained 89% of the variance in leg muscle power. This model revealed reduced muscle strength to be the major determinant of reduced muscle power (β = 0.7), while bradykinesia was a minor contributor to reduced muscle power (β = ?0.1), even when accounting for age and gender.ConclusionsThe findings that reduced strength and bradykinesia contribute to reduced muscle power in people with PD tested “on” medication suggest that these impairments are potential targets for physical interventions.     

Bradykinesia in patients with essential tremor

We compared the level of bradykinesia during rapid alternating movements (RAM) in patients with essential tremor (ET) with that of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) having either the "tremor dominant" or "akinetic-rigid" form of PD, and 10 healthy controls. We found an increase of pronation-supination cycle duration in the PD and ET group, suggestive of bradykinesia. RAM range was, however, similar between groups. The akinetic-rigid group showed a distinct increase in RAM amplitude fluctuation, suggesting that rigidity modified the characteristics of the observed bradykinesia. In conclusion, slow movements should then be considered as part of the ET symptomatology.