Surgical strategies in patients with cataract and glaucoma

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review analyzes the most relevant studies on current surgical strategies to treat glaucoma patients with cataracts. RECENT FINDINGS: No clear evidence has confirmed better results with trabeculectomy alone compared with phacotrabeculectomy. Recent studies have reported successful outcomes combining deep sclerectomy and two-site phacoemulsification. The phacoemulsification cataract extraction will not vary the intraocular pressure of patients with previous deep sclerectomy. Mitomycin C proved to be effective in maintaining lower pressure levels with the combined surgery technique; however, 5-fluorouracil did not show any improvement. Minimally invasive cataract surgery reduces surgical trauma, making it possible to obtain better results with combined surgery and previous glaucoma surgery. SUMMARY: The surgical strategy decision must be customized to every patient. Only filtering surgeries are recommended in glaucoma patients with incipient cataract. Combined surgical procedures are recommended for progressive or advanced glaucoma. Two-site phacotrabeculectomy with mitomycin C achieves better stabilized results; however, combined phacoemulsification with deep sclerectomy or viscocanalostomy achieves similar results with a lower rate of complications. These promising findings need more study to be confirmed.     

Surgical strategies in patients with combined cataract and glaucoma

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In the elderly population, the combined presence of cataract and glaucoma is a frequent condition. In this situation, several surgical options are possible: cataract surgery only and later maybe trabeculectomy, trabeculectomy only and later maybe cataract surgery, or combined cataract and glaucoma surgery. This review compares the different surgical options on the basis of their achievable postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) level and success and complication rates. RECENT FINDINGS: The impression of better IOP regulation with trabeculectomy than with phacotrabeculectomy has been recently confirmed by an evidence-based review. Contrary to this finding, the success of deep sclerectomy or trabeculotomy does not seem to be compromised by simultaneous phacoemulsification. In eyes with previous glaucoma-filtering surgery, cataract surgery with clear corneal incision has no effect on mean IOP but increases the 3-year failure probability. For phacotrabeculectomy, moderate evidence of a beneficial effect of MMC on IOP regulation and only weak evidence for separating the incisions has been recently reported by another evidence-based review. SUMMARY: The choice of the preferred surgical method depends on the target pressure, the amount of glaucomatous damage, and the grade of visual disturbance caused by the cataract. Phacotrabeculectomy combined with mitomycin C achieves the best IOP lowering of all types of combined cataract and glaucoma surgery currently possible but is associated with potentially sight-threatening complications. In the absence of a low target pressure, phacotrabeculotomy or the combination of phacoemulsification with viscocanalostomy or deep sclerectomy may be the therapy of choice.     

One-stage extracapsular cataract extraction with sinusotrabeculotomy in patients with combined glaucoma and cataract

The paper deals with the question about surgical treatment of patients with glaucoma associated with cataract. A new technique of one-stage extracapsular cataract extraction with sinusotrabeculotomy is proposed. Its main point is a change in the sequence of stages: stage I--opening of anterior lens capsule, stage II--antiglaucomatous operation, stage III--extraction of lenticular nucleus and masses through a corneal incision. The operation was made in 30 patients (31 ages). The follow-up period was 2 years. Normalization of intraocular pressure was achieved in all patients, in one eye--miotics had to be used. All patients showed a rise of visual functions: in 21 of 31 eyes vision rose to 0.3 and higher. In one patient vision fell after a year because of progression of the glaucomatous process in the presence of normal intraocular pressure. One-stage extracapsular cataract extraction with sinusotrabeculotomy can be made at any stage of glaucoma. By the authors' data, contraindications can be a rise of intraocular pressure above 40.0 mm Hg as well as the presence of a single eye and severe course of hypertonic disease.     

Synthetic lens implantation in cataract patients with glaucoma

In 178 eyes (122 patients) with chronic glaucomas an extracapsular cataract extraction was performed in combination with an implantation of a posterior chamber lens. In 45 cases a filtrating glaucoma surgery had been performed before. A narrow pupil, caused by the miotic therapy, posterior synechias or changes after glaucoma surgery, made the cataract extraction difficult in most of the cases. The variations in the operation techniques which thereby became necessary are discussed. 0.5 to 4 years after the lens implantation visual acuity, visual field, ocular pressure and glaucoma medication were investigated. The postoperative results and the late results were very satisfying. Not only the increase of the visual acuity was essential especially for patients with defects of the visual field but also the therapeutic effect on the intraocular pressure. After the posterior chamber lens implantation significantly (p less than 0.001) more eyes had a well regulated intraocular pressure under 20 mmHg (87%) at the time of the late investigation than preoperatively (63%). 33% had to use the same medicaments as they had before, 2% had more, 64% less medicaments. Altogether 56% of the eyes did not need any topical therapy at the time of the late investigation. So even in the case of insufficiently regulated glaucomas we do no longer primarily perform an extracapsular cataract extraction together with the implantation of a posterior chamber lens combined with a goniotrephining surgery (Elliot-Fronimopoulos).     

丝裂霉素C在慢性闭角型青光眼合并白内障手术中的价值

目的:探讨丝裂霉素C(MMC)在慢性闭角型青光眼患者行青光眼白内障联合手术中的价值,为青光眼合并白内障的临床治疗提供参考。方法:将40例慢性闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者随机分为观察组(使用MMC组)和对照组(未使用MMC组),均行晶状体超声乳化联合小梁切除术治疗,比较治疗效果。结果:观察组治疗后患者远视力(矫正)、周围前房深度、眼压及降眼压药物使用数量与种类均优于对照组,且与对照组比较,均P<0.05,具有统计学差异。观察组功能性滤过泡的比例与对照组比较,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗主要并发症为术后浅前房,其中,观察组1例(5%),对照组2例(10%),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:MMC能改善慢性闭角型青光眼患者行青光眼白内障联合手术后的眼压、视力,建议推广使用。     

超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术临床观察

目的 报告采用超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障手术方式选择不同切口。评价3．2mm小切口(三联方法)的安全性及有效性。方法 本组47例青光眼合并白内障患者(61只眼)，采用角巩膜10-11点方位后3mm隧道式切口，植入后房型人工晶状体后行小梁切除术。结果 术后随访3-6个月，平均眼压降至0．95-2．75kPa范围，较术前平均降2．15kPa。视力：手动8只眼，20-50cm指数者10只眼，0．05-0．08者13只眼，0．1-0．6者30只眼。本组病例末发生瞳孔及虹膜咬伤、后囊破裂等并发症。结论 白内障的中期即可行超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术，避免了再次手术，提高了视力并且眼压控制良好。     

Combined viscocanalostomy and cataract surgery compared with cataract surgery in Japanese patients with glaucoma

PURPOSE: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) and the incidence of complications after combined viscocanalostomy and cataract surgery with cataract surgery alone in 206 Japanese eyes with POAG or OH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a nonrandomized comparative, clinical study, 103 eyes underwent viscocanalostomy and cataract surgery (VCS group), and 103 eyes underwent cataract surgery alone (CSA group) (follow-up, 6-24 months). Reductions in IOP and medications, the probability of successful IOP reduction visual acuity changes, and complications were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The reductions in IOP and number of medications in the VCS group were significantly greater than in the CSA group (P < or = 0.0038 and P < or = 0.0259, respectively). The probabilities of achieving IOPs less than 21, 18, and 15 mm Hg at 24 months in the VCS groups were 85.0%, 53.6%, and 17.2% with medications, and 61.1%, 43.9%, and 16.2% without medications, and significantly better than in the CSA group (P < 0.0002). The visual outcomes were similar in both groups. Postoperative complications such as hyphema and fibrin formation, although more frequent in the VCS group, were not vision threatening. CONCLUSION: Combined viscocanalostomy and cataract surgery provides good postoperative visual acuity with minimal complications and significantly greater IOP reduction than cataract surgery alone for Japanese patients with glaucoma.     

Health-related quality of life in patients with cataract and glaucoma

The patient's perspective of his or her own health status as it relates to functioning and well-being is referred to as health-related quality of life. Various generic and ophthalmology-specific survey instruments have been used to gain an understanding of patient-oriented health status in patients with cataract or with glaucoma. Improvement in vision-targeted quality of life has been shown following cataract surgery; however, an improvement in self-perceived overall health status following cataract surgery has not been established. Increasing severity of glaucoma has been shown to be negatively related to vision-targeted quality of life; the relationship between increasing severity of glaucoma and overall self-perceived health status is inconclusive. Integration of the concepts of health-related quality of life into clinical practice will require the development of better measurement instruments that can demonstrate notable outcome advantages for patients.     

超声乳化治疗白内障合并继发性闭角型青光眼

目的探讨单纯晶状体超声乳化吸出术联合后房型折叠人工晶状体植入术治疗合并有白内障的继发性闭角型青光眼的手术治疗效果。方法继发性闭角型青光眼45例（45眼），其中35例为继发性急性闭角型青光眼，10例为继发慢性闭角型青光眼，患者均有不同程度的晶状体浑浊。人院后均行透明角膜切口晶状体超声乳化吸出术联合后房型折叠人工晶状体植入术。术后随访3月～3年。对治疗效果进行临床分析。结果45例术中、术后没有出现严重的并发症。术后视力提两36例（80．00％），术后视力无明显提高者9例（20．00％）；术后眼压较手术前明显降低。结论单纯晶状体超声乳化吸出术联合人工晶状体植入术是治疗合并有白内障的继发性闭角型青光眼的一种有效的治疗方法。     

超声乳化联合小梁切除治疗白内障合并青光眼

目的　探讨超声乳化联合小梁切除治疗白内障合并青光眼的方法。方法　白内障合并闭角型青光眼15例 (15只眼 ) ,经巩膜隧道切口进行白内障超声乳化及人工晶状体植入 ,然后垂直剪开切口一侧 ,使之呈三角形巩膜瓣 ,在同一切口进行小梁切除及周边虹膜切除。结果　手术后随访 3～ 6月 ,矫正视力≥ 0 .5者 9例 ,6例视力较差的主要原因为青光眼性视神经萎缩。平均眼压 (14.2 1± 2 .74) mm Hg,14例为 、 型功能滤泡。结论　在同一切口施行白内障超声乳化、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除治疗白内障合并闭角型青光眼 ,方法简单、安全、有效。     

青光眼合并白内障患者的围手术期处理

目的:探讨青光眼合并白内障患者进行综合因素处理的临床效果。方法:对65例79眼青光眼合并白内障患者进行耐心的心理疏导和认真的术前准备后于表面麻醉下行小切口手法碎核白内障摘除、人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术,观察麻醉效果、眼压、术后视力,角膜内皮细胞等情况。结果:有97.5%患者对麻醉效果满意。术后视力均有所提高。眼压控制良好。术后角膜内皮细胞平均丢失率6.9%。结论:对青光眼合并白内障患者选择表面麻醉下小切口手法碎核白内障摘除、人工晶状体植入术联合小梁切除术是安全、有效的,可以提高患者的生活质量。