扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折

目的探讨扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法63例开放性胫骨骨折患者采用扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗,开始均行静力型固定,术后6￣8周改为动力型固定。骨折按Gustilo分型:Ⅰ型32例,Ⅱ型23例,Ⅲ8例,均为Ⅲa型。结果63例患者均得到随访,骨折全部愈合,无锁钉及髓内钉松动、弯曲、断裂。膝关节痛4例(占6%),表浅感染5例(占8%),均治愈。结论只要掌握好手术指征,扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗Ⅲa型以下开放性胫骨骨折是安全的,是一种较好的固定方法。     

交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折

目的探讨交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的疗效。方法2000年3月～2004年10月,应用有限扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗96例开放性胫骨骨折患者,按Gustilo分型:Ⅰ型49例;Ⅱ型30例;Ⅲ型17例(均为Ⅲa型)。根据骨折稳定性和部位决定行动力型还是静力型固定。结果72例得到随访,2例骨不连(占2.7%),4例膝关节痛(占5.6%),表浅感染10例(占13.9%),均治愈。结论交锁髓内钉在治疗Ⅲa型以下的开放性胫骨骨折中具有骨折愈合率高、能早期活动、并发症少等优点,是治疗开放性胫骨骨折的一种较好方法。     

交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨干骨折27例

【目的】探讨交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨干骨折的临床效果。【方法】采用交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨干骨折27例,其中扩髓型5例,非扩髓型22例。【结果】27例均获随访,随访时间：平均儿（6～15）个月,愈合时间：平均4．5（3～12）个月。【结论】交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨干骨折效果满意。     

带定位器的交锁髓内钉治疗下肢骨折

目的：总结分析带定位器的交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折和胫骨干骨折的效果及特点。方法：治疗股骨骨折17例,胫骨骨折23例,按AO分类法,对A、B型骨折,采用开放复位扩髓,静力交锁髓内钉固定;对C型骨折,采用闭合复位并扩髓,静力交锁髓内钉固定。结果：除1例A1型股骨干骨折远端上锁失败外,其余均完成远近端加锁。平均随访7．4个月,40例全部愈合,平均愈合时间3．3个月。结论：定位器的设计,简化了上锁过程,提高了成功率,对股骨干和胫骨干骨折采用带定位器的交锁髓内钉治疗,固定效果好,并发症少。     

交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨骨折

目的：报告2001年3月～2005年3月应用交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨骨折46例。方法：采用交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨骨折，全部属静力型，其中闭合性骨折32例采用扩髓，而开放性骨折14例则采用不扩髓。结果：随访10个月以上，骨折全部愈合，无延迟愈合或不愈合现象。结论：交锁髓内钉内固定对骨折端干扰少，固定确切，疗效满意，是治疗胫骨骨折的有效手段，值得推广。     

小夹板在扩髓型胫骨交锁髓内钉内固定术中的应用

摘要 目的：探讨小夹板在扩髓型胫骨交锁髓内钉内固定术中的应用。方法：34例 胫腓骨骨折应用扩髓型交锁髓内钉内固定治疗，在内固定术中应用小夹板临时固定骨折， 辅助扩髓及插入髓内钉。结果：所有病例均获得随访，骨折在3-5个月内愈合，患肢无短 缩、畸形、软组织感染及功能障碍。结论：小夹板在扩髓型胫骨交锁髓内钉内固定术中有 较好的辅助作用。     

非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的临床疗效

目的探讨非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的临床疗效和安全性。方法选取开放性胫骨骨折患者60例,按照随机自愿原则平均分为观察组和对照组各30例,观察组应用非扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗,对照组采用扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗,比较二者的临床疗效。结果观察组临床疗效优于对照组,如局部感染率分别是6．67％和23．33％,平均骨折愈合时间分别为（17．35±3．21）周和（22．51±4．56）周,延迟愈合分别为10．00％和26．67％,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折,具有创伤小、感染率低、骨折愈合快,值得临床推广应用。     

非扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨干骨折的疗效

目的探讨非扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨干开放性骨折的临床疗效。方法对25例胫骨干开放性骨折患者采用非扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗。结果 25例患者随访10～18个月,均获骨愈合,平均愈合时间6个月,按Johner-Wruh评分标准：优16例,良7例,差2例,优良率为92%。其中1例术后发生延迟愈合,经过髓内钉动力化,术后11个月愈合;1例发生软组织感染,经抗感染、换药等治疗感染控制。无断钉及骨不连发生。结论非扩髓型带锁髓内钉固定具有骨膜血运破坏少、固定坚强、骨折愈合率高等优点,可用于GustiloⅠ、Ⅱ型及部分ⅢA型胫骨干骨折的治疗。     

急诊不扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗股骨和胫骨干开放性骨折

目的:总结分析急诊不扩髓交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨和胫骨干开放性骨折的疗效。方法:1998年3月至2004年12月共收治465例股骨和胫骨干开放性骨折,137例于彻底清创后急诊行不扩髓交锁髓内钉内固定治疗,其中股骨干开放性骨折49例,胫骨干开放性骨折88例;单纯骨折51例,粉碎骨折86例。回顾分析术中、术后处理和临床效果。结果:骨折解剖型复位56例,功能型复位81例。动力固定75例,静力固定62例,11例股骨干远段骨折逆行交锁髓内钉固定;内固定时间为30～65min,平均46min。9例股骨静力固定术后1～2个月动力化,17例胫骨静力固定术后3～6个月动力化。所有创部均Ⅱ/甲或Ⅱ/乙愈合,骨折愈合时间2～12个月,平均4.9个月,无骨不连及断钉,髋关节和膝关节活动良好。3例胫骨骨折术后2～4个月出现皮肤破溃、流脓,占2.2%(3/137)。结论:选择合适的股骨和胫骨干开放性骨折于彻底清创后急诊行不扩髓交锁髓内钉内固定治疗可以获得满意的临床效果。     

凹槽交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折

目的评价凹槽交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的疗效.方法应用德国aap公司Birigid非扩髓凹槽交锁髓内钉治疗57例开放性胫骨骨折.髓内钉直径平均7.8mm.结果所有患者得到4～22个月随访.骨折平均愈合时间28周.1例Ⅲa型伤口感染,2例Ⅲ型骨折延迟愈合,经改动力化后获得骨性愈合,无断钉发生,无骨不连.结论Biorigid凹槽交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折,只要严格掌握手术时机,彻底清创,具有操作简单,创伤小,适应症范围广,术后早期活动,骨折愈合率高,感染率低以及不扩髓等优点.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.