老年重症肺炎合并急性呼吸衰竭预后影响因素分析

目的探讨老年重症肺炎合并急性呼吸衰竭患者短期预后的相关因素。方法对78例因各种因素导致合并急性呼吸衰竭老年重症肺炎患者资料进行回顾性分析。结果急性生理评分（APS）、急性生理与慢性健康估测评分（APACHE）Ⅱ评分较高、循环衰竭、心力衰竭、肝功能衰竭、低蛋白血症、酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱、胃肠损害（消化道出血）与短期内死亡率升高相关。恶性病及出现APACHEⅡ相关的疾病为独立的预后不良的预测因素。结论循环衰竭、心力衰竭、肝功能衰竭、低蛋白血症提示预后不良,酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱、呼吸衰竭（血气分析）6小时内的相应的指标,合并症的出现、基础疾病的严重性是合并急性呼吸衰竭致尘肺患者的预测指标。     

The aetiology, origins, and diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new infectious disease that first emerged in Guangdong province, China, in November, 2002. A novel coronavirus was later identified in patients with SARS. The detection of the virus in these patients, its absence in healthy controls or other patients with atypical pneumonia, and the reproduction of a similar disease in a relevant animal model fulfilled Koch's postulates for implicating this coronavirus as the causal agent of SARS. The full genome sequence was determined within weeks of the virus's identification. The rapid progress in the aetiology, the development of laboratory diagnostic tests, and the defining of routes of viral transmission were facilitated through a unique WHO-coordinated virtual network of laboratories, which shared information on a real-time basis through daily teleconferences. Subsequent studies have indicated that the SARS coronavirus is of animal origin, that its precursor is still present in animal populations within the region, and that live-animal markets in southern China may have provided the animal-human interphase that allowed this precursor virus to adapt to human-human transmission. These findings underscore the potential for the re-emergence of SARS and the need for laboratory tests for early diagnosis. However, the low viral load in the respiratory tract makes early diagnosis of SARS a diagnostic challenge, although improvements in the sensitivity of molecular diagnostic methods continue to be made.     

Clinical investigation on acute respiratory failure in patients with severe hematologic malignancy

Ten patients with severe hematologic malignancies (four with acute leukemia, three with multiple myeloma, one with prolymphocytic leukemia, one with malignant lymphoma and one with blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia) developed respiratory failure during the period between April 1986 and May 1990. Clinically, the patients manifested high-fever, dyspnea refractory to oxygen therapy, diffuse pulmonary rales and severe hypoxemia without evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Chest roentgenograms displayed diffuse alveolar infiltrates. Respiratory failure occurred as early as 48 hours and as late as 66 days after the administration of intensive anti-neoplastic chemotherapy. At that time leukocyte count was between 100/microliters and 54,900/microliters. Marked leukocytosis was observed in two patients with AML and PLL. Respiratory failure was preceded by sepsis in one patient with AML and by pneumonia in nine patients. DIC was diagnosed in four patients. All patients treated with high dose methyl prednisolone (mPSL) within 12 hours after the onset of respiratory failure. Only one patient required assisted ventilation. High dose mPSL had significant effect on seven of ten patients. But three patients died from progressive respiratory failure, sepsis, pneumonia and multi-organ failure.     

严重急性呼吸综合征所致呼吸衰竭及无创通气治疗

目的　回顾性总结严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)并发呼吸衰竭患者的血气特点 ,探讨应用无创正压通气 (NPPV)治疗的策略。方法　 2 0 0 3年 4月 2 2日～ 5月 1日 ,12 0例临床符合SARS诊断标准的患者入住北京地坛医院 (SARS专科医院 )的 4个病区 ,30例患者 (占 2 5 % )在病程中出现呼吸衰竭 ,达到急性肺损伤 (ALI)和 (或 )急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)的诊断标准。 2 8例应用双水平气道正压通气 (BiPAP)。主要观察指标 :(1)住院期间的血气分析、脉搏容积血氧饱和度 (SpO2 )及呼吸频率 ,特别是上机前、上机后 1h及撤机后的结果 ;(2 )放射学检查或临床提示住院后新出现的气胸、纵隔气肿、心包积气及皮下气肿 ;(3)应用无创通气的天数 ;(4 )需气管插管行有创通气的患者数 ;(5 )患者的病死率 ;(6 )一线医务人员因护理治疗无创通气SARS患者而感染SARS的情况。结果统计 30例患者在整个病程中的动脉血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 )变化情况 ,16例 (5 3% )患者出现CO2 潴留 ,PaCO2为 4 5～ 5 6mmHg ,平均 (4 8± 4 )mmHg。NPPV治疗后动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )、SpO2 、氧合指数及呼吸频率均显著改善 (P均 <0 0 1) ,但pH及PaCO2 的变化并不明显。 18例患者成功撤机 ,应用NPPV的时间为5～ 30d ,平均 (10± 6 )d。除 1例不能耐受BiPAP     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者28 d生存的影响因素及预后预测因子分析

目的探讨急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者28 d生存的影响因素及预后预测因子。方法回顾性分析2017年4月至2020年4月成都三六三医院重症监护病房收治的100例ARDS患者的临床资料,依据患者28 d生存情况分为预后良好(存活,n=45)、预后不良组(死亡,n=55)。收集2组患者基础资料信息;对比2组基础资料信息差异;将有差异信息纳入logistic模型,行量化赋值,以预后为因变量(Y,不良=1),以年龄、是否合并下呼吸道感染、是否使用免疫抑制药物、发病至受治时间、有创机械通气时间、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、氧合指数(OI)、每搏输出量变异度(SVV)为自变量(X),明确ARDS患者预后不良的危险因素;最后通过一致性分析探讨各项危险因素预测ARDS患者预后的准确率。结果预后不良组年龄≥65岁、合并下呼吸道感染、使用免疫抑制药物、SVV<15%患者占比显著高于预后良好组,发病至受治时间显著长于预后良好组,有创机械通气时间显著短于预后良好组,APACHEⅡ评分显著高于预后良好组,OI显著低于预后良好组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。经多因素logistic分析证实,年龄≥65岁、下呼吸道感染、使用免疫抑制药物、发病至受治时间>7 d、有创机械通气时间<100 h、APACHEⅡ评分≥20分、OI<130 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、SVV<15%为ARDS患者预后不良的危险因素(P值均<0.05)。经一致性分析,年龄、下呼吸道感染、使用免疫抑制药物、发病至受治时间、有创机械通气时间、APACHEⅡ评分、OI、SVV均可用于ARDS患者预后的预测(Kappa=0.543、0.544、0.607、0.548、0.545、0.606、0.661、0.573)。结论重症监护病房ARDS患者28 d死亡的影响因素较多,如年龄、是否合并下呼吸道感染、是否使用免疫抑制药物、发病至受治时间、有创机械通气时间、APACHEⅡ评分、OI、SVV,临床医师应当予以关注。     

Clinical issues and research in respiratory failure from severe acute respiratory syndrome

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, convened a panel to develop recommendations for treatment, prevention, and research for respiratory failure from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and other newly emerging infections. The clinical and pathological features of acute lung injury (ALI) from SARS appear indistinguishable from ALI from other causes. The mainstay of treatments for ALI remains supportive. Patients with ALI from SARS who require mechanical ventilation should receive a lung protective, low tidal volume strategy. Adjuvant treatments recommended include prevention of venous thromboembolism, stress ulcer prophylaxis, and semirecumbent positioning during ventilation. Based on previous experience in Canada, infection control resources and protocols were recommended. Leadership structure, communication, training, and morale are an essential aspect of SARS management. A multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids for late SARS is justified because of widespread clinical use and uncertainties about relative risks and benefits. Studies of combined pathophysiologic endpoints were recommended, with mortality as a secondary endpoint. The group recommended preparation for studies, including protocols, ethical considerations, Web-based registries, and data entry systems.     

Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of severe acute pancreatitis

AIM: To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of a consecutive series of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: Clinical data of SAP patients admitted to our hospital from January 2003 to January 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Collected data included the age, gender, etiology, length of hospitalization, APACHE Ⅱ score at admission, local and organ/systemic complications of the patients. RESULTS: Of the 268 acute pancreatitis patients, 94 developed SAP. The mean age of SAP patients was 52 years, the commonest etiology was cholelithiasis (45.7%), the mean length of hospitalization was 70 d, the mean score of APACHE Ⅱ was 7.7. Fifty-four percent of the patients developed necrosis, 25% abscess, 58% organ/systemic failure. A total of 23.4% (22/94) of the SAP patients died. Respiratory failure was the most common organ dysfunction (90.9%) in deceased SAP patients, followed by cardiovascular failure (86.4%), renal failure (50.0%). In the SAP patients, 90.9% (20/22) developed multiple organ/systemic failures. There were significant differences in age, length of hospitalization, APACHE Ⅱ score and incidences of respiratory failure, renal failure, cardiovascular failure and hematological failure between deceased SAP patients and survived SAP patients. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent prognostic factors for mortality were respiratory failure, cardiovascular failure and renal failure. CONCLUSION: SAP patients are characterized by advanced age, high APACHE Ⅱ score, organ failure and their death is mainly due to multiple organ/systemic failures. In patients with SAP, respiratory, cardiovascular and renal failures can predict the fatal outcome and more attention should be paid to their clinical evaluation.     

Acute-on-chronic liver failure in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

The corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has had a significant impact on the lives of millions of people,especially those with other concomitant diseases,such as chronic liver diseases.To date,seven corona viruses have been identified to infect humans.The main site of pathological action of these viruses is lung tissue.However,a substantial number of studies have proven that SARSCoV-2 shows affinity towards severa...     

Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India

The early prognostic indicators for acute liver failure in endemic zones for hepatitis E virus have not been determined. All consecutive patients with acute liver failure from a geographically defined region endemic for hepatitis E virus were studied over the period April 1989-April 1996. Demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters were recorded at presentation and serum samples were analysed for known viral hepatitis (A-E) markers. Multiple parameters were compared in survivors and non-survivors in a univariate analysis. All significant factors on univariate analysis were entered into a stepwise logistic regression analysis to identify independent variables of prognosis. The sensitivity and specificity of significant prognostic factors was then assessed. A total of 180 [69 males and 111 females: age (mean +/- SD) 31.1 +/- 14.7 years] with acute liver failure were studied. Of these, 131 (72.8%) patients died. Hepatitis E virus was the aetiological cause in 79 (43.9%) patients, while hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and non-A, non-E agent/'s could be incriminated in four (2.1%), 25 (13.9%), 13 (7.2%) and 56 (31.1%) patients respectively. Of 83 women in childbearing age, 49 (59.0%) were pregnant, 33 (67.3%) of these were in the third trimester. Forty-seven (95.8%) pregnant women had HEV infection. Nine variables differed significantly between survivors and non-survivors on univariate analysis. Of these, four variables which predicted the adverse outcome on multivariate analysis were non-hepatitis-E aetiology, prothrombin time >30 s, grade of coma >2 and age >40 years in that order of significance. Pregnancy per se or duration of gestation did not adversely affect the prognosis. In endemic areas, hepatitis E virus is the commonest cause of acute liver failure. Acute liver failure occurs in a high proportion of pregnant women, mostly in third trimester. Early predictors of a poor outcome are non-E aetiology, prothrombin time >30 s, grade of coma >2 and age >40 years.     

Airway pressure release ventilation in severe acute respiratory failure

Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), a new ventilatory support technique, was compared with conventional intermittent positive-pressure ventilation plus PEEP (CPPV) in 18 patients with severe acute respiratory failure. Patients were initially stabilized on CPPV and then switched to APRV. The APRV provided effective ventilatory support in 17 of 18 patients; APRV achieved similar levels of alveolar ventilation as CPPV (for APRV, mean PaCO2 = 45.0 +/- 6.2 mm Hg; vs for CPPV, mean PaCO2 = 43.3 +/- 5.7 mm Hg), with significantly lower mean maximum airway pressures (38.9 +/- 10.1 cm H2O vs 64.6 +/- 15.4 cm H2O; p = 0.0001) and mean VT (0.79 +/- 0.11 L vs 1.05 +/- 0.15 L; p = 0.0002). No significant differences in mean airway pressure, end-expiratory pressure, FIO2, ventilator rate, arterial blood gas levels, and hemodynamic function were noted between APRV and CPPV.     

老年重症急性肾功能衰竭患者预后的影响因素分析

目的 探讨影响老年重症急性肾功能衰竭(SARF)患者预后的相关因素.方法 老年SARF患者59例,均接受连续性血液净化(CBP)治疗,根据患者第28天存活状况,分为存活组25例,死亡组34例.在患者接受CBP治疗前和停止CBP治疗后次日晨,采血检测血常规、T细胞亚群、凝血指标、血液生化和动脉血气分析等,并进行危重病评分. 结果 CBP治疗前,存活组血清肌酐和血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)较死亡组高(均为P＜0.05),CD3+、CD8+较低(均为P＜0.01),但CD4+/CD8+较高(P＜0.05);CBP首次治疗持续时间长(P＜0.05).CBP治疗后次日晨,存活组血尿素、血钠和血磷较低(P＜0.05),阴离子间隙和血浆渗透压也较低(P＜0.05),血小板计数较高(P＜0.05),CD3+、CD4+较高(P＜0.05).如果以CD3+、CIM4+和CD8+的CBP治疗前后差值绝对数比较,CBP治疗后,存活组变化更大(均为P＜0.01).两组CBP治疗前危重病评分差异无统计学意义.结论 是否能有效控制原发病、首次CBP治疗持续时间、CBP治疗后对细胞免疫功能的调节作用、治疗前后患者肾功能和内环境状况等可能是影响老年SARF患者预后的主要因素.     

Evaluation of prognostic factors in patients with acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The severity of acute pancreatitis is variable and does not always correlate with structural and functional changes in the pancreas. More precise predictors of severity are necessary to enable intensive therapy to be targeted at patients with severe attacks, and to judge efficacy of treatment, to help in the early detection of complications, and to facilitate comparison of patients from different centers. METHODOLOGY: On admission, clinical criteria, biochemical and hematological parameters and multiple prognostic scores (Ranson, Imrie and APACHE-II scores) were collected from patients with acute pancreatitis. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-seven patients were seen during the study period. The overall mortality rate was 11.4%. A significantly higher mortality was found in patients with severe pancreatitis (25.8%) than in those with mild disease (1.5%, p=0.00001). Mortality was related to the presence of fever at admission (16.5% vs. 5.0%, p=0.006), and not to age, sex, etiological associations, or concomitant medical or surgical diseases. Of the biochemical and hematological parameters tested, ten factors (plasma glucose, BUN, serum creatinine, serum calcium, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum albumin, red cell count, white cell count, hematocrit, and lymphocytes count) were found to be statistically significant, and four factors (serum potassium, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and hemoglobin) were marginally significant. In high-risk patients (Ranson and Imrie scores > or = 3, APACHE-II score > or = 10) mortality rates were higher (22.5%, 23.0%, and 22.5%, respectively) than in low-risk patients (2.4%, 2.3%, and 0.8%, respectively, p=0.00001). APACHE-II scores may be especially useful for monitoring the progress of patients with pancreatic necrosis and secondary pancreatic necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Acute pancreatitis still represents a condition of variable severity. The adoption of multiparametric criteria proposed together with morphological evaluation consents the formulation of a discreetly reliable prognosis on the evolution of the disease a few days from onset, even though this still appears insufficient to plan a varied and timely therapeutic program.     

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SP) unrelated to assisted ventilation is a newly recognised complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The objective of the present study was to examine the incidence, risk factors and the outcomes of SP in a cohort of SARS victims from a community outbreak. Data were retrieved from a prospectively collected database of virologically confirmed SARS patients. One hundred and twelve cases were analysable, with 13 patients developing SP (11.6%) at a mean +/- SD of 19.6 +/- 4.6 days from symptom onset. Peak lactate dehydrogenase level was associated with the development of SP. SP was associated with increased intubation and a trend towards death. Drainage was required in five cases. For patients who survived, the SP and/or the associated pneumothoraces took a median of 28 days (interquartile range: 15-45 days) to resolve completely. In conclusion, spontaneous pneumomediastinum appeared to be a frequent complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Further research is needed to investigate its pathogenesis.     

Effectiveness of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure in severe acute respiratory syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To study the effectiveness of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the associated infection risk. METHODS: All patients with the diagnosis of probable SARS admitted to a regional hospital in Hong Kong from March 9 to April 28, 2003, and who had SARS-related respiratory distress complications were recruited for NIPPV usage. The health status of all health-care workers working in the NIPPV wards was closely monitored, and consent was obtained to check serum for coronavirus serology. Patient outcomes and the risk of SARS transmission to health-care workers were assessed. RESULTS: NIPPV was applied to 20 patients (11 male patients) with ARF secondary to SARS. Mean age was 51.4 years, and mean acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score was 5.35. Coronavirus serology was positive in 95% (19 of 20 patients). NIPPV was started 9.6 days (mean) from symptom onset, and mean duration of NIPPV usage was 84.3 h. Endotracheal intubation was avoided in 14 patients (70%), in whom the length of ICU stay was shorter (3.1 days vs 21.3 days, p < 0.001) and the chest radiography score within 24 h of NIPPV was lower (15.1 vs 22.5, p = 0.005) compared to intubated patients. Intubation avoidance was predicted by a marked reduction in respiratory rate (9.2 breaths/min) and supplemental oxygen requirement (3.1 L/min) within 24 h of NIPPV. Complications were few and reversible. There were no infections among the 105 health-care workers caring for the patients receiving NIPPV. CONCLUSIONS: NIPPV was effective in the treatment of ARF in the patients with SARS studied, and its use was safe for health-care workers.     

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) who require mechanical ventilation have high morbidity and mortality rates. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) delivered through a mask has become increasingly popular for the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF) and may limit some mechanical ventilation complications. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this retrospective, observational study was to evaluate our clinical experience with the use of NPPV in AP patients with ARF. METHODS: From 1997 to 2003, we documented clinical data, gas exchange and outcome of the 62 AP patients admitted to our intensive care unit. Patients who benefited from NPPV (success) were compared with those who failed (intubated). RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were intubated at admission and 5 did not develop ARF. Of the 28 patients treated with NPPV, 15 were not intubated (54%). Both groups had a similar PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio (142 +/- 21 vs. 133 +/- 20; p = 0.127) and severity of illness (Ranson and Balthazar scores). Presence of atelectasis, bilateral alveolar infiltrates and abdominal distension were associated with failure of NPPV. Oxygenation improved and respiratory rate decreased significantly only in the success group. Additionally, the length of stay at the intensive care unit was significantly lower in the success group. CONCLUSION: NPPV is feasible and safe to treat ARF in selected patients with AP who require ventilatory support.