应用Carpentier-Edwards生理环治疗退行性二尖瓣反流的二尖瓣成形术后的二尖瓣狭窄

Repair durability for degenerative mitral regurgitation is excellent. Although the main reason for reoperation is residual or recurrent regurgitation, Postoperative mitral stenosis is extremely rare.     

国产JensClip经导管修复系统治疗退行性二尖瓣反流1例

二尖瓣反流（MR）是我国常见的心脏瓣膜疾病,其患病率随着年龄的增长而增加,大多数患者伴有心脏或非心脏的合并症。经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术（TEER）已成为指南推荐的、安全有效的治疗方案,用于治疗严重的原发性或继发性MR患者。随着我国TEER技术的快速发展和成熟,相关器械已得到研发并获批开展临床试验,其中包括我国自主设计和制造的JensClip系统,其独特的滑块锁定设计实现了二尖瓣夹锁定模式的创新。现报道JensClip用于治疗退行性MR(DMR)患者1例。     

二尖瓣反流诊断策略及手术治疗进展

二尖瓣反流是成人心脏瓣膜病最常见的类型,发病率和死亡率较高。目前二尖瓣反流诊断技术不断提高,通过超声心动图、心脏磁共振及心脏计算机断层扫描技术,人们对二尖瓣结构的认识更加深入。在药物治疗的基础上,外科及介入手术治疗推陈出新,以Mitral Clip缘对缘修复术为代表的介入治疗技术的发展,提升了疗效及安全性,使更多患者获益。     

实时三维超声在退行性二尖瓣反流中的研究进展

<正>以二尖瓣(mitral valve,MV)脱垂为特征的退行性二尖瓣反流(degenerative mitral regurgitation,DMR)是器质性MV疾病中最常见的类型,影响了全球约1.7%的人口^[1]。尽管DMR发病率很高,但对定量DMR瓣环和瓣叶动力学及对MV反流机制和严重程度的影响尚未得到足够的重视。到目前为止还没有标准化的DMR动物模型,二维超声心动图对MV三维结构的成像也还不够不完善^[2]。即使是熟练的外科医生,也只能对手术时停跳的心脏进行评估,而无法对MV进行详细的测量,也不允许进行MV动力学评估。在这种情况下,三维超声心动图为心脏周期中整个MV装置成像提供了新的可能性^[3]。结合特定的定量软件,     

功能性二尖瓣反流的治疗策略

功能性(或继发性)二尖瓣反流是由于左心扩张导致二尖瓣前后叶闭合不全,它常与射血分数减低型心力衰竭(心衰)合并存在,并与心脏重塑形成恶性循环,加快心衰进程导致不良预后。目前,指南推荐的优化药物和器械治疗对功能性二尖瓣反流的规范化管理至关重要。已有证据显示在多学科心脏团队共同决策下经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术能够进一步改善患者预后。     

缺血性二尖瓣反流的治疗

缺血性二尖瓣反流（IMR）是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的常见并发症。左室重构是IMR的主要发生机制。心肌梗死后发生IMR是预后不良的危险因素。对于重度IMR患者,在冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）同期处理二尖瓣已形成共识,但对于中度IMR患者,CABG同期是否行二尖瓣成形术尚存争议。该文介绍IMR的发生机制、反流程度的评估及治疗措施。     

二尖瓣夹在二尖瓣反流中的应用

二尖瓣反流为临床上较常见之瓣膜疾病,Euro Heart Survey指出存在严重二尖瓣反流的患者,尤其是伴有心力衰竭的患者,预后较差。针对二尖瓣反流的传统治疗方式为瓣膜修补与瓣膜置换,但由于手术损伤较大相关并发症较多,使得许多严重的瓣膜病或老年患者无法接受治疗。因此,临床上出现二尖瓣夹利用介入方式治疗二尖瓣反流,此种方式损伤小,临床效果确实,目前已成为二尖瓣反流治疗之新兴热点,现介绍二尖瓣夹手术装置的原理及其应用情况与临床相关研究。     

室性功能性二尖瓣反流的系统认识及其经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复治疗

二尖瓣反流是目前最常见的心脏瓣膜疾病之一,在人群中发病率约为10%,其中大部分为功能性反流。室性功能性二尖瓣反流（V-FMR）患者是由于左心室收缩功能减弱合并左心室扩大,导致瓣环扩大及相对性的腱索牵拉拴系所致,由于该类患者心功能及基础情况较差,手术风险及预后均不如常规二尖瓣反流患者。近年来,经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术逐渐发展为一项成熟的二尖瓣反流介入技术,在V-FMR患者中取得了良好的临床结果,为V-FMR的治疗提供了新的选择。     

缺血性二尖瓣反流外科治疗

缺血性二尖瓣反流（ischemic mitral regurgitation,IMR）也称为功能性二尖瓣反流或继发性二尖瓣反流。是冠心病常见的并发症之一。二尖瓣反流的发生会加速左心室重构和功能障碍,最终导致不可逆的心力衰竭。尽管在医学和外科治疗方面取得了一定的进展,但IMR的患者与因其他原因而出现二尖瓣关闭不全的患者相比生存率较差。在外科治疗方面,此类患者尤其是中度及重度IMR患者治疗方式的选择仍存在很大争议。本文将从二尖瓣反流机制、不同程度IMR患者的外科治疗以及介入治疗的进展等方面进行阐述。     

经导管介入治疗二尖瓣和三尖瓣反流的进展

二尖瓣反流和三尖瓣反流是常见的心脏瓣膜病,其患病率随着年龄的增加而不断升高,严重的二尖瓣反流和三尖瓣反流明显降低患者的生存率。手术治疗是解决瓣膜反流的主要方法,经导管治疗的出现为需要外科手术的患者提供了新的治疗选择。近年来经导管瓣膜介入治疗发展势头迅猛,本文将对经导管介入治疗二尖瓣反流和三尖瓣反流的进展进行系统综述。     

Surgical treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation

Between October 1965 and April 1975, mitral valve replacement was performed In 66 patients with myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve (“floppy valve syndrome”). Operative mortality was 6 percent (four patients). Current evaluation was obtained for all patients; the average postoperative follow-up interval for surviving patients was 3.5 years (range 1 month to 9.9 years); the total duration of postoperative follow-up for all patients was 180 patient-years. Overall survival rates, calculated by the actuarial method, were 81, 68 and 50 percent, respectively, 1, 2 and 5 years after mitral valve replacement.Preoperative variables with a significantly adverse effect on patient survival included patient age greater than 50 years, New York Heart Association functional class IV, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 12 mm Hg and mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure greater than 16 mm Hg. Support is advanced for the concept that mitral valve dysfunction associated with myxomatous degeneration constitutes a broad spectrum of clinicopathologic involvement. Acute clinical and hemodynamic deterioration may often occur in the setting of chronic mitral valve dysfunction. Postoperative mortality is directly related to preoperative functional disability and hemodynamic evidence of impaired left ventricular function. Consideration should be given to earlier operative intervention in patients with myxomatous mitral degeneration and mitral insufficiency before severe and probably irreversible impairment of ventricular function occurs.     

Current status of the treatment of degenerative mitral valve regurgitation

Degenerative mitral valve disease (myxomatous degeneration or fibroelastic deficiency) is the most common indication for surgical referral to treat mitral regurgitation. Mitral valve repair is the procedure of choice whenever feasible and when the results are expected to be durable. Posterior leaflet prolapse is the commonest lesion, found in up to two-thirds of patients. It is the easiest to repair, particularly when limited to one segment. In these cases, rates of repairability and procedural success approach 100%, and there is now ample evidence that the immediate and long-term results are better than those of valve replacement. Notably, minimally invasive valvular procedures, surgical or interventional, have attracted increasing interest in the last decade. When performed by experienced groups, mitral valve repair is unrivaled irrespective of the severity of lesions, from simple to complex, which leaflets are involved, and the type of degenerative involvement (myxomatous or fibroelastic). Its results should be viewed as the benchmark for other present and future technologies. By contrast, percutaneous mitral valve repair is still in its infancy and its results so far fall short of those of surgical repair. Nevertheless, continued investment in transcatheter procedures is of great importance to enable development and improved accessibility, particularly for patients who are considered unsuitable for surgery. In this review, we analyze the current status of management of degenerative mitral valve disease, discussing mitral valve anatomy and pathology, indications for intervention, and current surgical and transcatheter mitral valve procedures and results.     

Superiority of mitral valve repair in surgery for degenerative mitral regurgitation

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the influence of type of operation on outcomein degenerative mitral regurgitation. METHODS: We compared outcomes in 278 consecutive patients who underwentmitral valve repair (167 patients), replacement with subvalvularpreservation (22 patients) and without subvalvular preservation(89 patients) for degenerative mitral regurgitation. RESULTS: There was a trend towards lower mortality with repair and replacementwith subvalvular preservation compared to replacement withoutsubvalvular preservation. Thirty-day mortality was 1·2%vs 0·0% vs 4·7% (ns) respectively. Six-year survivalwas, respectively, 67·8±7·4% (P=0·088)vs 80·8±11·0% (P=0·25 vs 63·3±5·9%for all-cause death, 78·5±6·8% (P=0·063)vs 95·5±4·4% (P=0·092) vs 67·6±5·9%for all complication-related death and 80·5±6·9%(P=0·076) vs 100·0±0·0% (P=0·045)vs 72· ± 5·8% for complication-relateddeath due to myocardial failure. Multivariate analysis confirmedindependent beneficial effects from repair compared to replacementwithout subvalvular preservation on complication-related death(hazard ratio 0·42, P=0·010) and death from myocardialfailure (hazard ratio 0·40 P=0·014), and fromrepair compared to mechanical replacement on thromboembolism(hazard ratio 0·45, P=0·029) and anticoagulation-relatedhaemorrhage (hazard ratio 0·19, P=0·026). CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve repair is superior to replacement. The greatestsurvival advantage is in reduced mortality from myocardial failure.Repair should be the operation of choice for degenerative mitralregurgitation.     

Progress in mitral and aortic regurgitation

Over the past 15 years there has been rapid and dramatic change in the therapy for valvular heart disease. When mitral and aortic regurgitation are severe, they inevitably cause left ventricular damage, eventually resulting in death. However, when surgical correction of these lesions is timed appropriately, longevity can approach that of a normal population after surgery. As surgical techniques have improved, surgery is now indicated earlier in the course of these diseases. It is clear that some patients with mitral and aortic regurgitation require surgery even though they are entirely asymptomatic. However, it must be emphasized that mitral and aortic regurgitation are quite different from one another. These different lesions result in different loading conditions, different pathophysiologies, and have different means for surgical correction. All of these issues impact on the proper timing of surgery and are discussed. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, Vol. 43, No. 6 (May/June) 2001: pp 457-475