用PCR—SSP方法研究广西壮族HIL—DQA1和B1基因多态性

目的 检测广西壮族ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１，Ｂ１基因的多态性。方法 应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＰ方法对１４０名健康、无血缘关系广西壮族人的ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１和ＤＱＢ１进行基因分型。结果 共检出７个ＤＱＡ１等位基因和１６个ＤＱＢ１等位基因。在检出的ＤＱＡ１等位基因中，０３０１的基因频率最高（３５％），０４０１的基因频率最低（１．１％）。在ＤＱＢ１等基因中，０６０１（２２．１％），０３０１（２０．７％），０５０１（１３．     

中国南方汉族人群HLA—DQB1基因对系统红斑狼疮的易感性研究

应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ核苷酸分型方法，探讨了我国南方浙江沪汉族人群ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＢ１基因多态性与系统红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）的遗传关联性，对４８例ＳＬＥ患者的血样分析表明，ＳＬＥ患者具有显著高的ＤＱＢ１＊０６０１等位基因频率（３０．２１％，ＲＲ＝２．８９１９，Ｐｃａｒｒ＝０．０１１２，ＥＦ＝０．２０），ＤＱＢ１＊０６０１可能是一易感基因，而ＤＱＢ１＊０３０１（２．０８％，ＲＲ＝０．１１０８，Ｐｃｏｒｒ＝０，     

HLA-DQA1、DQB1、DRB1 02,07,09等位基因及单倍型在华东地区汉族人群的分布

应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＯ方法，对华东地区汉族人群进行了ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１、－ＤＱＢ１和ＤＲＢ１＊０２，０７，０９基因分型。ＤＱＡ１中以ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１基因频率最高（０．３８４４），其次为＊０５０１（０．１４０６）和０１０２（０．１２１９），＊０４０１最低（０．０２８１）；ＤＱＢ１中以ＤＱＢ１＊０３０３基因频率最高（０．２３４２），其次为＊０３０１（０．１８９９）、＊０６０１（０．１２０３）和＊０２０１（０．１１０８），＊０５０１、＊０６０４和＊０６０５最低（均为０．０１２７）；ＤＲ９基因频率较高（０．２３１０），ＤＲ２中ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１占７３％，基因频率为０．０８５４，未见＊１６０１。ＤＱＡ１、ＤＱＢ１及ＤＲＢ１等位基因之间存在显著的连锁不平衡。ＤＲＢ１＊０９０１－ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１－ＤＱＢ１＊０３０３、ＤＱＡ１＊０１０３－ＤＱＢ１＊０６０１等为常见单倍型。本资料与我国其他汉族人群资料有可比性，也存在一定差异。     

用PCR—RFLP方法研究新疆地区汉族HLA—DQA1和—DQB1基因多态性

应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ技术，对新疆地区汉族健康群体进行了ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１（４９人）和ＤＱＢ１（４７人）基因分型。在ＤＱＡ１１８个等位基因中，ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１的基因频率最高（３２．５６％），＊０４０１最低（１．０２％）。在ＤＱＢ１１６个等位基因中，ＤＱＢ１＊０２０１（２０．２１％），＊０３０１（１５．９６％）、＊０３０３（１４．８９％）为最常见；没有观察到＊０５０３２、＊０５０４和＊０６０５。与河北     

江浙沪地区HLA-DQB1基因对重症肌无力的遗传易感性研究

探讨中国汉人ＭＧ易感性与ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＢ１基因多态性的相关。方法：运用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ法进行ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＢ１基因分型。结果：ＭＧ病例组与对照组比较都有ＤＱＢ＊０３０３频率的明显增高,ＤＱＢ＊０６０１和ＤＱＢ１＊０．６０２频率的明显降低,差异都有显著性。结论：ＤＱＢ１＊０３０３参与中国汉人ＭＧ的易感性,而ＤＱＢ１＊０６０１和ＤＱＢ１＊０６０２是保护基因。     

HLA—DQA1,DQB1,DRB1＊02,07,09等位基因及单倍型在华东地区汉？…

应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＯ方法，对华东地区汉族人群进行了ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１，ＤＱＢ１和ＤＲＢ１＊０２，０７，０９基因分型，ＤＱＡ１中以ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１基因频率最高，其次为＊０５０１和０１０２，＊０４０１最低，ＤＱＢ１中以ＤＱＢ１＊０３０３频率最高，其次为＊０．３０１，＊０６０１和＊０２０１，＊０５０１，＊０６０４和＊０６０５最低；ＤＲ９基因频率较高，ＤＲ２中ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１占７３５，基因频率为０．０８５     

江浙沪地区汉人HLA－DQA1基因对重症肌无力的遗传易感性研究

采用一种新的多聚酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性（ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ）基因分型法，研究了江浙沪地区中国汉人重症肌无力（ｍｙａｓｔｈｅｎｉａｇｒａｖｉｓ，ＭＧ）４５例和对照组９８例的ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１等位基因。发现ＭＧ的胸腺瘤型和非胸腺瘤型ＤＱＡ１基因遗传背景有所不同，ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１基因参与非胸腺瘤型ＭＧ（尤其是男性组）的遗传易感作用（ＲＲ＝３．６３，Ｐ＜０．０５），家系分析支持群体研究结果。推测了中国汉人ＭＧ可能的ＨＬＡ易感单体型：ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１ＤＱＢ１＊０３０３－ＤＲＢ１＊０９０１和ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１－ＤＱＢ１＊０３０３－ＤＲＢ１＊０４０６．结果从基因分型的角度统一了关于华人ＭＧ与ＨＬＡ相关抗原提法不一致的报道，并揭示了ＭＧ的其它ＨＬＡⅡ系统易感基因ＤＱＢ１＊０３０１、ＤＲＢ１＊０９０１及ＤＲＢ１＊０４０６或ＤＢＲ＊０４０５存在的极大可能性。为进一步分析ＭＧ的遗传易感机理提供了重要依据。     

武汉地区十二指肠溃疡患者和HLA-DQA1基因关联的初步研究

目的探讨武汉地区汉族人ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１基因与十二指肠溃疡的遗传关联。方法应用ＨＬＡ基因的聚合酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性核苷酸分型技术,以等位基因特异性的限制性内切酶（ＡｐａｌⅠ、ＢｓａｊⅠ、ＨｐｈⅠ、ＦｏｋⅠ、ＭｂｏⅡ、ＭｎｌⅠ）消化ＤＱＡ１座位特异的ＰＣＲ扩增产物,对７０例十二指肠溃疡患者、５０例正常人的ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１等位基因进行分析。结果十二指肠溃疡患者ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１等位基因频率与正常对照组明显增高,差异有显著性（Ｐ＝０．００３,ＲＲ＝３．２０,Ｐｃ＝０．０２４）。结论ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１与十二指肠溃疡有一定关联,十二指肠溃疡患者与正常人之间存在着免疫遗传异质性的差异。     

HLA—DRB1等位基因与中国湖北汉族人SLE关联的研究

在国内首次借助ＰＣＲ／ＳＳＰ技术对５２例湖北汉族人ＳＬＥ患者进行了ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１基因型别分析。结果发现，实验组ＨＬＡＷ－ＤＲＢ１＊０３０１基因频率为２４％，表型频率为４４．２％，ＲＲ＝４．７６，ｘ＾２＝２１．２，Ｐ〈０．０１；其它等位基因频率在实验组与对照组间差异无显著性。该结果显示ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊０３０１基因与ＳＬＥ有关联。     

HLA—DR,DQ基因多态性与系统性红斑狼疮相关性的研究

应用聚合酶链反应结合顺序特异的寡核苷酸探针杂交（ＰＣＲ／ＳＳＯＰＨ）方法对江苏籍汉族ＳＬＥ患者和健康对照组ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１、ＤＱＡ１：ＤＱＢ１基因作寡核苷酸分型。结果发现患者组中ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１、ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２等位基因频率及ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１、－ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２、－ＤＱＢ１＊０６０２单倍型频率均明显高于正常对照组；相反，ＤＲＢ１＊０４（ＤＲ４）、ＤＱＡ１＊０６０１频率则明显低于正常对照组。所有ＤＱＢ１等位基因频率在两组间无显著差异，而ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２仅存在于ＤＲ２阳性的个体之中，推测汉族ＳＬＥ的易感基因可能靠近ＤＲ位点，且与单倍型ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１、－ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２、－ＤＱＢ１＊０６０２紧密连锁，该单倍型可作为汉族ＳＬＥ易感的遗传标记。相反ＤＲ４，ＤＱＡ１＊０６０１则对ＳＬＥ发病可能有一定的保护性。     

用聚合酶链反应-直接测序分型法研究江苏汉族人群HLA-DQA1和DQB1基因多态性

目的检测江苏地区汉族人群HLA-DQA1和DQB1等位基因及单倍型的频率，分析该人群DQA1、DQB1基因多态性和DQA1-DQB1单倍型特点。方法应用聚合酶链反应-直接测序分型法（PCR-sequence-based typing ，PCR-SBT）方法对100名健康、无血缘关系的江苏汉族人群的HLA-DQA1和DQB1进行基因分型。结果共检出7个DQA1等位基因和13个DQB1等位基因。DQA1等位基因中，DQA1＊0301／02／03的基因频率最高（29．5％），其次为DQA1＊0501（18．5％）、DQA1＊0102（17．0％）、DQA1＊0201（12．5％）；DQB1等位基因中，DQB1＊0201／02（21．5％）、DQB1＊0301／09（14．5％）、DQB1＊0303（13．5％）和DQB1＊0603（11．5％）最为常见。分析得出30种DQA1-DQB1单倍型，DQA1＊0301／02／03-DQB1＊0303（12．5％）、DQA1＊0201．DOB1＊0201／02（10．5％）、DQA1＊0501-DQB1＊0201／02（9．5％）、DQA1＊0501-DQB1＊0301／09（7．0％）为常见的单倍型。结论江苏汉族人群HLA-DQA1和DQB1基因具有较为丰富的多态性，基因频率分布具有中国北方群体的特征且具有一定的独特性。     

HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 DNA polymorphisms in healthy Algerian and genetic relationships with other populations

Abstract: This study presents the results of HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe (SSOP) typings for a population sample of 47 individuals originating from Western Algeria. Allele and haplotype frequencies, as well as linkage disequilibria are computed by the standard methods used for the XIth International Histocompatibility Workshop data. A total of 24 alleles are detected at the DRB1 locus, where a very high heterozygosity level (0.914) is found. The highest DRB1 frequencies are 0.160, DRB1*1101, and 0.138, for DRB1*0301 and DRB1*0701. The DQA1 and DQB1 loci are less polymorphic. Among the 8 DQA1 alleles detected, DQA1*0501 is highly predominant with a frequency of 0.383. Thirteen DQB1 alleles are observed among which DQB1*0301 and DQB1*0201 are the most frequent (0.351 and 0.245, respectively). Three haplotypes predominate clearly: DRB1*1101-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301 (0.138), DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201-DQB1*0201 (0.128) and DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 (0.117). The two latter are among the most frequent haplotypes found in European and North American Caucasoid populations, but the DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 association is not significant in Algerians. The genetic distances computed for each locus among a set of populations from different continents are significantly correlated to geography. They indicate that the Algerians are very close to South European populations, particularly to Sardinians, Italians, Romanians and French, with some intermediate characteristics between Europeans and sub-Saharan Africans. These results may serve as reference for future studies of HLA and disease in the Algerian population.     

HLA-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 DNA polymorphism in the Bulgarian population

We describe for the first time the use of PCR based techniques to analyze the MHC class II polymorphism of the Bulgarian population. The present study provides the HLA-DRB, DQB1 allele frequencies in 116 Bulgarian individuals and DQA1 alleles frequencies in 100 subjects. DNA from these individuals was typed for DRB and DQB1 typed by the PCR- Allele Specific Amplification (PCR-ASA) method and DQA1 by PCR followed by hybridization using Sequence Specific Oligonucleotides (PCR-SSO). Allele and haplo-type frequencies and linkage disequilibria are computed by the standard methods used for the XIth International Histocompatibility Workshop. The highest frequencies are 0.159, 0.109 and 0.085 for DRB1*1101, DRB1*1601 and DRB1*1301 respectively. Among the eight DQA1 alleles detected, DQA1*0501 (0.344) is found to be much more frequent than the two most frequent alleles DQA1*0102 (0.225) and DQA1*0101 (0.151). Twelve DQB1 alleles are found and three of them, DQB1*0301 (0.280), DQB1*0502 (0.153) and DQB1*0201 (0.133) showed the highest frequencies. The haplo-type DRB1*1101-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301 (0.079) predominate clearly, followed by DRB1*1601-DQA1*0102-DDQB1*0502 (0.055) and DRB1*0101-DQA1*0101-DQB1*0501. These results indicate that the Bulgarian population is characterized by features representative of the European anthropological type with a substantial contribution from the Southern Belt of Europe.     

Molecular analysis of HLA-DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 polymorphism in Turkey

We report the evaluation of MHC class II polymorphism in the population of Turkey. HLA-DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 have been investigated by polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridisations (PCR/SSO) and sequence-specific priming (SSP) in 250 randomly selected healthy individuals. We also report the allelic distribution of these genes. The most frequent alleles detected were DRB1*1101 (0.104), *0301 (0.092), *0701 (0.090), DQA1*0501 (0.334), *0102 (0.164) and *03 (0.148) and DQB1*0301 (0.256), *02 (0.164), *0302 (0.128). The frequent 'putative' three-locus haplotypes carry the most frequent alleles at these loci. The most frequently detected class II "haplotypes" are DRB1*1101 DQA1*0501 DQB1*0301 (0.100), DRB1*0301 DQA1*0501 DQB1*02 (0.092) and DRB1*0701 DQA1*0201 DQB1*02 (0.072). The distribution of alleles and 'putative' haplotypes has shown common features with other Mediterranean populations. The results extend the HLA map to another Mediterranean country and provide a database for further HLA-disease association studies and transplantation applications.     

Association of HLA-B51 and lack of association of class II alleles with Behcet''s disease

Eighty-one Behcet's disease patients have been studied for HLA association by HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 genotyping with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique and for NcoI RFLP in the tumor-necrosis factor (TNF beta) gene by Southern hybridization in addition to serological typing. In serological typing, the frequency of HLA-B51 was significantly increased in the patients. In PCR genotyping, there was a significant increase in the HLA-DRB1*0802, DQA1*0301 and DQB1*0303 alleles, whereas the frequencies of DRB1*1502, DQA1*0103, DQA1*0101, DQB1*0601 and DQB1*0501 showed a significant decrease in the patients. No significant difference was observed in any HLA-DPB1 alleles. Among them, B51 was found to be a genetic marker most strongly associated with Behcet's disease (p less than 0.00005, chi 2 = 46.47, pc[corrected p] less than 0.005). The positive and negative associations of class II alleles with the disease can be explained by linkage disequilibrium with B51, and do not reach statistical significance by the corrected p-value test. In NcoI RFLP typing in the TNF beta gene, 250 kb centromeric of the HLA-B gene, the frequency of a 5.5 kb fragment was considerably decreased in the patients when compared to the controls, although the decrease was not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prevalence of human leukocyte antigen DQA1 and DQB1 alleles in Kuwaiti Arab children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

The prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1 and DQA1 alleles has been determined in 78 Kuwaiti Arab children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in 57 normal healthy controls with similar ethnic background. The typing of HLA-DQ alleles was carried out using an allele-specific DNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) SSP method. DR typing was also performed in 212 control subjects using PCR-SSP (sequence specific primer) method. A significantly higher frequency of DQB1*0201 allele was found in IDDM cases compared to the controls (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of DQB1 alleles *0302, *0501, and *0602 between IDDM cases and the controls. In contrast, DQB1 alleles *0301, *0402, *0502, *0602, and *0603 were represented at a somewhat higher frequency in controls compared to the IDDM cohort. The frequency of DQA1 allele *0301, which encode for an Arg at codon 52, was significantly higher in the IDDM patients compared to the controls (p<0.001). The frequency of DQA1 allele *0302 was also higher in IDDM cases than controls (p = 0.034) but the difference was less pronounced than DQA1*0301. Amongst the Arg52 alleles, no significant difference was detected in the frequency of *0401 between IDDM cases and the controls and the allele *0501 was detected only in controls. For non-Arg52 alleles *0103, *0104, and *0201, the differences in the two groups were not significant, with the exception of allele *0104 (p = 0.024). DR3 was the most common type in the Kuwaiti general population (28%) and DRB1*0301 was detected in 41% of the individuals with DR3 specificity. Analysis of HLA-DQBI/DQA1 haplotypes from IDDM cases and controls revealed a significantly high frequency of haplotype DQA1*0301/DQB1*0201 between Kuwaiti IDDM cases (49/78, 63%) and the controls (8/57, 14%).     

Variation of HLA class II genes in the Nganasan and Ket,two aboriginal Siberian populations

Allelic frequencies at the three most polymorphic loci of the HLA class II region (DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1) were determined in the Nganasan and Ket, the remnants of the two most ancient groups in the Lower Yenisey River/Taimyr Peninsula region in northern Siberia. By single‐stranded conformational polymorphism typing, verified by sequencing, 19 HLA‐DRB1‐DQA1‐DQB1 haplotypes and 15 HLA‐DRB1, seven DQA1 and 11 DQB1 alleles were found. The most frequent alleles were DRB1*1301 (23.5%), DQA1*0103 (29.4%), *0501/03/05 (29.4%), and DQB1*0301/09 (32.4%) in the Ket, and DRB1*0901 (25%), DQA1*0301 (39.6%), and DQB1*0301/09 (37.5%) in the Nganasan. The distribution patterns and comprehensive phylogenic analysis based on the haplotype frequencies of 17 Siberian populations suggest that the founders of both the Ket and the Nganasan came from Palaeolithic populations in the Altai‐Sayan Upland.     

Molecular analysis of HLA allele frequencies and haplotypes in Baloch of Iran compared with related populations of Pakistan

The extreme polymorphism in different loci of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has been used as an invaluable tool for anthropological studies. Determination of HLA allele and haplotype frequencies in different ethnic groups is useful for population genetic analyses and the study of genetic relationships among them. In the present study, molecular analysis of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1 genes has been used to assign HLA allele and haplotype frequencies in 100 unrelated healthy individuals from the Baloch ethnic group of Iran. The results were compared with Baloch and other ethnic groups in the neighboring Pakistan. The results of this study showed that the most frequent HLA class I alleles were A*02011 (20.2%), B*4006 (11.1%), and C*04011 (28.6%). The most common HLA class II alleles were DQA1*0101/2 (42.5%), DQB1*0201 (32%), and DRB1*0301 (29%). Three-locus haplotype analysis revealed that A*11011-B*4006-C*15021 (5.8%) and DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201-DRB1*0301 (22.1%) were the most common HLA class I and II haplotypes, respectively, in this population. Neighbor-joining tree based on DA genetic distances and correspondence analysis according to HLA-A, -B, -DQB1, and -DRB1 allele frequencies showed that Baloch of Iran are genetically very close to Baloch and Brahui of Pakistan. This may reflect an admixture of Brahui and Baloch ethnic groups of Pakistan in the Balochistan province of Iran.