Contribution of the superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries to the blood supply of the anterior third of the iliac crest and adjacent skin

Summary The contribution of the superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries to the blood supply of the anterior third of the iliac crest and adjacent skin was studied in fresh cadavers using the Indian ink arterial injection method followed by one examination.This work was supported, in part, by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico — CNPq — Grant no 2222.1135/77     

旋髂深动脉嵌合组织瓣的解剖学基础

目的为旋髂深动脉嵌合组织瓣的设计提供解剖学依据.方法在40侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上,以髂前上棘和腹股沟韧带为标志,解剖观测旋髂深动脉的起源、走行、分支与分布;1侧新鲜标本摹拟手术设计.结果根据旋髂深动脉的行程可将其分为腹股沟段、髂嵴内段和髂嵴上段.①腹股沟段沿途发出(2～4)支、外径为0.2～1.8mm的腹壁肌支至邻近肌肉,其中优势肌支长(9.0±0.5)cm,外径为(1.4±0.1)mm;②髂嵴内段沿途发出(2～8)支、外径为0.2～0.7mm肌骨支穿过肌肉附丽进入髂嵴前部;③髂嵴上段延续为肌皮穿支并穿过深筋膜支配11 cm×14 cm的皮肤.结论以旋髂深动脉蒂,可切取以腹股沟段的腹壁优势肌支肌瓣、髂嵴内段的肌骨支骨瓣和终末段的肌皮穿支皮瓣,从而形成嵌合组织瓣.临床可根据需要选择一种或多种嵌合组织瓣修复骨合并软组织缺损.     

旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶椎植骨的应用解剖

目的 :为带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶段椎体植骨融合术提供应用解剖学基础。方法 :在3 0具共 60侧灌注红色乳胶的成年尸体上 ,解剖观察旋髂深动脉的起始、走行、分支、分布范围及其毗邻结构 ,测量有关数据 ;摹拟转位情况、测量旋髂深动脉的起点至S1椎体中部、L5～S1椎间、L5椎体中部的距离 ,并用量角器测量旋髂深动脉主干向内转位的角度。结果 :旋髂深动脉起于髂外动脉者占 63 .3 % ,起于股动脉者占 3 6.7%。起点外径 ( 2 .6± 0 .4)mm ,腹壁肌支外径 ( 1.4± 0 .4)mm ,旋髂深动脉的主干延续为髂嵴支 ,外径 ( 1.8± 0 .4)mm ,沿途发出许多小的分支进入髂嵴 ,以最后一个分支作为终点测量其蒂长为( 10 .7± 0 .7)cm ,旋髂深动脉起点至L5椎体中部距离为 ( 11.2± 0 .7)cm ,至L5～S1椎间距离为 ( 10 .1±0 .5 )cm ,至S1椎体中部距离为 ( 9.7± 0 .6)cm ,向内旋转角度为 ( 63 .5± 3 .5 )°。结论 :带旋髂深动脉蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶段椎体植骨融合具有可行性。     

Deep and superficial circumflex iliac arteries and their relationship to the ultrasound‐guided femoral nerve block procedure: A cadaver study

The in‐plane lateral to medial approach is a standard technique for ultrasound‐guided femoral nerve block (USG‐FNB). The first bifurcation of the femoral artery, which consists of the deep artery of the thigh (DAT) or occasionally the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA), is regarded as the distal border for this procedure. We sometimes detect arteries along the estimated needle trajectory for USG‐FNB. The superficial (SCIA) and deep (DCIA) circumflex iliac arteries run laterally parallel to the inguinal ligament from the femoral or external iliac artery. The relationship between the SCIA and DCIA and other anatomical structures related to USG‐FNB around the femoral triangle region was studied by gross anatomical examination of 100 formalin‐fixed adult cadavers. At least one SCIA and one DCIA were identified around each femoral triangle; 81.8% of SCIA and 58% of DCIA originated from the femoral artery. All DCIA coursed between the fascia lata and fascia iliaca and 80% of SCIA penetrated the fascia lata. In 94% of femoral triangles, at least one arterial branch heading towards the lateral part of the thigh originated from the femoral artery from the level of the inguinal ligament to the first bifurcation of the femoral artery. The presence of SCIA and DCIA should be considered during USG‐FNB using the in‐plane lateral to medial approach to avoid inadvertently injuring them, as they are occasionally located along the presumed needle trajectory superficial to the fascia iliaca. Clin. Anat. 30:413–420, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

旋髂深动脉穿支骨皮瓣3D可视化模型的制备

目的：建立旋髂深动脉及穿支的数字化可视模型，为临床上旋髂深动脉穿支骨皮瓣的设计与安全截取提供形态学基础。方法：2具新鲜男尸，分别采用羧甲基纤维素／氧化铅水凝胶及明胶／氧化铅行一次性全身动脉造影，并进行连续螺旋CT扫描，运用Mimics软件，在计算机上对腰区相关重要结构进行计算机三维重建和立体显示。结果：该数字化可视模型能够清晰显示髋骨、髂外动脉、旋髂深动脉及其供血皮瓣的形态、位置及毗邻关系，并可任意方向的旋转观察。结论：重建的三维模型可以提供正常腰区皮瓣的三维动态解剖，为临床术前皮瓣设计提供了直观的数字化解剖依据。     

带旋髂深血管髂骨瓣和血管束治疗小儿股骨头坏死的解剖与应用

在41例成人尸体上观察了旋髂深血管的起始和外径,依据旋髂深血管的髂骨支和腹壁肌支的局部解剖学,设计了以旋髂深血管为蒂的髂骨瓣和血管束联合移植治疗小儿股骨头缺血性坏死的新术式.临床应用17例获得满意效果.文中介绍了解剖学要点及手术方法,并对取得手术成功的关键因素进行了讨论.     

带旋髂深血管骨瓣转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的探讨带旋髂深血管骨瓣转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法2011年2月～2018年4月,本院共收治19例青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折,年龄25～44岁,平均35.2岁,按骨折部位分型:头下型9例,经颈型8例,基底型2例。按Garden分型,Ⅲ型12例,Ⅳ型7例。经髋关节改良Smith-Petersen入路,显露并处理股骨颈骨折断端,行髋关节Watson-Jones入路,骨折复位前,从该切口预置解剖锁定钢板与空心螺钉,并从骨折断端确定螺钉分布合理后,更换长螺钉确切固定股骨颈骨折,股骨颈开槽,取旋髂深血管骨瓣植入骨槽内。术后观察患者骨折愈合时间,发生骨不连及股骨头坏死情况,术后1年进行患髋Harris功能评分。结果 19例患者均获得随访,最短1年2个月,最长8年4个月,平均3年6个月,2例GardenⅣ颈下型分别出现骨不连及股骨头坏死,其余均完全骨性愈合,根据髋关节Harris功能评分,优良率89.5%。结论带旋髂深血管转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定可有效治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折,降低并发症的发生。     

“泳裤供区”理念下探讨旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损的临床应用

目的 探讨基于“泳裤供区”理念设计旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣（SCIP)修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损的可靠性与临床疗效。 方法 回顾性分析自2019年9月至2020年6月我院创伤骨科收治的四肢皮肤软组织缺损患者38例。其中男性26例,女性12例。损伤部位：手部缺损17例,足部缺损21例。软组织缺损面积：1.3 cm×1.7 cm~12 cm×8 cm。所有患者均采用游离SCIP进行修复。皮瓣切取面积：1.6 cm×2.1 cm~15 cm×11 cm。术后常规给予抗感染、抗凝、抗痉挛、保温等治疗并定期随访。 结果 38例皮瓣均得到有效随访8~14月,平均10.4月,所有皮瓣均顺利成活。2例皮瓣术后出现血管危象,1例给予活血解痉等处理后顺利成活,1例抬高患肢后自行缓解。余皮瓣血液循环良好,外形与功能恢复满意,供区仅留存线状瘢痕。 结论 “泳裤供区”理念下设计游离SCIP修复四肢软组织缺损,其综合了受区移植后的功能与外形,亦兼顾了供区位置与美观程度,且并发症少。为修复四肢软组织缺损的较佳选择,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

Anatomic study of the deep plantar arch

A thorough knowledge of the topography and relations of the plantar arteries is necessary for further advances in arterial reconstruction in the foot. Such reconstruction often avoids amputation in cases of arterial trauma in industrial and automobile accidents, as well as in patients with diabetes and severe ischemia of the lower limbs. Although several studies have addressed the anatomy of the arteries of the foot, there is a shortage of recent studies on surgical vascular anatomy. The deep plantar arch was studied in 50 adult cadaveric feet. It was present in all feet and formed from the anastomosis between the deep plantar artery and the deep branch of the lateral plantar artery. The deep plantar artery was predominant in 48% of the specimens (Type I arches) and the deep branch of the lateral plantar artery in 38% (Type II) with the contribution of each being approximately equal in 14% (Type III). The location of the deep plantar arch can be estimated. The distance between the deep plantar arch and each interdigital commissure was relatively consistent between the subjects, averaging 29% of total foot length. The deep plantar arch was located in the middle third of the foot in all specimens, being in the middle II part of this third in 62%. The mean external diameter of the deep branch of lateral plantar artery was 1.7 mm +/- 0.4 mm. The mean external diameter of the deep plantar artery was also 1.7 mm +/- 0.4 mm. We observed a complete superficial plantar arch in only one specimen (2%). Our findings should assist vascular surgeons in estimating the location of the deep plantar arch from the patient's foot length and in providing other data.     

Crossed retroperitoneal approach to the internal iliac artery: a preliminary anatomical study

The internal iliac arteries (IIA), and especially the distal segment, course very deep in the pelvis and are generally difficult to access surgically. The recent development of simple and reliable methods to investigate proximal ischemia of the lower extremities has led to discovery of more candidates for elective revascularization of the IAA. The classic approaches to the IAA, i.e., the transperitoneal and homolateral retroperitoneal routs have certain disadvantages. We present a new crossed retroperitoneal approach to the IAA and the results of such method in six cadavers. In all six cases, the entire IAA could be exposed without any particular problems. This novel approach to the IAA seems to be both simple and reproducible.     

髂嵴上区动脉的应用解剖学

本文观测了34侧成人标本的髂嵴上区的动脉支,共44支,平均每侧为1.3支,其中每侧1支者占52.9%,管径大于1mm 者38.8%.97.7%动脉支的穿出点集中在髂嵴上方8cm 以内.     

Morphology and blood supply of the iliac crest applied to jaw reconstruction

Summary The aim of this study was to improve vessel and nerve security and the harvesting procedure of the iliac crest in the microvascular reconstruction of the upper and lower jaw by iliac crest flap in cases of tumour invasion or trauma. The critical points for the surgeon in harvesting the iliac crest are the course of the deep circumflex iliac artery and lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh in relation to the iliac crest and the position of their subsequent ramifications. Bilateral anatomical preparations of the iliac bone (total 90 dissections) were examined in 45 formalin preserved cadavers (21 male, 24 female) with the course of the vessel and nerve supply being mapped. Topographic variations of muscles, bones, vessels and nerves were documented by measurement by photographic documentation and diagrams. In 78% (70 cases) a standard-type arrangement with a single main vessel coming from the external iliac artery above the inguinal ligament and crossing the upper part of the iliac crest with second ramifications was observed. In 12% (11 cases) the main vessel was observed to be 2–3 cm below the iliac crest, in 7% (6 cases) a second main branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery was found to run parallel to the iliac crest. In other cases the following variations were observed: one main vessel without ramification, separate branching of the main vessel and ramifications or common trunks of the deep and superficial circumflex iliac arteries. Because of these results it might be possible to perform window resection of the iliac crest in some cases rather than bloc resection: this may have postoperative advantages for the patient.

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Morphologie et vascularisation de la crête iliaque. Bases anatomiques de la reconstruction de la mandibule

Résumé Le but de cette étude était d'améliorer la fiabilité et la technique de la reconstruction maxillaire et mandibulaire par transfert micro-vascularisé de la crête iliaque en cas de lésion tumorale ou traumatique. Les points critiques pour le chirurgien sont le trajet des vaisseaux principaux (l'a. circonflexe iliaque profonde) et des nerfs (n. cutané latéral de la cuisse) par rapport à la crête iliaque, et la position de leurs ramifications. Dans ce but, 45 cadavres formolés (21 hommes, 24 femmes) ont été utilisés par préparation anatomique bilatérale des os coxaux (90 dissections au total) et cartographie des vaisseaux et des nerfs. Les principaux résultats s'appuyent sur les mesures des variations topographiques des muscles, des os, des vaisseaux et des nerfs, sur des documents photographiques et des dessins. Dans 70 cas (78 %) nous avons trouvé une distribution typique avec un seul vaisseau principal issu de l'a. iliaque externe, né au-dessus du lig. inguinal, croisant la partie supérieure de la crête iliaque et se ramifiant secondairement. Dans 11 cas (12 %), nous avons trouvé une variation intéressante : un vaisseau principal courant 2 ou 3 cm au-dessous de la crête iliaque. Dans 6 cas (7 %), nous avons trouvé un second vaisseau principal issu de l'a. circonflexe iliaque profonde, courant parallèlement à la crête iliaque. Dans les autres cas, nous avons trouvé un vaisseau principal non ramifié, des naissances séparées de l'artère principale, des ramifications des troncs communs des aa. circonflexes iliaques profonde et superficielle. Grâce à ces résultats, nous pouvons envisager la possibilité d'une résection fenêtrée de la crête iliaque dans des cas particuliers, de préférence à une résection monobloc, ce qui présente plusieurs avantages post-opératoires pour les patients.

     

臀上动脉深上支髂骨骺移植的解剖学研究

目的 :为带血供的髂骨骺移植提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人臀部标本以及 2侧儿童标本上 ,观测臀上动脉深上支的行程、分支及滋养支 ;选用 5 0块髋骨 ,观察髂骨嵴前外侧部的滋养孔。结果 :儿童臀上动脉深上支的分支、分布与成人相似 ,位于臀中肌深面和臀小肌上缘 (相当臀前线 ) ,循髂骨嵴弓形向前 ,达髂前上嵴 ,沿途分出平均 (4 .2± 1.1)支外径 0 .5～ 1.1mm的髂嵴支 ,分布髂嵴骨膜 ,并发细小分支进入滋养孔。从髂前上棘至结节区 ,在距髂嵴缘下方 2cm范围内 ,平均有(2 2 .4± 6.7)个滋养孔。结论 :以臀上动脉深上支及其分支为蒂 ,在髂嵴前部可切取带骺骨瓣 ,以修复长管骨骨骺缺损。     

带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双髂骨膜瓣转位治疗儿童Pethes病提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 2例经动脉灌注红色乳胶的下肢标本上 ,对旋股外侧血管升支的髂棘支及髂前下棘支的走行、分支、分布进行观察 ,设计带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双骨膜瓣转移治疗儿童Perthes病的手术方法。结果 :旋股外侧血管升支髂前下棘支长度 ( 5 .3± 1.0 )cm ,距离升支起点 ( 2 .9±1.1)cm ,起点外径 ( 1.2± 0 .3 )mm ,可切取髂前下棘 2 .0cm× 2 .0cm带血管蒂的骨膜瓣 ,联合升支髂棘支骨膜瓣转移到儿童股骨头骺板上下病灶区。结论 :该方法简便、有效、实用 ,是一种治疗Perthes病的有效方法。     

旋股外侧血管升支臀中肌支的解剖学观测及其临床应用

目的 :为切取旋股外侧动脉升支含双营养支的髂骨瓣提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 36侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,重点观测旋股外侧动脉升支臀中肌支的走行、分支和分布。结果 :臀中肌支入肌点距髂前上棘平面下方约 5cm ,入肌后臀中肌支主干与纵轴呈 35°～ 40°夹角行向髂骨后上方 ,沿途分出诸升支以第一升支为优势支。结论 :设计旋股外侧动脉升支含双营养支髂骨瓣的改良术式 ,具有手术操作简便、安全和骨瓣血供丰富等特点     

An anatomical ultrasound study of the long posterior sacro‐iliac ligament

The long posterior sacro‐iliac ligament (LPSL) is directly posterior to the sacro‐iliac joint and a potential source of lower back and pelvic pain. Its sonographic anatomy has not been described in detail. The aim of this study was to define and measure the ligament in healthy young women using ultrasound (US). The LPSL was scanned in 30 healthy women (median age, 22 years; range, 20–34) using a high‐resolution linear transducer (7.5–10 MHz). The ligament was consistently visualized as a hyperechoic laminated linear structure between the posterior superior iliac spine and the lateral aspect of the third transverse sacral tubercle. Its length, thickness, and the angle between it and the posterior superior iliac spine were measured by an experienced sonographer bilaterally in both semiflexed standing and lateral decubitus positions. Four female cadaver pelves (age range, 57–93 years) were also scanned and dissected to validate US observations. In the semiflexed standing position, mean LPSL length was 37.9 ± 2.4 mm, mean thickness 1.57 ± 0.38mm, and median angle 18.5°. There was no statistically significant difference with equivalent values in the lateral decubitus position. Intrarater repeatability was fair to substantial in both positions (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.39–0.66), improving to moderate to substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.57–0.80) using the mean of two measurements. There was good overall agreement between LPSL length and thickness in cadavers measured by US and dissection. These findings document the sonographic appearance, length, and thickness of the LPSL and provide useful normative data for understanding potential LPSL pathology, particularly in relation to pregnancy‐related pelvic girdle pain. Clin. Anat. 23:971–977, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

内镜下经阴道肾切除术中髂外动脉及其毗邻结构的应用解剖

目的　通过对内镜下腹盆部髂外动脉与卵巢血管、生殖股神经及腰大肌位置关系的解剖学观测,为内镜下经阴道肾切除术的临床应用提供解剖学依据。 方法　选取8例成年女性腹盆部标本,在大体解剖后在内镜下进行观测,确定髂外动脉与卵巢血管的交点为内镜下的标志点,测量其与生殖股神经的距离,确定内镜下经阴道肾切除手术通过盆腔后在腹部到达腹膜后间隙的相对安全区域。 结果　（1）确立了以卵巢血管与髂外动脉的交点为内镜下手术入路观察的标志点;左右侧卵巢血管束与髂外动脉相交处的角度,左侧为(20.68±3.14)°,右侧为(29.48±2.47)°;（2）交点处与生殖股神经的距离左侧为(11.84±0.80) mm,右侧为(12.60±1.32) mm。 结论　在卵巢血管与髂外动脉相交平面,在髂外动脉外侧,沿腰大肌的外侧缘进入腹膜后间隙,此范围是一个相对安全区域。     

Intimal sarcoma of the abdominal aorta and common iliac arteries presenting as epithelioid angiosarcoma of the skin: a case report

Intimal sarcoma (IS) is the most common type of sarcoma of the aorta. IS tumor emboli can involve various organs, including the skin. However, a limited number of IS cases with an initial presentation of skin metastasis has been reported. Cutaneous metastasis as a form of epithelioid angiosarcoma (EAS) has not been well described. Herein, we present a 61-year-old Japanese man with an initial presentation of EAS of the skin, followed by multiple metastases to the skin as a form of EAS prior to detection of IS of the infrarenal aorta and common iliac arteries. In our case, the IS was CD31 and cytokeratin positive but did not express CD34 and factor VIII-related antigen. The EASs in our case exhibited diffuse CD31 expression, and focal factor VIII-related antigen and cytokeratin expression were observed throughout the tumor, including the neoplastic vascular structure; CD34 expression was not identifiable. IS metastasis to the skin has been documented as a form of angiosarcoma. However, IS metastasis has not been well described as a form of EAS. Our case could prove a morphological change from IS to EAS. Given the rarity of primary cutaneous EAS, it is recommended that primary sites other than the skin should be thoroughly investigated when EAS of the skin is encountered.     

Origin and initial course of the renal arteries a radiological study

The aim of this study was to determine the topography of the origin, implantation angle and initial course of the renal arteries in the transverse and frontal planes, from a prospective analysis of angiograms and helical CT-scans of 40 patients. In the frontal plane, the implantation angles of the right and left renal arteries were 73.8 ± 17° axsnd 65.6 ± 16° respectively 17.9% of the right renal arteries were straight compared with only 5% of the left ones. The first sinuosity was observed to be at a distance greater than the aortic diameter for 43.6% of right renal arteries and at a distance less than the aortic diameter for 62.5% for the left renal a. In the transverse plane, the right renal a. had an implantation angle of 65.6 ± 15.7° compared with 95.7 ± 16.85% for the left renal a. The artery was rectilinear in 2.6% of the cases on the right side, and in 2.5% of the cases on the left. The first sinuosity occurred before the lateral margin of the spine was reached in 60.5% of right renal arteries and after the margin of psoas major muscle for 55% of left renal arteries. A knowledge of the anatomy of the origin and initial course of the renal arteries is important when considering vessel dilatation and the implantation of stents in the renal arteries. No correlation was observed between the origin, sinuosity or angulation of the renal arteries which could aid interventional procedures.