胸腺瘤组织学分型与重症肌无力及临床分期关系

目的探讨胸腺瘤最新WHO病理分型与重症肌无力(MG)及临床分期之间的关系。方法回顾分析1980-2004年间74例因胸腺瘤行胸腺切除的患者,运用最新WHO分型标准(1999)对胸腺瘤进行重新分类,并运用统计软件对新的WHO组织学分型与MG的发生率及Masaoka临床分期之间的关系做进一步分析。结果(1)胸腺瘤A型2例,AB型23例,B1型4例,B2型27例,B3型16例,C型2例。其中B2型较AB、B1及B3型易合并MG(P<0.05),A型两例均合并MG,而C型则均未合并MG。(2)临床I期:1例,Ⅱ期:30例,Ⅲ期:38例,Ⅳ期:5例。新的WHO组织学分型与Masaoka分期之间关系密切(P<0.01)。结论新WHO组织学分型与胸腺瘤合并MG的发生率之间有一定关系,同时能反映其临床分期及评价患者的预后。     

胸腺瘤组织学分型与重症肌无力及临床分期关系

目的:探讨胸腺瘤最新WHO病理分型与重症肌无力(MG)及临床分期之间的关系。方法:回顾分析1980~2004年间 74例因胸腺瘤行胸腺切除的患者,运用最新WHO分型标准 (1999)对胸腺瘤进行重新分类,并运用统计软件对新的WHO组织学分型与MG的发生率及Masaoka临床分期之间的关系做进一步分析。结果:①胸腺瘤A型 2例,AB型 23例,B1型 4例,B2型 27例,B3型 16例,C型 2例。其中B2型较AB、B1及B3型易合并MG(P<0. 05),A型两例均合并MG,而C型则均未合并MG。②临床Ⅰ期: 1例,Ⅱ期: 30例,Ⅲ期: 38例,Ⅳ期: 5例。新的WHO组织学分型与Masaoka分期之间关系密切(P<0. 01)。结论:新WHO组织学分型与胸腺瘤合并MG的发生率之间有一定关系,同时能反映其临床分期及评价患者的预后。     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的临床病理分析及手术治疗

目的探讨胸腺瘤最新WHO病理分型与重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)发生率的关系以及手术方式对预后的影响。方法回顾分析2001年10月—2010年7月42例胸腺瘤合并MG行胸腺切除术患者的临床资料,应用胸腺瘤的最新WHO分型标准及传统方法对胸腺瘤进行分类,采用胸骨正中切口24例,前胸切口13例,后外侧切口5例,观察MG发生率及手术预后。结果 (1)WHO病理分型A型+AB型良性病例较多,B型恶性病例较多,体现出A型及AB型胸腺瘤良性的特点。(2)B3型较A型及AB型易合并MG。B3型胸腺瘤合并MG的手术危象发生率比A型+AB型组、B1+B2型组高,(3)全组死亡7例,其余均缓解或治愈。胸腺瘤病理分期和手术方式为影响预后的主要因素。结论胸腺瘤最新WHO病理分型对于区别良、恶性肿瘤及预后有指导意义,结合Masaoka病理分期对提示术后MG危象有一定的应用价值。治疗原则应尽可能广泛切除肿瘤,术后根据具体情况辅以放疗、化疗。手术方式、病理分期对预后影响较大。     

合并重症肌无力的胸腺瘤患者术后生存的初步分析--ChART数据库回顾性结果

背景与目的重症肌无力（myasthenia gravis, MG）对胸腺瘤患者预后的影响至今尚不明确,本文旨在比较单纯胸腺瘤与合并肌无力胸腺瘤患者的手术预后。方法1992年至2012年中国胸腺协作组（Chinese Alliance for Research in hTymomas, ChART）数据库录入的18个胸外科中心诊断胸腺瘤并接受相关手术的患者分为合并重症肌无力组（合并组）和单纯胸腺瘤组（对照组）。收集两组患者的人口学资料及临床资料,比较两组患者生存率。结果共1,850例患者纳入研究,其中合并肌无力组及单纯胸腺瘤组分别421人和1429人,行胸腺全切的比例分别是91.2%和71.0%（P<0.05）;肌无力组患者的WHO病理类型多分布于AB、B1和B2型,优于单纯胸腺瘤组（P<0.05）;合并肌无力组的Masaoka分期较早（I和II期）的比例高于单纯胸腺瘤组。5年和10年的总体生存率在MG组和非MG组中分别为93%和88%;83%和81%（P=0.034）;在Masaoka III、IVa和IVb期胸腺瘤患者中,合并肌无力患者的生存曲线高于单纯胸腺瘤患者（P=0.003）。在进展型胸腺瘤患者中,MG组和非MG组患者的Masaoka III、IVa、IVb的构成比相似,组织学结果中,MG组的AB/B1/B2/B3型的比例高于C型比例更高的非MG组（P<0.001）。整体的单因素分析结果提示,MG、WHO分型、Masaoka分期、手术方式、化疗、放疗和临床切除状况均为预后的影响因素。而在多因素分析中,WHO分型、Masaoka分期和临床切除状况是独立的预后预测指标。结论虽然重症肌无力不是独立的预后影响因素,但是在胸腺瘤患者中,合并MG的患者预后较优,尤其是Masaoka分期晚期的患者,可能与疾病的早期发现、病理类型分布相对较好、整体R0切除率较高以及复发率较低有关。     

82例胸腺瘤新组织学分型与患者临床特征和预后的相关性分析

背景与目的:世界卫生组织(WHO)于1999年制定了新的胸腺瘤组织学分型标准。本研究探讨胸腺瘤WHO组织学分型与临床特征和预后的相关性。方法:回顾性分析82例经外科治疗的胸腺瘤患者的临床资料,经有经验的病理科医生按WHO组织学分型标准重新做出诊断,并结合患者的临床特征和预后进行分析。结果:胸腺瘤A型5例(6.1%),AB型21例(25.6%),B1型14例(17.1%),B2型12例(14.6%),B3型14例(17.1%),C型16例(19.5%)。根据Masaoka临床分期,Ⅰ期29例(35.4%),Ⅱ期13例(15.8%),Ⅲ期32例(39.0%),Ⅳa期8例(9.8%)。临床分期与组织学分型的相关性有显著性意义(χ2=47.29,P<0.001)。肿瘤外侵的程度与组织学分型的相关性也有显著性意义(χ2=30.78,P<0.001)。A﹑AB﹑B1和B2型胸腺瘤合计切除率较B3和C型胸腺瘤合计切除率高(84.6%vs.50.0%,χ2=11.29,P=0.002)。临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳa期胸腺瘤切除术后5年生存率分别为100%、100%、69.5%和37.5%;10年生存率分别为88.1%、57.1%、47.5%和0。不同临床分期患者生存率的差异(log-rank=40.31,P<0.001)与组织学分型间生存率的差异(log-rank=16.0,P=0.007)均有统计学意义。结论:WHO组织学分型可在一定程度上反映胸腺瘤的生物学行为和临床特征,对临床诊断和治疗胸腺瘤有指导意义。     

胸腺瘤WHO组织学分型、Masaoka临床分期和预后的关系

目的 探讨胸腺瘤WHO组织学分型与Masaoka分期和预后的相关性。方法 回顾性分析65例胸腺瘤患者的临床资料，经有经验的病理科医生按WHO组织学分型标准重新分类，并结合患者的Masaoka分期和预后进行分析。结果 胸腺瘤A型8例，AB型10例，B1型8例，B2型17例，B3型15例，C型7例，5年生存率分别为：100％，100％，92．6％，82．4％，54．5％，57．8％。Masaoka临床分期，Ⅰ期20例，Ⅱ期18例，Ⅲ期16例，Ⅳ期11例；5年生存率分别为100％，100％，68．6％和35．7％。组织学分型与临床分期的相关性有显著性意义（χ^2=39．47，P=0．001）。各组织学分型间生存率的差异（Log-rank=17．17，P=0．004）与不同临床分期间生存率的差异（Log-rank=44．93，P〈0．001）均有统计学意义。结论 WHO组织学分型与Masaoka分期存在相关性，二者对于评估胸腺瘤的预后均具有重要参考价值，并提示根治性手术治疗是患者获得长期生存的关键。     

手术治疗胸腺瘤45例

 目的　探讨胸腺瘤分期与手术方式和随访的关系。方法　回顾性分析45例胸腺瘤患者的手术、辅助治疗及随访资料,所有患者采用 Masaoka 分期（M分期）。结果　45例手术均获成功,无围手术期死亡病例。M分期：Ⅰ期7例,Ⅱ期19例,Ⅲ期17例,复发2例。WHO组织学病理分型：A型7例,B1型14例,B2型8例,B3型6例,AB型5例,胸腺癌5例。1例胸腺癌患者术后4年死亡,2例手术后有肿瘤残留,带瘤生存2年以上;1例 M Ⅲ期患者复发;需要进一步随访。结论　胸腺瘤须在做好M分期的基础上进行手术治疗,延长随访时间,对复发性胸腺瘤有条件手术者仍应积极进行手术治疗。     

EGFR、p53、Bcl-2表达,Ki-67标记指数与胸腺瘤WHO组织学分型、分期及预后的关系

目的探讨EGFR、p53、Bcl-2表达，Ki-67标记指数（Ki-67Li）与胸腺瘤WHO组织学分型、分期及预后的关系。方法应用免疫组化染色方法检测46例胸腺瘤患者EGFR、p53、Bcl-2的表达和Ki-67标记指数。结果胸腺瘤EGFR、p53、Bcl-2阳性表达率分别为34．8％、56．5％、54．3％，Ki-67标记指数平均值为11．0％。EGFR、p53、Bcl-2蛋白表达与胸腺瘤WH0组织学分型均无明显关系；B2、B3、C型与A、AB、B1型之间Ki-67标记指数表达差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；Bcl-2蛋白表达与胸腺瘤Masaoka分期和预后均无关系（P〉0．05）；EGFR、p53蛋白的过度表达和Ki-67标记指数与胸腺瘤Masaoka分期明显相关（P〈0．05）；Ki-67标记指数与预后有关（P〈0．05）。结论EGFR、p53蛋白的过度表达和Ki-67标记指数与胸腺瘤Masaoka分期明显相关，反应其侵袭性，Ki-67标记指数还与组织学分型相关，并可作为估计胸腺瘤预后的参考指标。     

胸腺上皮肿瘤89例临床分析

背景与目的:胸腺上皮肿瘤(thymic epithelial tumors,TET)是前纵隔最常见的肿瘤之一,临床上通常根据Masaoka分期及WHO组织学分型判定其良、恶性.本文通过对89例TET患者进行临床分析,探讨WHO组织学分型与Masaoka分期之间的相关性,研究不同分期、分型TET的手术特点及预后影响因素.方法:分析1999年3月～2009年6月经手术确诊的89例TET患者的临床资料,并进行随访,分析TET Masaoka分期、WHO组织学分型及手术切除情况与生存率之间的关系.结果:本组Masaoka分期:I期39例(43.8%),Ⅱ期15例(16.9%),Ⅲ期31例(34.8%),Ⅳa期4例(4.5%),无Ⅳb期患者;其5年生存率分别为I期100%;Ⅱ期92.9%;Ⅲ期62.1%;Ⅳ期25.0%o WHO组织学分型:A型7例(7.9%),AB型16例(18.0%),Bl型13例(14.6%),B2型18例(20.2%),B3型13例(14.6%),C型22例(24.7%);其5年生存率分别为100%,100%,100%,94.1%,80.0%和54.5%.手术完全切除69例(86.3%),不完全切除或活检11例(13.8%),其5年生存率分别为92.8%和9.1%0Masaoka分期、WHO组织学分型、手术切除的完整性是影响患者预后的独立预测因素.结论:WHO组织学分型与Masaoka分期有高度相关性(P=0.000),两者皆可指导临床治疗.手术完全切除是TET最主要的治疗方法.     

胸腺瘤239例预后相关因素分析

目的 胸腺瘤是最常见的纵隔肿瘤之一,占纵隔肿瘤的20％～40％.本研究探讨影响胸腺瘤预后的相关因素.方法 对广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院1985-10-01-2012-11-30收治的经病理确诊的378例胸腺瘤患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,对原病理类型按2004年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)分型标准重新分型,随访239例患者,生存率的计算及单因素生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法进行,其间差异性使用Log-rank检验进行计算,所有经单因素生存分析有意义的参数均纳入多因素生存分析Cox回归模型进行计算.结果 随访239例患者,单因素分析结果显示,年龄、有无临床症状、肿瘤切除范围、是否侵犯大血管、WHO组织学分类和Masaoka分期对胸腺瘤患者预后有显著性影响.Cox模型多因素分析显示,肿瘤切除范围(HR=3.25,95％CI:1.747～2.322,P＜0.000 4)、是否侵犯大血管(HR=5.28,95％CI:2.368～10.681,P＜0.000 1)、WHO分型(HR=1.836,95％CI:1.253～3.192,P＜0.005 6)和Masaoka分期(HR=3.129,95％CI:1.964～5.83,P＜0.001 2)是影响胸腺瘤患者远期生存率的独立因素.是否合并重症肌无力对胸腺瘤预后无影响.结论 WHO组织分型、Masaoka分期、肿瘤切除范围和是否侵犯大血管是影响胸腺瘤患者预后的独立因素.     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

miRNA与肿瘤侵袭转移

目前,microRNA (miRNA)已成为肿瘤研究中最基本的参与者,主要通过与靶标基因3 'UTR(非翻译区)的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动.miRNA作为调控基因表达的重要分子在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用越来越受到重视,表明miRNA在肿瘤侵袭和转移中的作用机制具有重要的理论意义,同时也可为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新方法.本文就miRNA通过调控上皮间质转化及肿瘤干细胞导致肿瘤侵袭转移的最新研究进展作一综述.     

芦荟大黄素及芦荟提取物的诱变性和抗诱变性

目的:用L5178Y小鼠淋巴瘤细胞体外微核试验评价芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物的诱变和抗诱变作用,为其安全性评价提供依据。方法:设溶剂对照、阳性对照和抗诱变对照,芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物诱变和抗诱变试验各设4个剂量组,处理L5178Y细胞12 h后按常规方法进行体外微核试验分析。结果:较高浓度(6.67μg/ml)的芦荟大黄素可致微核细胞率增加,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而芦荟提取物未见此效应。在一定剂量范围内,芦荟大黄素(0.22～6μg/ml)和芦荟提取物(20～180μg/ml)对甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)所致微核细胞率均有一定程度的拮抗作用,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:芦荟大黄素具有一定的诱变作用,而在本实验剂量范围内的芦荟提取物未见遗传毒性。两种受试物在一定范围内均能较好地拮抗MMS所致的染色体损伤。     

Erythrocyte levels of cadmium and lead and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma

Cadmium and lead are persistent environmental toxins that are known or probable carcinogens, based on evidence for causality for nonhematologic cancers. Associations of these metals with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are unknown but biologically plausible. To examine the associations of circulating levels of lead and cadmium exposure with risk of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) and multiple myeloma, we conducted a nested case-control study among 299 incident B-cell NHLs and 76 MM cases within the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (CPS-II NC). Each case was incidence-density matched to two eligible controls on age, race, sex and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lymphoid malignancies overall and stratified by subtype. We observed a significant positive association between high erythrocyte lead concentration and risk of lymphoid malignancies overall (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33 per 17.6 μg/L (1 standard deviation [SD])) and follicular lymphoma in particular (RR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.80 per SD). In contrast, there was no association between erythrocyte cadmium and risk of B-NHL (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.06 per 0.37 μg/L [1 SD]), or any B-NHL subtypes; but a strong inverse association with MM risk (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.89, per SD). Results from our study suggest a positive association between erythrocyte lead level and risk of lymphoid malignancies and a possible inverse association between cadmium and myeloma. Additional research is needed to confirm and further explore these findings.     

甲胎蛋白与自噬在肝癌发生发展中的作用及其相互关系

甲胎蛋白（AFP）作为临床诊断肝癌最常用的肿瘤标志物,有抑制免疫、促进细胞生长、抑制癌细胞凋亡的作用。自噬是一种维持细胞生存的重要途径之一,其与肝癌的发生发展及治疗有着密切联系,对肝癌既有抑制又有促进作用。PI3K/AKT作为两者共有的信号通路,它们是否有着相互关系来促进肝癌的发展尚需进一步研究。     

甲状腺手术的技巧及副损伤的预防和处置

鉴于甲状腺手术是普外科的常见手术，为求其日渐完美，以有益于病人，现根据作者的体会，并结合阅读相关文献，就其手术操作、喉返神经处理、甲状旁腺处理进行扼要阐述。     

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftibuten and Cefaclor in the Treatment of Pneumonia and Bronchiectasis

Summary

In a multicentre, international study of 187 adult patients with bacterial pneumonia or bronchiectasis, the safety and efficacy of a regimen of 200 mg ceftibuten administered twice-daily was compared with cefaclor given in a dosage of 500 mg three times a day. Of the 94 evaluable patients, 66 received ceftibuten and 28 received cefaclor. The overall bacteriological response was similar in the two treatment groups with elimination of the original pathogen in 91% and 89% of the patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively. The overall clinical response mirrored the bacteriological results with a successful clinical outcome in 92% of ceftibuten-treated patients compared with 93% in patients receiving cefaclor. Adverse experiences were, in general, few and mild, being reported in 8% and 17% of patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively.