Combined oral contraceptive use among women with hypertension: a systematic review

Women with hypertension are at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use, even among low-dose users, has been associated with a small excess risk for cardiovascular events among healthy women. In this systematic review, we examined cardiovascular risks among COC users with hypertension. After searching MEDLINE for all articles published from 1966 through February 2005 relevant to COC use, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, we identified 25 articles for this review. Overall, these studies showed that hypertensive COC users were at higher risk for stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than hypertensive non-COC users, but that they were not at higher risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Women who did not have their blood pressure measured before initiating COC use were at higher risk for ischemic stroke and AMI, but not for hemorrhagic stroke or VTE, than COC users who did not have their blood pressure measured.     

Sex differences in preinfarction characteristics and longterm survival among patients with myocardial infarction

The prevalence of primary risk factors, previous medical history, and physical activity were assessed among 262 women and 1259 men who suffered a first nonfatal myocardial infarction between 1968 and 1977 in G?teborg, Sweden. The probability of suffering a myocardial infarction based on the conventional factors cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure and smoking habits was estimated in both sexes by means of a multiple risk function. Comparisons between sexes were made with age alone and age and estimated primary risk as confounders. Survival rate and reinfarction rate were calculated for a 5-year period of follow-up. Women with infarctions had higher serum cholesterol levels (p less than 0.001) and higher blood pressure values (p less than 0.001) but were less often smokers than men (p less than 0.001). The female patients also reported chest pain and dyspnea on exertion, and low physical activity both at work and during leisure time significantly more often than men; these differences remained after controlling for estimated primary risk. An overrepresentation of hypertension and diabetes prior to myocardial infarction was found among women below 45 years of age compared with men. A high frequency of women in this age group was also on sick leave or disability pension at onset of myocardial infarction, suggesting that mainly women with several risk factors including socioeconomic factors suffer an infarction at this age. No similar and consistent differences were found between women and men of older ages. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 80% in women and 81% in men. Below age 45 the survival rate was lower among women than men (p less than 0.01). No sex difference was found in the recurrence rate of nonfatal reinfarctions. This indicates that once women have suffered a myocardial infarction they are exposed to at least as high a risk as men.     

高血压家族成员中高血压发病危险因素的研究

目的　研究分析高血压家族中高血压病患者与非高血压人员各项危险因素 (如一般状况、生活饮食习惯及实验室生化检查 )的差别。方法　选取 2 0 0 3年初至 2 0 0 4年初在宣武医院心内科门诊就诊的原发性高血压患者 ,经询问确定为高血压家族 ,对家族成员进行问卷调查及实验室检查 ,涉及家族 84个 ,共 36 8人 ,选出直系同辈共 192人。代谢综合征的诊断根据ATPⅢ来确定。结果实验室检查高血压家族中的高血压患者较非高血压人员血脂水平高 ,血糖水平高 ,体重指数 (BMI)高 ;在生活调查中 ,高血压患者男性为多 ,吸烟、饮酒者多 ,喜咸食 ,性格易急躁。在进行logistic回归后 ,超重 (BMI>2 3)、吸烟、性格急躁同发生高血压存在相关关系。两组代谢综合征的发生率差异有统计学意义。结论　高血压家族中非高血压人员首要的预防措施为控制体重 (BMI)。高血压家族中高血压患者较非高血压人员代谢综合征的发病率高。     

The elderly hypertensive: a neglected patient?

A cohort of 1,002 elderly hypertensive patients who received care at six family practice residency program clinics in Iowa was followed for nearly four years in a historical prospective design study. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted and the end points of the study were the occurrence of a cerebrovascular accident (n = 37), myocardial infarction (n = 27), or death (n = 102). Survival regression analysis showed that the risk of cerebrovascular accident is greater than any other major morbid event and that risk is proportional to increasing levels of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The findings are in agreement with published studies of hypertension and its treatment in other age groups.     

Quantifying risk of adverse clinical events with one set of vital signs among primary care patients with hypertension

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is often uncontrolled. One reason might be physicians' reticence to modify therapy in response to single office measurements of vital signs. METHODS: Using electronic records from an inner-city primary care practice, we extracted information about vital signs, diagnoses, test results, and drug therapy available on the first primary care visit in 1993 for patients with hypertension. We then identified multivariable predictors of subsequent vascular complications in the ensuing 5 years. RESULTS: Of 5,825 patients (mean age 57 years) previously treated for hypertension for 5.6 years, 7% developed myocardial infarctions, 17% had strokes, 24% developed ischemic heart disease, 22% had heart failure, 12% developed renal insufficiency, and 13% died in 5 years. Controlling for other clinical data, a 10-mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure was associated with 13% increased risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 6%-21%) of renal insufficiency, 9% (95% CI, 3%-15%) increased risk of ischemic heart disease, 7% (95% CI, 3%-11%) increased risk of stroke, and 6% (95% CI, 2%-9%) increased risk of first stroke or myocardial infarction. A 10-mmHg elevation in mean blood pressure predicted a 12% (95% CI, 5%-20%) increased risk of heart failure. An increase in heart rate of 10 beats per minute predicted a 16% (95% CI, 2%-5%) increased risk of death. Diastolic blood pressure predicted only a 13% (95% CI, 4%-23%) increased risk of first stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Vital signs-especially systolic blood pressure-recorded routinely during a single primary care visit had significant prognostic value for multiple adverse clinical events among patients treated for hypertension and should not be ignored by clinicians.     

急性心肌梗死合并高血压患者的临床研究

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（acutemyocardialinfarction，AMI）合并高血压患者的临床特点。方法选择90例AMI患者分A组（伴高血压史）、B组（无高血压史）。观察AMI前后血压变化、LVH情况，AMI后2周内UCG测定LVEF、E／A比值、泵功能，血清心肌酶峰CPK、CK—MB测定，血浆AngⅡ、β-EP和CGRP水平的测定，及梗死后心脏事件等。结果A组血压下降明显，并与基础血压、LVH、泵功能有关；A组发生AMI后AngⅡ、β-EP、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）及CPK、CK—MB水平均高于B组；血压下降者LVEF及E／A显著低于血压无下降者，A组泵功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级发生率高于B组，心脏事件及死亡率也高于B组。结论高血压是冠心病的重要危险因素，高血压发生AMI后71．1％血压下降，这与心功能恶化、LVH、梗死面积大以及血浆AngⅡ、β-EP、CGRP水平更高有关。     

杭州市余杭区社区管理高血压病患者不同服药情况对血压控制的影响

目的探索高血压病患者不同服药情况对血压控制的影响,为防治对策提供依据。方法利用2009年杭州市余杭区4个示范社区高血压病患者随访记录。按照年度内服药时间和血压测定结果,服药分规则、间断、偶治;血压控制分优良、尚可、不良。分析不同服药时间的长、短,对血压控制的效果影响。对有关数据进行χ2检验,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果共调查社区管理的高血压病病患者800例,规则服药率66.2%,影响规则服药依从性的主要与个体的患病年限有关,而性别、年龄差异无统计学意义。高血压病患者血压控制率为64.4%,规则和不规则服药患者的血压控制率分别为79.8%和34.1%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01,RR=2.34）。结论坚持规则服药对高血压病患者的血压控制是必要的,社区随访中提高患者规则服药依从性对血压控制具有重要意义。     

江苏省心血管病高危人群中高血压患者血压控制的随访研究

目的  探讨心血管病高危人群中高血压患者血压随访控制情况,为高血压及心血管病防治提供理论依据和参考。方法  选取2016—2019年参与项目的心血管病高危人群中20 091名高血压患者作为研究对象,对研究对象进行两次随访。采用广义估计方程对血压控制情况进行分析。结果  在心血管病高危人群中,第1次随访血压控制率为37.8%,第2次随访血压控制率为32.8%。吸烟者、城市居民以及受教育程度越高和家庭年收入越高的人群血压越易控制,而高血压知晓者、饮酒者和BMI高者血压均不易得到控制(均有P＜0.05)。结论  江苏省心血管病高危人群中高血压患者的血压控制水平还有待于提高,应加强重点人群的血压防控工作,且需进行规范化的血压管理和有效的干预措施来提高控制效果。     

Risk factors for premature myocardial infarction: a matched case-control study

Background: Myocardial infarction in young age is increasing. Identifying risk factors could be important for health promotion. We studied classic atherosclerotic risk factors in premature myocardial infarction. Methods: In this matched case-control study, which was conducted from 2005 to 2007 in Birjand County, the east of Iran, atherosclerotic risk factors (hyperten-sion, family history of coronary artery diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia) of 98 patients affected by acute myocardial infarction aged under 50 years were compared with that of 98 healthy neighborhood controls. Results: Mean levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, as well as systolic blood pressure and body mass index were significantly higher in cases than in controls. There was a positive association between coronary artery disease at younger age and dyslipidemia OR=2.8 [95% CI: 1.5, 5.2], smoking OR=6.4 [95% CI: 3.0, 13.5], systolic hypertension OR=3.1 [95% CI: 1.5, 6.3], family history of coronary artery diseases OR=10.9 [95% CI: 3.2, 37.9] and diabetes OR=2.5 [95% CI: 1.04, 6.2]. Conclusion: Smoking, systolic hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most common risk factors among patients with premature myocardial infarction.     

老年高血压伴脑梗死24h动态血压的临床分析

目的探讨老年高血压脑梗死24h动态血压的临床分析方法将2012年10）~--2013年10月我院收治的老年高血压病人分为高血压并发症梗死患者和非并发脑梗死病人两个组别,并分别对两组病人的动态血压进行测量,比较两组病人的脉压和血压。结果两组患者的动态血压相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论脑梗死病人的ABPP增加非常的明显,对老年高血压病人的脉压进行监测,可以更好的对老年高血压病人的疾病的状态以及预后进行更加准确的判断。     

Effects of sex on differences in awareness, treatment, and control of high blood pressure

Our purpose was to explain the reasons for sex differentials in the awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension by identifying major social and behavioral predictors of these three sequential stages of high blood pressure control. We analyzed data on all 1,433 hypertensive subjects from the First Connecticut Blood Pressure Survey. Hypertensive women were more likely than hypertensive men to be aware of their high blood pressure (odds ratio = 1.40; confidence interval = 1.10-1.79) and to have controlled levels of blood pressure (odds ratio = 1.62; confidence interval = 1.08-2.44). Men and women who were aware of their hypertension were equally likely to be treated. Sex still explained differences in awareness and control of hypertension after adjusting for other significant variables. We conclude that sex is an important predictive covariate for adjustment in explaining differences in awareness and control of high blood pressure. Health care professionals should be aware of the differential role of sex when informing and treating hypertensive patients.     

血压控制与糖尿病发病关系的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨血压控制情况与新发糖尿病的关系.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法 ,以江苏省多代谢异常和代谢综合征综合防治研究队列满足条件的人群为研究对象,分析并比较基线血压正常组和基线高血压组随访血压控制在不同水平时糖尿病发病率;运用Cox比例风险模型分析血压控制情况与随访新发糖尿病的关系.结果 3146名研究对象中,有102例新发糖尿病患者.基线血压正常组(n=2369)和高血压组(n=777)糖尿病累积发病率分别为2.74%和4.76%;基线血压正常组与高血压组糖尿病发病率均随着SBP和DBP增加而上升;两组人群中,随访转为或仍然为高血压的人群糖尿病发病率均大于随访血压保持或控制为正常的人群(基线血压正常组5.6%vs.1.9%,基线高血压组7.1%vs.2.2%).调整基线年龄、性别和糖尿病一般危险因素后,基线血压正常组中随访转为高血压的人群相比血压保持正常的人群发生糖尿病的相对危险度(aRR值及95%CI)为1.84(1.00～3.63);基线高血压组中随访血压未得到控制相比血压得到控制的人群发生糖尿病的aRR值为1.90(1.03～3.74).若调整性别、年龄和基线代谢综合征,aRR值则分别为1.70(0.99～2.78)和1.90(1.04～3.75).结论 基线血压正常组与高血压患者,若有效控制其血压在正常水平均能降低糖尿病发病的风险.     

氯沙坦和非洛地平治疗中老年高血压合并高尿酸血症的疗效观察

[目的 ]　比较氯沙坦和非洛地平对中老年高血压合并高尿酸血症的疗效。　 [方法 ]　 60例中老年高血压合并高尿酸血症患者随机分成两组 ,分别服用氯沙坦 (氯沙坦组 ,n =3 0例 )和非洛地平 (非洛地平组 ,n =3 0例 ) ,分别测定两组患者治疗前后的血压、2 4h动态血压、血尿酸、空服血糖、血脂和肝肾功能。　 [结果 ]　氯沙坦和非洛地平均有明显的降压效果 (P <0 .0 1) ,两组的降压效果相似 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但氯沙坦降低血尿酸的效果优于非洛地平 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,对血糖、肝肾功能、血脂均无明显作用 ,未发生明显不良反应。　 [结论 ]　氯沙坦治疗中老年高血压安全、有效 ,与非洛地平相似 ,并且有降低高血尿酸作用     

高血压患者行为危险因素聚集对血压控制的影响

目的 探讨高血压患者行为危险因素聚集对血压控制的影响,为提升血压控制率制定具有成本效益的干预策略提供科学依据。 方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法对云南省8个县(区)≥18岁居民开展问卷调查和体格检查,将其中确诊为高血压的患者作为研究对象。计算存在不同危险因素(吸烟、饮酒、体力活动不足、蔬菜水果摄入不足、静态行为时间过长)个数患者的高血压控制率,多因素非条件logistic回归分析用于检验高血压控制率与行为危险因素聚集的关系。采用敏感性分析探讨其稳健性。 结果 共2 906例高血压患者纳入分析,血压控制率为15.7%。患者中存在≥2项行为危险因素聚集者占比达57.5%,存在0、1、2、3、≥4个行为危险因素的高血压患者血压控制率分别为18.9%、17.5%、15.7%、12.7%、7.2%。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,高血压控制率随着行为危险因素聚集个数增加而减小(P_趋势<0.05),与存在0个行为危险因素相比,患者存在≥4个行为危险因素会影响血压控制率(OR =2.928,95%CI:1.229～6.976)。敏感性分析结果显示行为危险因素聚集与高血压控制率的关联及趋势稳定。结论 高血压患者中行为危险因素聚集会影响血压控制,应将存在多种危险因素的患者作为干预的重点人群,以期提升血压控制率。     

老年冠脉事件患者晨峰血压和高敏C反应蛋白水平变化的相关性

目的 探讨老年冠脉事件患者中晨峰血压(MBPS)和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平变化的关系及临床价值.方法 123例患者,陈旧性心肌梗死组(OMI)55例、陈旧性心肌梗死再发急性冠脉综合征组(OMI+ACS)68例.50例非冠心病者作为对照组.所有对象均排除感染、恶性肿瘤、血液病、瓣膜病、先天性心脏病、主动脉夹层、继发性高血压病、肝肾功能不全.行24 h动态血压监测并计算晨峰血压(MBPS),免疫比浊法测定血清hs-CRP,分析晨峰血压和hs-CRP平变化的关系.结果 OMI组与对照组的hs-CRP和MBPS差异均有统计学意义(0.01＜P＜0.05),其余各组的hs-CRP和MBPS差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),老年冠心病患者hs-CRP与晨峰血压(MBPS)水平之间呈正相关(r=0.76,P＜0.01).结论 晨峰血压与机体血管的损伤性炎症反应的关键风险因子hs-CRP密切相关,两者对老年患者的冠脉事件发生发展有重要影响,对评估老年人再发急性冠脉事件有重要临床价值.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the relationship between the level of morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) and High-sensitivity C-reactive protein( hs-CRP) in acute coronary events among old patients and to evaluate their clinical value. Methods One hundred and twenty - three patients with coronary disease were divided into two groups, each of which was old myocardial infarction(OMI, n = 55) and old myocardial infarction with acute cardiovascular syndrome (OMI + ACS, n =68). The control group includes the patients without coronary disease( n =50). The patients who have infection, malignant tumors, liver and kidney dysfunction, blood diseases, valvular heart diseases, congenital heart diseases, aortic dissection,secondary hypertension were not included. All groups were received 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to calculate MBPS and the determination of hs-CRP in serum. Results Compared with each two groups, the levels of MBPS and hs-CRP in OMI group were significantly higher than those of the control group (0. 01 ＜ P ＜0. 05) , and had more significance in the other groups ( P ＜0.01). The levels of MBPS and hs-CRP had positive relationship in coronary events in the elderly ( r =0. 76, P ＜0. 01) . Conclusion The level of MBPS is positively correlated with serum hs-CRP which is one of key risk factors of inflammatory reactions by impairing vessels in body. The two factors both play important roles in the occurrence and the development of coronary events among old patients. They both have important clinical value in recurrent acute coronary events among old patients.     

A 3-year follow-up of hypertension in Delhi.

A follow-up study of hypertension was carried out among adults in Delhi 3 years after an initial community-based epidemiological survey of the same population. The treatment and the severity status of 1115 out of 1749 individuals with hypertension detected in the initial survey were compared with those observed in the follow-up. The proportion of treated cases with controlled blood pressure rose from 10.8% to 60.8%. Among the cohort of 3611 subjects aged 25-64 years who were normotensive in the initial survey, 132 new cases of hypertension, were detected. The annual incidence of hypertension was the same in men and women (12.2 per 1000). Diabetes and regular alcohol consumption were significant risk factors for hypertension, being present in 13 and 7 cases, respectively. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded for 871 of the 1115 cases of hypertension. Abnormal ECGs were exhibited by 307 cases (35.2%), of which 24 (2.7%) had had myocardial infarction, 133 (15.3%) had ischaemic ST-T changes, 54 (6.2%) had left ventricular hypertrophy, and 96 (11.0%) had conduction defects and arrhythmias.     

Psychosocial factors at work and myocardial infarction among men in Kaunas, Lithuania

OBJECTIVES: The association between job demand and job control and first nonfatal myocardial infarction was studied among the 25- to 64-year-old male population in Kaunas, Lithuania. METHODS: A translation of the Swedish version of the demand-control questionnaire was used. Both psychosocial work characteristics as independent risk factors and the possible effects of traditional risk factors (smoking, arterial hypertension, overweight) were analyzed in a case-control study among 203 men diagnosed in 2001-2002 with a first nonfatal myocardial infarction (cases) and 287 men randomly selected as controls. A logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio for developing myocardial infarction in relation to self-reported job demand and job control. Possible confounders (age, marital status, education, type of occupation, smoking, blood pressure, body mass index) were controlled. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio was 0.56 [95% confidence interval (95% CI 0.37-0.85)] and 1.53 (95% CI 1.04-2.38), for demand and control, respectively. That for workers with low demand and low control was 1.89 (95% CI 0.99-3.60) as compared with low demand and high control. The risk of myocardial infarction for men in passive jobs (low demand and low control) was twofold that of the other respondents. CONCLUSIONS: The association between low job control and the risk of myocardial infarction was found to be consistent with research in western populations. In contradiction, however, to findings in western studies, low demand, rather than high demand proved to be a risk factor for 25- to 64-year-old men. Employees in passive jobs had the highest risk.     

Is drug treatment of hypertension in clinical practice as effective as in randomized controlled trials with regard to the reduction of the incidence of stroke?

The results from several nonexperimental studies suggest that drug treatment of hypertension in daily clinical practice may not be as effective as in randomized controlled trials. These nonexperimental studies had limitations with regard to the selection of an appropriate control group. The objective of our study was to assess the effect of drug treatment of hypertension under circumstances of everyday medical practice on the incidence of stroke by using a prognostically comparable untreated reference group. Within two prospective, population-based cohort studies among 45,000 men and women 20 years of age and older in the Netherlands, we selected a cohort of 2,301 hypertensive subjects who either received drug treatment for hypertension (N = 1,318) or were untreated for hypertension but were determined to be "candidates" for drug treatment on the basis of their level of blood pressure and the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors (N = 983). Follow-up averaged 4.6 years and was complete for 91% of the hypertensives. Compared with untreated hypertensive subjects who were "candidates" for drug treatment, subjects who received drug treatment for hypertension had, after adjustment for potential confounders, a 39% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3-61%] reduced risk of stroke. About 46 (95% CI = 29-599) hypertensive patients need to be treated with antihypertensive drugs for 5 years to prevent one stroke in the general Dutch population. When a prognostically comparable reference group is used, the drug treatment of hypertension under circumstances of everyday medical practice appears to be effective in the reduction of the incidence of stroke. The relative risk reduction that we found was similar to those found in randomized controlled trials.     

Patients with acute myocardial infarction in northern Italy are often infected by Helicobacter pylori

BACKGROUND: The classical risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) fail to explain all the epidemiological variations of the disease. Among the new risk factors recently reported, several infectious agents appear to increase the risk of AMI. In particular, acute and chronic respiratory diseases due to Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection seem to be strongly involved. The aim of this work is to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a group of male patients with AMI, in a case-control study, where a group of blood donors matched for sex and age served as control. We searched for the classical risk factors in all patients. METHODS: We studied 212 consecutive male patients, aged 40-65 years, admitted for AMI at the Coronary Care Units at Hospitals in three towns of Northern Italy. H. pylori infection was assessed by the highly specific and sensitive 13C-urea breath test and by presence of antibodies (IgG) against H. pylori in circulation. Volunteer blood donors attending our Hospital Blood Bank served as controls. Among the patients we investigated the presence of hypertension, cholesterol and glucose levels in serum, fibrinogen in plasma and the smoking habit. RESULTS: H. pylori infection was present in 187/212 (88%) of the patients and in 183/310 (59%) of the control population (p < 0.0001). Classical risk factors for AMI did not differ among patients with and without H. pylori infection. CONCLUSION: Patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit for acute myocardial infarction had a notably higher prevalence of H. pylori infection than the general population. The classical risk factors for coronary disease were equally present in all patients with AMI irrespective of H. pylori status.     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Japanese rural communities]

BACKGROUND: In Japan, a national survey indicated that only 7% of hypertensive patients had a blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg. There have been no reports of studies investigating all of the prevalence of hypertension, the percentage of subjects who are aware of hypertension, the percentage being treated, and the percentage that are well-controlled (awareness, treatment and control, respectively) among hypertensives in the Japanese general population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of hypertension, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensives in a Japanese rural population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of base-line data of the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. SETTING: Twelve rural communities is 8 prefectures in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling people who participated in the health examination program in 1992-1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure (BP) measured once in the sitting position after a 5-minute rest using oscillometric automatic BP monitors (BP203RV-II; Nippon Colin, Japan), and history of hypertension assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 11,302 subjects (4,415 men and 6,887 women). The mean (standard deviation) age was 55(12) years for men and 55(11) years for women. Mean systolic BP and diastolic BP levels were, respectively, 131(21) mmHg and 79(12) mmHg for men and 128(21) mmHg and 76(12) mmHg for women. Prevalence of hypertension (systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication) was 37% for men and 33% for women. Percentages for awareness (on medication or present past history), treatment and control (both systolic BP < 140 mmHg and diastolic BP < 90 mmHg) were, respectively, 39%, 27% and 10% for men and 46%, 38% and 13% for women. CONCLUSIONS: About one third of the study popUlation were hypertensive, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the hypertensives were 43%, 34% and 12%, respectively. Less than half of the hypertensives were well-controlled even when measurement bias was considered. In the rural Japanese population, improvements are required with regard to awareness, treatment and control of hypertension.