带血管蒂腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移重建髌腱的长期随访

目的 总结胫骨近端侵袭性骨肿瘤广泛切除假体置换手术,应用带血管蒂腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移重建髌腱的长期随访结果.方法 胫骨近端肉瘤广泛切除后,应用带血管蒂腓肠肌瓣转移重建髌腱附着,长期随访及评估伸膝动力和并发症.结果 临床治疗69例,对45例生存患者平均随访68.6(24～128)个月,局部复发率8.7%(6/69),伸膝肌力平均4.2级(3.6～5.0),膝关节屈曲平均95°(75°～135°),伸膝平均-2°(0°～12°),5例膝关节不能完全伸直;患肢MSTS功能评分为77%(23.1/30),外观正常.结论 在胫骨近端侵袭性骨肿瘤保肢术中,应用带血管蒂腓肠肌瓣转移重建髌腱,能够恢复伸膝力量,改善软组织覆盖和患肢功能.     

改良腓肠肌内侧头带蒂肌瓣在Gustilo ⅢB型胫骨中段骨折中的应用

目的 总结改良腓肠肌内侧头带蒂肌瓣修复Gustilo ⅢB型胫骨中段骨折软组织缺损的临床应用效果.方法 用这种改良带蒂肌瓣技术修复9例胫骨中段软组织缺损,肌瓣表面行一期中厚网状游离植皮,供区直接缝合.结果 术后肌瓣和其上植皮全部成活,取得了较满意的效果,没有发现明显的供区功能障碍.结论 该肌瓣以腓肠内侧动脉为血供,具有血供丰富,血管解剖恒定,血管蒂长以及肌瓣较薄的优点,带蒂移植适宜修复胫骨中段软组织缺损.     

腓肠肌内侧头岛状肌瓣修复胫骨上端感染创面

目的：总结腓肠肌内侧头岛状肌瓣修复胫骨上端感染创面的临床应用结果。方法：胫骨上端感染创面9例,男7例,女2例;年龄21～60岁,平均34岁。应用改进的腓肠肌内侧头岛状肌瓣修复,供区均选用同侧小腿。肌瓣表面行Ⅰ期中厚网状游离植皮,供区直接缝合。结果：仅1例术后发生表浅感染,经换敷料逐渐愈合。所有患者肌瓣和其上植皮全部成活。术后随访13个月～4年,平均21个月,供区愈合良好,未发现明显功能障碍。结论：腓肠肌内侧头岛状肌瓣以腓肠内侧动脉为血供,具有血供丰富,血管解剖恒定,血管蒂长,以及肌瓣较薄的优点,带蒂移植适宜修复胫骨上端软组织缺损。     

改良腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣或肌皮瓣带蒂移植修复膝关节周围软组织缺损

目的总结改良腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣或肌皮瓣移植修复膝关节周围软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法自2002年1月至2014年1月,应用改良腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣或肌皮瓣带蒂移植修复膝关节周围软组织缺损38例,男26例,女12例;年龄22~68岁,平均34岁。软组织缺损面积2 cm×5 cm~12 cm×15 cm。损伤后至手术时间3 h~4周,平均18 d。肌瓣表面行一期中厚网状游离植皮。结果 1例受区发生小的皮缘裂开,术后2周自然愈合;2例发生小块植皮坏死,再次行中厚植皮修复愈合。肌瓣或肌皮瓣全部成活,所有患者术后随访1.5~4.5年,平均2.5年。受区外形较好,取得了满意的治疗效果。结论腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣或肌皮瓣移植很适宜修复膝关节周围软组织缺损,具有血管解剖恒定,血供丰富和操作简单等优点。     

腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣联合植皮修复髌前软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣联合游离植皮修复髌前软组织缺损的临床应用效果.方法 应用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣修复8例外伤性髌前软组织缺损伴骨外露患者,肌瓣表面行一期中厚网状游离植皮,供区直接缝合.结果 肌瓣移植术后过程顺利,肌瓣和其上游离植皮全部成活,取得了较满意效果.2例术后发生小的创缘表浅感染,经敷料交换治疗逐渐愈合.随访1...     

腘绳肌腱重建髌腱在胫骨近端肿瘤瘤段切除肿瘤式膝关节假体置换术中的应用

目的探讨腘绳肌腱重建髌腱在胫骨近端肿瘤瘤段切除肿瘤式膝关节假体置换术中的应用。方法笔者自2008-06—2015-06采用肿瘤式膝关节假体置换术治疗20例胫骨近端侵蚀性肿瘤,使用腘绳肌腱移植重建切除的髌韧带,腓肠肌内侧头旋转覆盖假体及重建后髌腱,牢固重建伸膝装置,评估术后临床疗效。结果本组20例均获得随访12~80个月,平均30个月。术后6个月下肢功能采用Enneking肢体肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建置换术后膝关节功能评估标准评定:优16例,良4例。1例骨肉瘤患者复发,复发率为5%,后给予截肢,随访第3年死亡;其余患者无局部复发或远处转移迹象。本组无感染、腓总神经损伤等并发症。结论腘绳肌腱重建髌腱在胫骨近端肿瘤瘤段切除肿瘤式膝关节假体置换术中的应用效果良好,能很好重建伸膝装置,是一种安全、可靠的选择。     

腓肠肌远端岛状肌瓣修复膝和小腿上2/3软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用腓肠肌远端岛状肌瓣修复膝关节周围和小腿上2/3软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 2003年5月至2009年5月,应用腓肠肌远端岛状肌瓣修复18例膝关节周围和小腿上2/3软组织缺损,其中腓肠肌内侧头远端岛状肌瓣12例,腓肠肌外侧头6例.肌瓣表面以中厚网状皮片修复,供区直接缝合.结果 18例患者的肌瓣和其上所植皮片均成活,仅有2例术后创缘表浅感染,但经换药后逐渐愈合.术后随访8个月至4.8年,平均3.5年,供区愈合良好,仅有一纵行手术切口痕迹.患肢膝关节屈、伸与小腿内、外旋,以及足的跖屈与站立时上提足跟的肌力强度与功能,与健肢相比无明显差异,未见明显的功能障碍.受区肌瓣质地、厚薄及颜色均较好.结论 腓肠肌远端岛状肌瓣血供丰富,血管解剖恒定,血管蒂长,肌瓣较薄,适宜修复膝关节周围和小腿上2/3软组织缺损.     

膝关节开放性烧伤的修复及功能重建

目的：探讨膝关节开放性烧伤的修复和功能重建。方法：烧伤后早期(3—5天)手术清创彻底切除膝关节周围坏死组织，凿除坏死骨质和软骨等，根据缺损的部位和大小在同侧小腿后侧设计和切取内侧、外侧或全腓肠肌肌皮瓣，利用肌肉远端腱性部分修复髌韧带，强大的肌腹覆盖缺损处代替关节囊、侧副韧带起到加强膝关节稳定性的作用。结果：术后肌皮瓣全部成活，创面愈合良好，局部外形满意。无感染、关节腔狭窄和积液等并发症，经锻炼膝关节活动良好，伸屈自如，修复的膝关节可承受单腿站立或跳跃。结论：腓肠肌肌皮瓣邻近受区，血供丰富，切取容易，操作简单，强大的肌腹和)lJt~t可代替膝关节周围关节囊、侧副韧带和髌韧带起到稳定膝关节的作用，切取腓肠肌后对小腿功能影响不大，修复和重建膝关节效果优于其它肌皮瓣。     

内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的 回顾性分析自体半腱肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股韧带联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床结果.方法 复发性髌骨脱位31例行内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解,并对患者进行影像检查及膝关节功能评分.结果 术后随访24～56个月,31例均无再次脱位;功能评分术前与术后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 自体半腱肌腱移植重建内侧髌股韧带联合外侧支持带松解治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位效果可靠.     

带蒂腓肠肌腱皮瓣修复开放性髌腱缺损

陈旧性髌腱缺损治疗困难，若合并膝前软组织缺损需要分期多次手术。我们应用带蒂腓肠肌腱皮瓣一期修复膝前软组织缺损及重建髌腱，效果满意，报道如下。１病例介绍例1，男，32岁，1997年8月5日车祸致左胫腓骨上l/3骨折，膝前软组织压轧撕脱。当即在外院行清创缝合，骨折复位钢板内固定。１０天后，软组织及髌腱坏死，伤口裂开。即在硬膜外麻醉下再次清创，切除坏死皮肤及皮下组织，皮肤缺损16cm×1Ocm，髌骨前及髌腱缺损约5cm，髌腱远端残留约1cm。彻底清理冲洗创面后切取17cm×12cm带部分跟腱的内侧腓肠肌皮瓣移位覆盖修复创面。6周去石膏…     

Die Rekonstruktion des medialen patellofemoralen Ligaments mit der getunnelten Semitendinosussehne

OBJECTIVE: Stabilization of the patella by reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament. INDICATIONS: Chronic recurrent lateral dislocation or subluxation of the patella. Habitual lateral dislocation of the patella. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Primary dislocation of the patella. Genu valgum with a Q-angle > 15 degrees . Status following semitendinosus tendon transfer to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. Joint infection. Neurogenic instability, ischiocrural muscle deficiency. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Division of the distal insertion of the semitendinosus muscle at the pes anserinus. Subligamentous tunneling at the proximal insertion of the medial collateral ligament. The distal end of the semitendinosus tendon is transferred through the subligamentous tunnel to the medial patellar margin. Fixation of the tendon to the medioproximal patellar margin by passing it through an oblique transpatellar drill hole. RESULTS: The patella was stabilized by dynamic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament in 14 patients with chronic recurrent or habitual lateral patellar dislocation. Ten patients were available for clinical follow-up assessment at an average of 13 months (8-27 months) postoperatively. The postoperative Kujala Index (maximum 100 points) increased on average from 56 to 95 points.     

关节镜辅助下小切口重建内侧髌股韧带治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下小切口同种异体肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2006年1月～2010年4月共收治28例创伤性复发性髌骨脱位,所有患者在第一次脱位均为膝关节外伤所致,伤后患膝明显肿胀及髌骨脱位-复位感,此后出现髌骨脱位3次以上者。手术方法:先行关节镜检查,髌骨外侧支持带紧张者行松解术,关节镜监视下调整MFPL的张力并于其解剖止点以同种异体肌腱重建MFPL,术后接受正规功能康复锻炼。结果术后平均随访26个月(12～36个月)。重建术后无髌骨再次脱位发生,髌股关节稳定。术前、术后均采用Lysholm和Kujala膝关节评分标准,手术前后评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论选择适当的病例,重建内侧髌股韧带是治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法。     

Akagi胫骨前后轴在全膝关节置换术中的定位作用

目的 分析膝关节CT片上Akagi胫骨前后轴与髌腱中内1/3点、髌腱内侧缘等解剖标志的相互关系,确定全膝关节置换术中胫骨假体旋转定位的参照轴线.方法 对40名青年健康志愿者行膝关节伸直中立位CT检查.Akagi胫骨前后轴定义为CT片上垂直于外科经上髁轴且经过后十字韧带中点的直线.于胫骨平台平而及预定截骨平面标记胫骨前后轴及其与髌腱相交点、后十字韧带中点与髌腱内侧缘及髌腱中内1/3点连线,分别测量胫骨前后轴与髌腱相交点内侧髌腱占髌腱总宽度的比例、后十字韧带中点与髌腱内侧缘及髌腱中内1/3点连线同胫骨前后轴之间的夹角.结果 在胫骨平台平面,胫骨前后轴经过髌腱内侧缘外侧10.1%±8.3%处;在预定截骨平面,胫骨前后轴经过髌腱内侧缘外侧0.2%±10.0%处.在预定截骨平面,后十字韧带中点与髌腱内侧缘连线和胫骨前后轴的夹角为0.1°±2.7°,后十字韧带中点与髌腱中内1/3点连线和胫骨前后轴的夹角为10.3°±3.6°.结论 全膝关节置换术中,当以胫骨结节中内1/3点为标准行胫骨假体旋转放置时,有导致胫骨假体相对于股骨假体过度外旋的可能.后十字韧带中点与髌腱内侧缘连线几乎与Akagi胫骨前后轴重叠,可以作为全膝关节置换术中胫骨假体旋转定位的参照轴线.     

The Effect of Immobilization on Collagen Turnover in Connective Tissue: A Biochemical-Biomechanical Correlation

Immobilization of the knee joint for 9 weeks results in a reduction of the mechanical properties in the lateral collateral ligament. Specifically, ligament stiffness is reduced in this tissue. No statistical change in collagen mass was detected for the medial collateral ligament (MCL) or patellar tendon. An increase in collagen turnover (synthesis and degradation) was, however, found in the immobilized medial collateral ligament and patellar tendon. It is thus proposed that stiffness reduction is due to a change in the ligament substance itself, rather than a result of tissue atrophy.     

Editorial Commentary: The Best Medial Patellofemoral Reconstruction May Include Components of Both Quadriceps and Patellar Attachments

Given different functions of the medial quadriceps tendon–femoral ligament and medial patellofemoral ligament components of the proximal medial patellar restraints, reconstructions to the midpoint of the medial patellofemoral ligament and medial quadriceps tendon–femoral ligament are probably optimal, combining the benefits of both in surgical treatment of recurrent patella instability.     

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with gracilis autograft for patellar instability

We describe a technique for patellar stabilization by reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament with the gracilis tendon. The tendon is anchored posteriorly on the soft tissue of the medial femoral epicondyle and anteriorly on the medial border of the patella. The plasty is completed by suture of the medial patellar wing. Inferior or medial transposition of the tibial tubercle may be associated. We have used this technique since 1995 for 145 knees with patellar instability. The small incisions have the advantages of minimally invasive surgery, particularly for the postoperative period and the cosmetic effect.     

Viertgradige Verbrennung des Kniegelenks beim Schwerstverbrannten

Extensive burn injuries accompanied by exposed bone, loss of tendon and traumatic arthrotomy are indications for primary closure of defects and early reconstruction. Owing to major burn injury, the patient presented in this paper suffered loss of the patellar ligament including the adjacent cortical substance of the patella and the tuberosity of the tibia. Gauntlet flaps from the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscle made it possible to prevent further necrosis and avoid infection. The flaps had a good blood supply, and 9 months later a plaited tendon of the posterior tibialis muscle was used to reconstruct the patellar ligament under the flaps as a secondary procedure. It was fixed by screwing on ladder plates selected from the Profile-Set range manufactured by Leibinger for use in hand surgery. It was not possible to correct the cranial malposition of the patella. Revascularization of the transplanted tendon was controlled by MR tomography. After 8 weeks weightbearing was increased, and after 16 weeks the patient was again able to climb stairs without walking aids.     

Sonographic imaging of the patellofemoral medial joint stabilizing structures: findings in human cadavers

The medial soft-tissue restraints of the patella, specifically the medial patellofemoral ligament and the vastus medialis obliquus muscle, are critical to patellofemoral joint stability. A reliable and inexpensive imaging technique would be clinically useful especially after acute patellar dislocation. The medial patellofemoral ligament and the vastus medialis obliquus muscle were identified in cadaveric dissection. The attachments of the medial patellofemoral ligament to the patella and the adductor tubercle, and the attachments of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle to the adductor magnus tendon, adductor tubercle, and patella were carefully observed. Sonography then was performed on four thawed fresh frozen cadaver knees. After sonographic examination of these structures, the knees were dissected and the structures previously identified by sonography were verified. In all four specimens, these restraints of the patellofemoral joint were identified by sonography based on their imaging characteristics and surrounding bony and soft-tissue landmarks.     

Editorial Commentary: From Lateral Release and Medial Plication to Complex Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Techniques: Medial Quadriceps Tendon Femoral Ligament Reconstruction Is the Most Anatomic Repair

Patella instability and dislocation are common in younger patients, and 1 in 5 patients are at risk of recurrent dislocations. Conservative treatment should be considered for first dislocations unless other concomitant injuries are present. Historically, lateral patella release and medial plication techniques were used for repair but have been superseded by medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Overconstraint is a potential problem and often related to nonanatomic femoral tunnel position and graft tension, which could result in increased patellar contact pressures and graft failure. The medial quadriceps tendon–femoral ligament reconstruction technique (MQTFL) avoids patellar tunnels without the risk of patella fracture. When comparing medial patellofemoral ligament, MQTFL, and the combination of both techniques in a cadaver model, MQTFL resulted in less constraint with no differences for patellar contact pressures. Medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament reconstruction is the most anatomic repair.     

Techniques of medial retinacular repair and reconstruction

Insufficiency of the passive patellar restraints results in lateral patellar instability by allowing excessive lateral displacement of the patella. Although the surgical approach to patellar instability traditionally has been to realign the dynamic elements (muscle forces) that pull the patella laterally, newer techniques have sought to restore the integrity of key medial passive (ligamentous) stabilizers. An increasing body of evidence indicates that the chief medial ligamentous restraint is the medial patellofemoral ligament. The current authors examine the principles of medial retinacular repair and reconstruction as they relate to patellar stability. Individual techniques and approaches are discussed, including primary repair with or without augmentation, and reconstruction using autogenous tendon, allografts, and synthetic graft materials. These procedures share the common objective of addressing the essential lesion in lateral patellar instability to restore the normal passive restraints against lateral patellar displacement.