肾部分切除术后迟发性出血的原因分析及治疗对策

目的:探讨肾部分切除术后迟发性出血原因及其防治方法。方法:回顾性分析我科2010年8月~2015年12月行肾部分切除术的64例患者临床资料,发生迟发性出血3例(4.7%)。男1例,女2例。将其与未出血患者比较探讨肾部分切除术后出血的危险因素。结果:3例患者出血表现为术后7~22天(平均16.3天)内出现大量肉眼血尿,血压及血红蛋白均下降。2例出血患者行输血及保守治疗病情好转,其余1例行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术,肾动脉造影提示为假性动脉瘤,术后血尿消失。出血组与未出血组相比,热缺血时间更长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:肾部分切除术后出血往往为迟发性,一旦出现此并发症,需要及时治疗,超选择性肾动脉栓塞是治疗肾部分切除术后出血安全有效的治疗方法。     

肾动静脉瘘致妊娠期血尿2例并文献复习

目的探讨肾动静脉瘘致妊娠期血尿的诊断及处理方法。方法回顾2例肾动静脉瘘致妊娠期血尿的病例资料,并复习文献进行分析总结。结果 2例肾动静脉瘘致妊娠期血尿患者,年龄分别为28、30岁,均为妊娠期间出现反复间歇性全程肉眼血尿,曾行超声、CT检查,未能明确病因。分别于妊娠7周、8周就诊。均行选择性肾动脉造影或(和)超选择性肾段动脉造影确诊为肾动静脉多瘘,采用明胶海绵微粒、微弹簧圈对病变血管予以选择性栓塞。2例均采用超选择性栓塞供血动脉治疗,栓塞当天肉眼血尿即消失,术后72h内术侧腰部均出现酸痛,尚有低热、腹胀、恶心等症状。结论肾动静脉瘘有血流动力学改变并可发生破裂,妊娠期的高动力循环状态使畸形血管易于破裂,导致血尿。选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞术是肾动静脉瘘主要的诊断和治疗方法。     

肾动静脉瘘的选择性血管造影与栓塞治疗(附20例报告)

目的 提高肾动静脉瘘介入诊断和治疗水平。方法 20例患者均有反复间歇性全程肉眼血尿，曾行超声、KUB、IVU、CT、泌尿系内镜检查，未能明确病因。行选择性肾动脉造影或(和)超选择性肾段动脉造影确诊为肾动静脉多瘘，采用明胶海绵加鱼肝油酸钠／无水乙醇、聚乙烯醇(PVA)微粒、TH胶、钢圈等对病变血管选择性栓塞。对肾动脉造影的征象和选择性栓塞治疗资料进行分析。结果 20例按影像特点分3类：(1)肾内畸形血管团及动静脉分流现象，共11例；(2)肾动静脉大分支之间高流量的分流而无畸形血管团，共4例；(3)肾动脉主干造影末显示畸形血管团和显著分流，超选择肾段动脉造影或应用气体造影剂则显示微小分流病变，共5例。20例均采用超选择性栓塞供血动脉治疗，栓塞当天肉眼血尿即消失，24～72h后镜下血尿阴转。术后72h内术侧腰部均出现酸痛，尚有发热、腹胀、恶心等症状。结论 选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞术是肾动静脉瘘主要的诊断和治疗方法。CO2造影有助于隐匿型肾动静脉瘘的诊断。     

肾部分切除术后肾动脉假性动脉瘤一例并文献复习

目的 探讨肾部分切除术后少见但危重的肾动脉假性动脉瘤(RAP)的临床表现、诊断与处理方法。方法 报告2019年8月我科诊疗的1例腹腔镜左肾部分切除术后出现RAP患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献对RAP的临床特征、诊断与治疗进行分析总结。结果 患者男,77岁,因“发现左肾占位1个月”入院,术前诊断为“左肾占位:肾癌可能性大”。行腹腔镜下左肾部分切除术,术后病理结果示左肾透明细胞癌,包膜完整。术后第8天出现无痛性肉眼血尿,超声造影提示左肾RAP,介入下肾动脉造影再次确诊并同时行超选择性肾动脉栓塞,成功栓塞动脉后患者无再发血尿,顺利出院。结论 RAP是肾部分切除术后少见但严重的并发症,可疑患者应尽早行超声造影检查,超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗安全有效。     

数字减影血管造影在先天性肾动静脉瘘的应用

目的:探讨数字减影血管造影(DSA)对先天性肾动静脉瘘的应用价值。方法:对5例反复、间歇性肉眼血尿及肾绞痛、一般检查无阳性发现的患者,均经肾动脉行DSA确诊;采用不锈钢圈和(或)CO2行超选择性动脉栓塞。结果:5例均栓塞成功。栓塞后当天,肉眼血尿消失。随访4个月~6年,无一例复发。结论:DSA是对先天性肾动静脉瘘确诊,并行超选择性动脉栓塞治疗的可靠方法。     

医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的介入诊疗

目的探讨超选择性动脉造影与栓塞治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的临床价值。方法对11例肾穿刺活检或经皮肾镜取石术后大量肉眼血尿患者实施超选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞术,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵与弹簧圈。结果 11例中,假性动脉瘤2例,动-静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘5例,动脉-肾盏瘘2例;损伤血管为肾脏后段、下段动脉及其叶间动脉分支,单支血管损伤10例,多支血管损伤1例。单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞4例,单纯采用弹簧圈栓塞4例,二者联合栓塞3例,其中1例为明胶海绵栓塞24h后复发尿血改用弹簧圈栓塞。栓塞后10min造影示出血征象消失,1~3天后患者血尿逐渐消失,未发生严重并发症。结论动静脉瘘为医源性肾动脉损伤的主要表现,以单发病变多见;超选择性动肾脉造影可迅速明确诊断,超选择性肾动脉栓塞微创、安全、有效,应作为治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的首选方法。     

超选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞在急诊肾外伤中的应用价值

目的评价超选择性动脉造影与栓塞在急诊肾外伤中的临床应用价值。方法本组25例,其中6例为2个以上腹腔脏器损伤,15例有创伤/失血性休克。所有病例均作了急诊选择性动脉造影,22例行超选择性栓塞治疗,栓塞物为明胶海绵。3例经导管局部灌注立止血。结果22例经栓塞/或灌注立止血后,出血即止,经输血、扩容后血压和血红蛋白回升。1例栓塞术后仍间歇性出现肉眼血尿,经再次栓塞后血尿消失。1例肾刀刺伤伴肾蒂血管损伤以及1例严重左肾挫裂伤并胰尾损伤栓塞术后血压不回升,行患侧肾脏和胰尾切除。20例肾脏创伤栓塞术后3个月作IVU及ECT检查显示患肾功能正常。结论急诊选择性动脉造影和栓塞治疗对各种原因所致肾外伤出血,有诊断明确、止血迅速、疗效肯定、并发症少的优点,值得推广。     

经动脉栓塞治疗肾内动静脉畸形后血管再通的治疗

目的探讨经动脉栓塞治疗肾内动静脉畸形后畸形血管再通的原因和治疗。方法回顾性分析4例肾内动静脉畸形经动脉栓塞治疗,术后畸形血管发生血管再通患者的临床资料。本组共4例,男1例,女3例,年龄19~70岁。左肾2例,右肾2例;1支肾动脉2例,2支肾动脉2例。经动脉造影明确诊断,并应用明胶海绵栓塞治疗,术中见栓塞确实,出血停止。术后1~24 h再次出现血尿,发生畸形血管再通。结果行二次动脉造影证实原动静脉畸形处血管再通,应用弹簧圈超选择性栓塞治愈。随诊未发现畸形血管再通。结论经动脉栓塞治疗先天性肾内动静脉畸形应采用超选择性动脉栓塞技术,用明胶海绵栓塞易发生血管再通。应用合适大小的弹簧圈超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾内动静脉畸形可以取得确实疗效。     

肝胆胰术后迟发性出血的诊治分析

目的 探讨肝胆胰术后迟发性出血的原因和诊断治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析宁夏回族自治区人民医院2015年1月至2022年3月收治的13例肝胆胰腺术后出血患者的临床资料和诊治方法,总结其出血的原因和治疗经验。结果 13例患者均有失血性休克临床表现,其中8例为消化道出血：7例为肝动脉分支假性动脉瘤破裂,1例为胆道出血;5例腹腔出血。13例患者动脉造影明确出血部位后行出血部位动脉栓塞治疗,12例出血停止痊愈。另1例患者动脉栓塞治疗失败后,行开腹行肝右动脉结扎止血术后止血。结论 假性动脉瘤形成、胰漏和腹腔感染是肝胆胰患者术后迟发性出血的主要原因。血管造影术是诊断患者术后出血重要的检查方法,动脉栓塞术是治疗术后出血的有效方法。     

胰十二指肠切除术后迟发性动脉出血的诊治分析

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后迟发性动脉出血的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院2004年1月至2012年9月诊治的5例胰十二指肠切除术后迟发性动脉出血患者的资料。结果有3例患者合并高血压病、冠心病,4例患者术后有胰漏、腹腔脓肿等并发症,所有患者均经动脉造影确诊并经栓塞止血治愈。结论高血压病、冠状动脉粥样硬化、术后并发胰漏、腹腔脓肿是发生胰十二指肠切除术后迟发性动脉出血的危险因素,经动脉血管造影和栓塞对诊断和治疗有极大的帮助。     

Renal-artery pseudoaneurysm after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) has emerged as a minimally invasive treatment for small renal masses. The most common complications include hemorrhage and urinary-fistula formulation. Renal-artery pseudoaneurysm has been described after open nephron-sparing surgery. We present two cases of renal-artery aneurysm following LPN. CASE REPORTS: Two patients with incidentally discovered renal masses underwent LPN with excellent hemostasis and presented in a delayed fashion with gross hematuria and flank pain. Both patients were treated with angiographic coil embolization, resulting in resolution of the pseudoaneurysms on postprocedure imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Renal-artery pseudoaneurysm is a potentially life-threatening complication of LPN. Patients present in a delayed fashion with gross hematuria, flank pain, or both. The treatment of choice is angiography with selective coil embolization.     

超选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术治疗经皮肾镜取石术术后肾出血

目的评价超选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术治疗经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）术后肾出血的临床价值。方法对PCNL术后并发肾出血的35例患者行超选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术,栓塞材料为0．018in微弹簧圈,部分病例加用少量明胶海绵颗粒。术后随访3-24个月。结果术中造影发现24例单纯肾段以下小动脉损伤,6例合并假性动脉瘤,5例合并动静脉瘘。全部35例患者均成功栓塞肾动脉出血分支,术后1-4天血尿症状消失,术中及术后无严重并发症发生。结论超选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术治疗PCNL术后肾出血安全、快速、有效,可成为其首选治疗方法。     

A delayed case of renal artery pseudoaneurysm presented with gross hematuria and azotemia in solitary kidney following percutaneous nephrostomy: treated by transcatheter coil embolization

Renal arteriovenous fistula or pseudoaneurysms developing after invasive procedures are either asymptomatic or show only transient symptoms. We describe here a case of symptomatic renal artery pseudoaneurysm that presented with gross hematuria and azotemia. The pseudoaneurysm of renal artery was diagnosed by ultrasonography and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and it was successfully treated by percutaneous transcatheter coil embolization. A high index of suspicion is essential for the early diagnosis and treatment of delayed gross hematuria in patients with history of percutaneous nephrostomy.     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾损伤出血

目的观察超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾损伤出血的疗效及对肾功能的影响。方法收集11例医源性肾损伤出血患者,先行超选择性肾动脉造影,明确出血部位和性质,再行超选择插管,采用弹簧圈、明胶海绵进行栓塞治疗;术后随访612个月。结果对11例患者行肾动脉造影均可明确出血部位。10例一次栓塞止血成功;1例经2次栓塞后仍有持续血尿,行经尿道膀胱积血块清除术后血尿消失。随访期间无血尿发生。结论超选择肾动脉栓塞术是治疗医源性肾损伤出血的安全、有效的方法,能最大程度保护肾功能,可作为首选治疗方法。     

Renal artery pseudoaneurysm following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

PURPOSE: We describe the presentation, evaluation and management of hemorrhage due to renal artery pseudoaneurysm following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 345 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies performed by us during a 5-year period 6 patients (1.7%) had postoperative hemorrhage from a renal artery pseudoaneurysm. Patient charts were reviewed to identify pertinent preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data. RESULTS: Median tumor size was 3.5 cm (range 2.2 to 5), intraoperative blood loss was 175 cc (range 50 to 500), warm ischemia time was 32 minutes (range 30 to 45) and operative time was 3.8 hours (range 2.5 to 5). The mean percent of kidney excised was 31% and pelvicaliceal system entry was suture repaired in all 6 patients. No patient required blood transfusion perioperatively. Average hospital stay was 3.4 days (range 2.5 to 6). Delayed postoperative hemorrhage occurred at a median of 12 days (range 8 to 15). Angiography revealed a renal artery pseudoaneurysm most commonly at a third or fourth order branch (4 and 2 patients, respectively). Percutaneous embolization was successful in each patient. CONCLUSIONS: Renal artery pseudoaneurysm is an uncommon complication following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. These patients often present in delayed fashion. Selective angiographic embolization is the initial treatment of choice.     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾部分切除术后假性动脉瘤4例报告

目的：探讨应用超选择性肾动脉栓塞技术治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤的临床经验。方法：回顺性分析2010年10月～2012年8月肾部分切除术后出现4例假性动脉瘤患者的临床资料：均出现肉眼血尿,经肾动脉造影检查确诊,并同期行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。结果：血尿于栓塞后消失,似性动脉瘤也完全消失。随访2个月～2年未见复发。结论：采用超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗肾部分切除术后假性动脉瘤安全有效。     

Urgent superselective segmental renal artery embolization in the treatment of life-threatening renal hemorrhage

INTRODUCTION: Renal hemorrhage is a major life-threatening condition that can be caused by trauma, operation, biopsy, as well as sudden spontaneous rupture of renal tumors or aneurysms. We report our experience with superselective segmental renal artery catheterization and embolization as therapeutic options for such cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over the last 8 years, 28 patients with severe renal hemorrhage were admitted for evaluation and possible further treatment. Twenty of them had a history of previous biopsy (6 of them one of a transplanted kidney), 1 patient had a recent percutaneous nephrostomy, 4 patients presented with renal mass ruptures (2 patients renal cell carcinoma, 1 patient angiomyolipoma, 1 patient hemorrhagic cysts), 1 patient had rupture of a renal aneurysm during delivery, 1 patient suffered bleeding after partial nephrectomy, and 1 patient was hospitalized after a car accident. They all presented with clinical signs of hemodynamic instability. Angiographic investigation of the kidneys preceded further intervention in all cases. 26 out of the 28 patients underwent superselective embolization of the specific bleeding vessel with the use of microcoils and/or Gelfoam particles. RESULTS: All patients treated by superselective segmental renal artery embolization had a successful outcome, including a steady renal function and a stable clinical course. No complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Superselective segmental renal artery catheterization and embolization is a safe and efficient method for the treatment of patients with severe renal hemorrhage, preserving healthy renal parenchyma and renal function.     

腹部手术后腹腔干分支假性动脉瘤消化道瘘的临床分析：附5例分析

目的:总结分析腹部手术后腹腔干分支假性动脉瘤消化道瘘导致的迟发性消化道大出血的诊断和治疗。方法:回顾性分析自2013年1月—2014年9月腹部肿瘤术后上消化道大出血经造影证实腹腔干分支假性动脉瘤消化道瘘的5例患者的临床资料。结果:5例患者消化道出血时间平均为术后53.6 d;假性动脉瘤位于脾动脉2例,位于肝总动脉2例,位于左肝动脉1例;造影后行栓塞治疗4例,行覆膜支架置入1例。无术后严重并发症及围手术死亡病例。随访时间6~16个月,无再次假性动脉瘤破裂出血,肝总动脉覆膜支架置入患者于8个月猝死,原因未明。结论:腹腔干分支假性动脉瘤消化道瘘是腹部手术后罕见而又致命的并发症,应提高该病的认识,其诊断及治疗首选动脉造影及血管腔内治疗,避免医源性损伤可能是减少该病发生的关键。     

超选择性肾动脉弹簧圈栓塞治疗经皮肾镜术后出血的临床研究

目的分析超选择性肾动脉弹簧圈栓塞术(SRACE)治疗经皮肾镜碎石取石术(PCNL)术后严重出血的时机选择、安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析贵州省人民医院2013年10月至2019年3月38例PCNL后严重出血患者的出血特点、数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现及栓塞后肾功能检测情况。结果38例患者中,7例未观察到确切出血点,31例DSA表现为肾动脉性出血,其中动脉撕裂6例,单纯假性动脉瘤(PA)17例,动静脉瘘(AVF)4例,PA合并AVF 4例。根据肾脏血管解剖位置定位,肾动脉上极支出血4例,中极支出血9例,下极支出血18例。急性出血2例,其中1例经SRACE联合输血等治疗后未能有效控制出血而行患肾切除术,迟发性出血20例,缓慢持续性出血16例。31例患者中30例成功栓塞,成功率为96.8%。SRACE术前与术后的肾小球滤过率(P=0.173)、血清尿素氮(P=0.969)、血清肌酐(P=0.180)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论急性出血应尽快行DSA明确诊断后行栓塞治疗,迟发性及缓慢持续性出血经保守治疗无效,DSA/SRACE可作为首选的检查方法及治疗方法,SRACE是安全有效的治疗方式。