血管内皮功能与2型糖尿病下肢血管病变关系探讨

目的探讨血管内皮功能与2型糖尿病下肢血管病变的关系。方法 2006年2月~2010年8月收治的2型糖尿病患者86例。按其有无下肢血管病变及病变程度分为：单纯T2DM组（A组）、T2DM轻度下肢血管病变组（B组）、T2DM中度下肢血管病变组（C组）、T2DM重度下肢血管病变组（D组）。采用ELISA法测定血浆vWF和MCP-1水平。结果单纯2型糖尿病组（A组）与糖尿病下肢血管病组（B、C、D组）血浆MCP-1、vWF水平比较有统计学意义。结论 2型糖尿病并发下肢血管病变患者的血浆MCP-1、vWF水平明显升高,并随着下肢血管病变程度的加重呈升高趋势。     

碳酸酐酶Ⅲ自身抗体在 1 型糖尿病人中的测定简

目的 探讨1型糖尿病（T1D）患者血清抗碳酸酐酶Ⅲ自身抗体水平的变化及其与抗氧化物、细胞因子之间的关系.方法 选取T1D患者共368例（T1D组）,另选取性别年龄匹配的健康受试者为对照组,测定其血清抗碳酸酐酶Ⅲ自身抗体、红细胞沉降率、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等4种抗氧化物和白细胞介素（IL）-2等4种细胞因子的水平.结果 T1D患者血清抗碳酸酐酶Ⅲ自身抗体水平显著高于健康对照组（P＜0.05）;T1D患者的SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）和丙二醛（MDA）水平显著低于健康对照组（P＜0.05）;T1D患者的IL-2、IL-3和干扰素（IFN）-γ显著高于健康对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 抗氧化物和细胞因子水平的变化可能参与了T1D患者碳酸酐酶Ⅲ抗体的产生.     

酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发糖尿病的临床特点分析

目的：探讨酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发的糖尿病与成年隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病（ LADA）及2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的临床资料、代谢指标及生化检查的差异。方法对2005~2014年于本院内分泌和消化科住院治疗的符合WHO糖尿病诊断标准的酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发的糖尿病患者24例,LADA患者30例及T2DM患者40例的病史,临床资料进行回顾性分析和比较。结果酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发糖尿病患者的体重指数（BMI）与LADA患者的差异无显著性,明显低于T2DM患者。酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发糖尿病的空腹C肽值要高于LADA组患者,低于T2DM患者,总胆固醇（ CHO）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ LDL-C）水平低于LADA及T2DM患者,外周血管病变的发生低于T2DM患者。结论长期大量饮酒患者出现糖尿病,应注意鉴别有无酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发的糖尿病,该类患者体型偏瘦,CHO及LDL-C低于LADA及T2DM患者,易出现低血糖,但是无酮症倾向。     

2型糖尿病及并发高血压患者血浆D-二聚体检测的临床意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病及并发高血压患者血浆D-二聚体（D—D）变化。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定61例2型糖尿病患者、21例原发性高血压患者及35名正常对照组者血浆D—D水平。将61例2型糖尿病患者分为高血压并发症组（38例）和无高血压并发症组（23例）,并与原发性高血压组及正常对照组比较。结果糖尿病患者血浆D—D水平明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,高血压并发症组血浆D．D水平明显高于无高血压并发症组（P〈0．001）。结论2型糖尿病患者存在着病理性凝血和纤溶状态,D—D测定可预示糖尿病患者血管并发症发生的危险陛,有助于糖尿病患者血管并发症的早期诊断和预防。     

血清维生素D浓度与2型糖尿病患者合并冠心病关系

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（CHD）是2型糖尿病（T2DM）常见的合并症,也是糖尿病患者终末期死亡的重要原因,T2DM患者并发CHD的几率约为普通人CHD患病率的4倍［1］,诸多的研究证实维生素D与T2DM发病存在密切联系,长期补充维生素D可有效降低T2DM的发病风险［2］,然而对于血清维生素D水平与T2DM患者并发心血管疾病的关系研究鲜有报道,本研究通过对比血清不同维生素D的T2DM患者的CHD发病率,研究血清维生素D浓度与T2DM患者合并CHD的关系,并进一步探讨降低T2DM患者CHD发病率的有效措施。     

1型糖尿病患者血清髓源性免疫抑制细胞与免疫球蛋白G4的意义及关系

目的探讨1型糖尿病（T1D）患者血清髓源性免疫抑制细胞（MDSCs）与免疫球蛋白G4（IgG4）的关系。 方法选取汕头大学医学院第二附属医院于2015年1月至2017年1月期间收治的T1D患者30例,2型糖尿病（T2D）患者20例;另选取同一家医院2015年1月至2017年1月期间健康体检者20例作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清IgG4浓度,流式细胞分析术检测外周血MDSCs表达频率。采用t检验以及Mann-Whitney U检验比较3组间血清IgG4浓度及MDSCs表达频率的差异,采用Spearman相关分析法分析血清IgG4与MDSCs的相关性。 结果T1D组血清IgG4为（0.92±0.79）g/L,T2D组血清IgG4为（0.54±0.33）g/L,对照组血清IgG4为（0.34±0.15）g/L,T1D血清IgG4浓度高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=4.900,P<0.001）,T1D组高于T2D组,差异具有统计学意义（t=2.830,P=0.007）,T2D组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=2.466,P=0.010）。T1D组外周血MDSCs表达频率为（4.09±1.53）%,T2D组外周血MDSCs表达频率为（2.86±1.63）%,对照组外周血MDSCs的表达频率为（1.93±0.76）%。T1D组外周血MDSCs的表达频率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（Z=-9.650,P<0.01）。T1D组MDSCs表达频率高于T2D组,差异有统计学意义（t=2.899,P=0.005）。血清IgG4与MDSCs呈正相关（r=0.482,P<0.05）。 结论T1D患者MDSCs与IgG4升高,且IgG4与MDSCs呈正相关,具有重要研究意义。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血同型半胱氨酸变化及意义分析

【目的】分析血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）在2型糖尿病肾病患者中的变化及其意义。【方法】2012年2月至2013年12月在本院就诊的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者201例;按照尿白蛋白排泄率测定结果分为A组（单纯糖尿病64例）、B组（糖尿病并早期肾病72例）、C组（糖尿病并临床期肾病65例）、以同期健康体检结果正常者53例作为对照组（D组）;分别测定其空腹血糖（FBG）,肌酐（SCr）,血尿素氮（BUN）,Hcy等指标并进行统计学分析。【结果】A ,B,C组与D组比较Hcy及其他检测指标水平均显著升高（P ＜0．05）,B、C组除FBG外,其他指标均显著高于A组（P＜0．01,P ＜0．05）．【结论】高同型半胱氨酸血症是T2DM并肾病患者主要危险因素。     

糖尿病数字化管理APP对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的效果研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者使用糖尿病数字化管理APP进行血糖管理的使用效果。方法 将226例2型糖尿病患者按随机数字法分为空白组（C1组,54例）、空白+电话提醒组（C2组,58例）、APP组（T1组,55例）、APP+电话提醒组（T2组,59例）4个组。在干预前及干预后3个月时收集4组患者的糖化血红蛋白（glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c）、血压、体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）,干预后统计血糖监测频次。结果 4组患者干预后HbA1c、BMI较基线均下降,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;T1、T2组HbA1c达标率高于C1、C2组,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。收缩压存在组间差异（P<0.05）,T1、T2组收缩压低于C1组,T2组收缩压低于C2组,糖尿病数字化管理APP降低了收缩压（P<0.05）。C2、T2组自我血糖监测患者比例高于C1、T1组,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 2型糖尿病患者使用糖尿病数字化管理APP有提高HbA1c达标率的趋势、降低收缩压水平,糖尿病数字化...     

维生素D受体基因多态性与2型糖尿病的易感性研究

【目的】探讨维生素D受体基因BsmI、ApaI位点多态性与汉族人群2型糖尿病的相关性。【方法】采用PCR-限制性多态性片断长度（RFLP）技术检测83例健康对照（NC）者、96例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的维生素D受体BsmI、ApaI位点基因型和等位基因频率。【结果】①T2DM组与NC组BsmI位点基因型、等位基因频率分布差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）,两组间等位基因B的相对风险率为2．50。②T2DM组与Nc组Apal位点基因型、等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义（x2=0．344,P=0．842;x2=0．090,P=0．765）。【结论】维生素D受体基因BsmI位点与2型糖尿病的发生密切相关,等位基因B可能是2型糖尿病的易感基因。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退与2型糖尿病慢性并发症的相关性

【目的】探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退（甲减）与2型糖尿病（T2DM ）慢性并发症的相关性。【方法】选择 T2DM 伴发亚临床甲减患者42例（甲减组）,随机另取无亚临床甲减的T2DM 患者50例（对照组）,比较两组生化指标及并发症发生率。【结果】甲减组患者在年龄、性别比、糖尿病病程及冠心病发生率均明显高于对照组（ P ＜0．05）。甲减组总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、24 h尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、超敏 C 反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPO-Ab）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TG-Ab）水平明显高于对照组,而踝肱指数（ABI）、E峰（心脏快速充盈期）与A峰（心脏缓慢充盈期）比值（E/A）低于对照组（ P ＜0．05）。除糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）差异无显著性外,甲减组糖尿病肾病（DN ）、糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN ）及糖尿病外周动脉病变（PAD ）发生率均显著高于对照组。【结论】T2DM患者易并发亚临床甲减,而亚临床甲减可能影响糖尿病慢性并发症的发生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.