癌症之谜正在解开

科学家们把癌比作是一个心理变态、行踪诡秘的杀手。肿瘤学家们想探测肿瘤细胞的内部,以破解恶性肿瘤之谜。     

癌症晚期的治疗对策

癌症晚期的治疗对策虞慕唐副主任医师江苏省常熟市第六人民医院外科（２１５５００）对癌症晚期的治疗和护理，力争让１／３的病人减轻痛苦，延长生存，这也是临床肿瘤学研究的主要内容之一。所谓晚期，对于各种不同癌症而言，尽管各有其不同的含义或分期标准，但从广义上...     

韩国发现对癌症治疗的酶基因

“谈癌色变”几平是一般民众在面对癌症这个话题的直接反应据了解．多数人对癌症的认识仅在于雾里看花的阶段．长久以来．“癌症是不是绝症？”困扰了许多人．在医学日益进步的今天．我们可以肯定地说，癌症当然不是绝症！只要早期发现．绝大多数癌症比其他慢性重症的治愈率还要高。     

略论癌症的预防

略论癌症的预防中国医学科学院、中国协和医科大学肿瘤研究所、肿瘤医院（１０００２１）王建璋近年来卫生部领导多次呼吁要重视预防癌症，开展肿瘤防治工作新局面，把肿瘤的防治工作纳入各级政府的议事日程中。综合性医院和肿瘤专科医院都要加强对肿瘤的预防概念。现将有...     

腺病毒载体在癌症基因治疗中的应用

近年来，腺病毒载体由于较其它病毒载体系统具有多种优点，已经成为恶性肿瘤基因治疗研究中一个重要角色。本文介绍了腺病毒载体在癌症基因治疗中的应用，并从容量，治疗的有效性及安全性等几个方面综述了最新进展，表明其在恶性肿瘤基因治疗领域具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

端粒、端粒酶与癌症治疗进展

真核细胞染色体末端有一种稳定染色体的结构,即端粒(Telomere);缺乏端粒的染色体易于相互缠绕、断裂和降解,细胞衰老死亡.正常人类体细胞的端粒DNA随细胞分裂而逐渐缩短,这种端粒损耗现象可能是其有限存活的标志.而端粒酶(Telomerase)的活化又可在染色体末端不断合成端粒DNA系列,维持端粒长度,使细胞成为永生细胞或癌细胞.文献报道大多数人类恶性肿瘤存在高水平的端粒酶活性,而良性肿瘤、正常体细胞(非生殖细胞)及有限细胞系存在低水平或缺乏端粒酶活性,提示端粒酶的活化与肿瘤的发生、发展明显相关.目前,端粒和端粒酶已成为肿瘤及生命科学一个新的研究热点.本文就近几年来有关端粒、端粒酶及其与癌症关系和可能成为癌症治疗新靶点的研究概况作一综述,探讨端粒酶对恶性肿瘤的诊断、治疗及预后作用的意义和前景.     

癌症的一级预防刍议

长期以来，人们在癌症的预防方面费尽心力。首先是寻找和认定致癌物质。要检出和确定个化学致癌物质需要充分的时间和充足的证据，加之各种致癌物质的作用强度相差悬殊，而且绝大多数化学致癌物质是进入人体后经过代谢活化或生物转化才能起到致癌作用，即所谓间接致癌物(IndIrect carclnogen)。     

PUMA基因在肿瘤治疗方面的研究进展

p53上调凋亡调控因子(PUMA)是近年发现的Bcl-2家族成员,因其可被p53快速诱导并具有强大促凋亡作用而在生命科学的研究领域受到广泛关注.PUMA不仅能够诱导多种肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,还能增加肿瘤细胞对放化疗的敏感性,是非常有前景的肿瘤基因治疗靶点.也有新的研究发现PUMA还在肿瘤发生过程中承担着更多的...     

癌症治疗的几个问题

据1995年4月7日健康报登载，上海市肿瘤防治研究办公室抽查36家中心医院50份住院肿瘤患者的病历，请该市肿瘤专家对这些病历按照符台要求、基本符合要求、完全违反治疗原则进行评审。结果符合要求的仅占18．0％，而完全违反治疗原则的却占21．7%．专家认为，癌症的规范怡疗亟须引起医疗单位的重视。     

乳腺癌中癌基因抗癌基因表达分析

目的：分析乳腺癌中癌基因。抗癌基因的表达，探讨乳腺癌的发病机制。方法：分别用Cy3和Cy5标记正常乳腺组织和乳腺癌组织的mRNA，与癌基因抗癌基因分类芯片进行杂交。分析两组表达差异。结果：差异表达的基因有39条。其中下调表达的基因有8条。上调表达的基因有31条。结论：说明乳腺癌的发生主要与大量癌基因的过量表达相关。     

应用原位杂交技术检测原发性肝癌组织中bcl-2基因断裂点

为探讨ｂｃｌ２基因断裂易位与肝癌发生的关系，采用核酸分子原位杂交技术检测５４例肝癌组织中ｂｃｌ２基因的两个断裂热点。结果显示，４０例肝细胞癌中有８例发生ｂｃｌ２基因断裂，阳性率为２０．０％，其中ｍｂｒ和ｍｃｒ阳性各４例；１４例肝胆管癌中ｍｂｒ和ｍｃｒ均阴性。提示ｂｃｌ２基因断裂可能与肝细胞癌发生有一定关系，而与肝胆管癌无明显关系。ｍｂｒ和ｍｃｒ区域为ｂｃｌ２在肝细胞癌的两个重要断裂区。     

Informative Gene Selection for Cancer Classification with Microarray Data Using a Metaheuristic Framework

Objective: Cancer diagnosis is one of the most vital emerging clinical applications of microarray data. Due tothe high dimensionality, gene selection is an important step for improving expression data classification performance.There is therefore a need for effective methods to select informative genes for prediction and diagnosis of cancer.The main objective of this research was to derive a heuristic approach to select highly informative genes. Methods:A metaheuristic approach with a Genetic Algorithm with Levy Flight (GA-LV) was applied for classification of cancergenes in microarrays. The experimental results were analyzed with five major cancer gene expression benchmark datasets.Result: GA-LV proved superior to GA and statistical approaches, with 100% accuracy for the dataset for Leukemia,Lung and Lymphoma. For Prostate and Colon datasets the GA-LV was 99.5% and 99.2% accurate, respectively.Conclusion: The experimental results show that the proposed approach is suitable for effective gene selection with allbenchmark datasets, removing irrelevant and redundant genes to improve classification accuracy.     

Cancer determining information transmission and circulation

Cancer determining information transmission, typically oncogene transfer, is known in many cases of virus initiated tumors. Transmission of carcinogenic information, that stored in plasmids named T-DNAs, is also known to take place in one type of bacteria induced tumor, that caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in dicotyledon plants roots. Other mechanisms of carcinogenic information transmission have been more recently recognized, that involve horizontal transfer of genetic material among cells. Despite this latter issue is not new, insights in its mechanisms have just beginning to appear in the literature. Horizontal transfer processes, in addition to the well known vertical transfer from parental to daughter cancer cells, have been tentatively put together with a reductionistic approach in this work, leading to a unifying framework that summarizes the state of the art in carcinogenic information transmission and circulation in the world of cells. Counteracting vectors of carcinogenic information transmission and circulation, such as oncoviruses, has already been shown to be important both in the fields of cancer prevention and therapy. Investigating today unexplored ways of transmission could lead to implement new anticancer strategies.     

Meta-analysis of Gene Expression Data Identifies Causal Genes for Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death in male populations across the globe. With the advent of geneexpression arrays, many microarray studies have been conducted in prostate cancer, but the results have variedacross different studies. To better understand the genetic and biologic mechanisms of prostate cancer, we conducteda meta-analysis of two studies on prostate cancer. Eight key genes were identified to be differentially expressedwith progression. After gene co-expression analysis based on data from the GEO database, we obtained a coexpressedgene list which included 725 genes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these genes are involvedin actin filament-based processes, locomotion and cell morphogenesis. Further analysis of the gene list shouldprovide important clues for developing new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.     

Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA and State of p53 Gene in Japanese Penile Cancer

The frequency of integration with human papillomavirus (HPV)and its genotypes in Japanese penile cancer was examined withrelation to p53 gene mutations using polymerase chain reactionamplification. Tissues were obtained from 13 patients (eightfrom freshly frozen and five from paraffin-embedded samples).HPV DNA was detected in seven out of the 13 (54%), and theirgenotypes were type 16 in four, type 31 in one and type 33 intwo cases. Neither HPV-detected nor -undetected tissues showedmutated alterations in exons 4-9 of p53 genes. The results suggestHPV to be, at least to some extent, involved in the oncogenesisof penile cancer, and that p53 gene mutations may not correlatewith the development of penile cancer.     

HER2基因突变在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展

人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)是一种酪氨酸激酶受体,是乳腺癌治疗的主要药物靶点和临床生物标志物。大约2%的乳腺癌存在HER2突变。无论HER2表达水平或扩增状态如何,有HER2突变的乳腺癌都可能对靶向HER2治疗有反应,因此本文对HER2基因突变在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展进行梳理和综述。     

非小细胞肺癌组织中ERCCl及TUBB3基因mRNA的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨ERCC1及TUBB3基因mRNA在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）组织、癌旁组织和良性组织中的表达,两者的关系及其与肺癌患者临床、病理等特征的关系。方法：采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测82例非小细胞肺癌组织、36例癌旁组织及15例良性组织中ERCC1及TUBB3基因mRNA的表达。结果：ERCC1和TUBB3基因在NSCLC患者癌、癌旁及良性组织中均有表达,ERCC1在这三种组织中阳性表达率分别为54．9％（45／82）、44．4％（16／36）及73．3％（11／15）,差异元统计学意义（P=0．165）;而TUBB3阳性表达率分别为18．3％（15／82）、2．8％（1／36）及93．3％（14／15）,三者差异有统计学意义（P=0．000）,癌组织表达率18．3％高于癌旁组织2．8％（P=0．048）。ERCC1基因在腺癌表达率63．O％（34／54）高于鳞癌39．3％（11／28）（P=0．041）。TUBB3基因在腺癌表达率25．9％（14／54）高于鳞癌3．6％（1／28）（P=0．013）。但是二者在其余临床和病理等特征方面的表达均无统计学意义。癌组织中ERCC1及TUBB3表达呈中度正相关（r=0．429,P=0．000）。结论：ERCC1及TUBB3基因mRNA在NSCLC中腺癌表达均高于鳞癌,并且二者在癌组织中表达有密切的关系。     

ADAMTS9基因启动子甲基化在直肠癌中的表达与临床病理特征的相关性

目的 检测直肠癌组织中ADAMTS9基因转录和启动子甲基化状态,探讨其临床意义.方法 收集2016年1月至2018年12月间于延安大学附属医院普通外科医院行直肠癌根治手术切除的83例直肠癌组织及其相应的癌旁组织标本,通过实时定量PCR和巢式-甲基化特异性PCR检测ADAMTS9基因转录和启动子甲基化状态,分析AD-AM...