4种抗真菌药对82株丝状真菌体外抗菌活性的临床研究

目的研究伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净和两性霉素B对丝状真菌体外抗菌活性。方法采用浓度梯度法(etest)测试伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净和两性霉素B对中国协和医科大学北京协和医院2004-12-01~2005-07-30的临床分离菌株82株(包括烟曲霉,黄曲霉,黑曲霉,土曲霉,构巢曲霉等)丝状真菌的体外敏感性。结果伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净和两性霉素B对烟曲霉的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为0·03~2·00mg/L,对黄曲霉的MIC范围为0·01~32·00mg/L。而两性霉素B对黄曲霉的MIC90值为16·00mg/L,高于土曲霉MIC90值(3·00mg/L),也高于烟曲霉的MIC90值(0·75mg/L)和黑曲霉的MIC90值(0·25mg/L)。结论伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净和两性霉素B对不同种丝状真菌有不同的抗菌活性,实验室将真菌鉴定到种的水平并进行体外抗真菌药敏感试验对临床有重要的指导意义。     

泊沙康唑初级预防急性髓系白血病诱导化疗后发生侵袭性真菌病的临床评估

目的观察泊沙康唑口服悬液初级预防急性髓系白血病(AML)患者诱导化疗后发生侵袭性真菌病(IFD)的疗效及毒副反应。方法收集2016年5月至2018年5月宁波市鄞州人民医院血液科收治的所有符合入选和排除标准的初诊AML患者206例(除外急性早幼粒细胞白血病、入院后接受静脉抗真菌或诱导化疗前1个月发生IFD、合并重要脏器功能不全、年龄>65岁),其中诱导化疗期间使用泊沙康唑口服悬液进行初级预防IFD的患者47例(泊沙康唑组),使用伏立康唑片进行初级预防IFD的患者61例(伏立康唑组),未进行初级预防IFD的患者98例(对照组)。对各组临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较3组诱导化疗期间IFD的发生率及泊沙康唑口服悬液、伏立康唑片的药物安全性。结果(1)泊沙康唑组出现5例(10.6%)IFD,均为拟诊病例;伏立康唑组出现11例(18.0%)IFD,其中拟诊7例,临床诊断3例,确诊1例;对照组出现35例(35.7%)IFD,其中拟诊19例,临床诊断11例,确诊5例。泊沙康唑组和伏立康唑组IFD的发生率均明显低于对照组(P值均<0.05)。泊沙康唑组IFD的发生率低于伏立康唑组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)泊沙康唑组不良事件发生率明显低于伏立康唑组[12.8%(6/47)比32.8%(20/61),P<0.05]。结论(1)AML诱导化疗期间使用泊沙康唑口服悬液或伏立康唑片进行初级预防,可以明显减少IFD的发生率;(2)AML诱导化疗期间使用泊沙康唑口服悬液和伏立康唑片进行初级预防IFD的疗效相当,但泊沙康唑口服悬液安全性更好。     

泊沙康唑预防造血干细胞移植患者侵袭性真菌病临床观察

目的 观察泊沙康唑预防恶性血液病患者造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后侵袭性真菌病的临床效果和安全性。方法 收集我院血液科2015年3月-2016年2月HSCT 19例,2例移植前有肺部真菌病史,从预处理开始口服泊沙康唑600mg/天,至中性粒细胞恢复,之后异基因造血干细胞移植患者改为伊曲康唑或伏立康唑口服至 75天。结果 19例患者未发生突破性真菌感染,在泊沙康唑使用过程中未观察到严重毒副反应发生,到随访结束时,17例存活。结论 泊沙康唑对预防恶性血液病患者造血干细胞移植后侵袭性真菌病是安全、有效的。     

伊曲康唑治疗恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染127例临床分析

目的 研究伊曲康唑治疗恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2007年3月南方医科大学南方医院血液科127例恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染患者应用伊曲康唑治疗的疗效.结果 伊曲康唑临床总有效率47.2%(60/127).在确诊、临床诊断和拟诊组病例的有效率分别为66.7%(16/24)、51.6%(33/64)、28.2%(11/39),拟诊组明显低于确诊和临床诊断组(P＜0.01).副反应轻微.伊曲康唑对检出茵株,接受移植、使用免疫抑制剂及负荷量给药的患者有效率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05和P＜0.01).结论 伊曲康唑治疗恶性血液病合并侵袭性真茵感染有良好的疗效,且安全可靠.     

伏立康唑治疗血液病合并侵袭性真菌病61例临床观察

目的:观察伏立康唑治疗血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染(IFD)患者的疗效。方法:回顾性分析61例伏立康唑治疗血液病合并IFD患者的临床资料。结果:足量足疗程的伏立康唑治疗血液病合并IFD的总有效率为67.2%,其中预防治疗31例中24例(77.4%)有效,经验治疗24例中13例(54.2%)有效,两者的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。9例患者用药后出现肝功能轻度异常,2例出现皮疹,1例出现恶心呕吐,均不影响治疗。结论:足量足疗程的伏立康唑治疗血液病合并IFD患者有一定疗效,不良反应较少。     

恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染76例临床观察

  目的 探讨恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的易感因素、临床特点、疗效和不良反应。方法 回顾性分析76例恶性血液病合并IFI患者的易感因素、临床特点,比较伊曲康唑与两性霉素B的疗效及安全性。结果 76例恶性血液病合并IFI患者应用广谱抗生素者68例（89.5%）,化疗2个疗程以上者64例（84.2%）,中性粒细胞缺乏者43例（56.6%）,长期应用糖皮质激素者34例（44.7%）,中心或外周静脉置管者27例（35.5%）。伊曲康唑和两性霉素B治疗恶性血液病合并IFI的总有效率为60.5%和61.5%（P=0.929）;两组间不良反应对比只在低钾血症方面有差异（14.0%比42.4%,P=0.005）。结论 化疗、应用广谱抗生素、中性粒细胞缺乏等是恶性血液病合并IFI的易感因素。伊曲康唑治疗恶性血液病IFI疗效与两性霉素B相当,但不良反应较少且轻微。     

恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染73例治疗分析

目的探讨恶性血液病患者合并侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)应用氟康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素B治疗的结果及其影响因素。方法选择南方医科大学附属南方医院1992-01~2004-10收治的恶性血液病合并IFI患者73例,单用常规剂量的氟康唑33例、伊曲康唑26例、两性霉素B14例;氟康唑治疗无效者改用伊曲康唑9例和两性霉素B6例,伊曲康唑治疗无效改用两性霉素B和脂质体两性霉素B16例,47例同时应用了粒细胞集落细胞刺激因子(G-CSF)治疗至白细胞正常,37例联合静脉注射丙种球蛋白。结果73例IFI总的治愈率和有效率分别为53·4%和63·0%,在各诊断组间差异无显著性意义(P>0·05)。单用氟康唑治疗组的有效率显著低于伊曲康唑和两性霉素B治疗组,分别为39·4%、53·9%和57·1%(P<0·05);用氟康唑治疗无效改用伊曲康唑或两性霉素B治疗的有效率分别为77·8%和83·4%。结论伊曲康唑和两性霉素B治疗IFI的疗效相似,明显高于氟康唑;两性霉素B的副反应多。抗真菌的有效率在确诊组、临床诊断组和拟诊组之间差异无显著性意义。     

伊曲康唑治疗血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染的疗效及影响因素分析

目的 分析伊曲康唑在治疗血液病患者合并侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)中的作用及其影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2005-2008年在天津医科大学总医院住院并接受伊曲康唑治疗的IFI患者156例,了解其疗效、影响因素及副作用等.结果 156例IFI患者中92例原发病为恶性血液病,64例为非恶性血液病;IFI拟诊77例,临床诊断79例.伊曲康唑治疗有效94例(63.5%),无效更换为其他药物54例(36.5%).恶性血液病、接受过化疗、中性粒细胞绝对值<0.5×109/L、真菌培养阳性、合并细菌感染患者伊曲康唑有效率低.年龄、体温、既往应用抗生素、G试验结果、感染部位、血红蛋白水平、血小板水平与伊曲康唑治疗疗效无关.5例患者出现药物副作用而停药,包括胃肠道不适3例和心动过速2例.结论 伊曲康唑能够高效、安全地治疗血液病患者合并IFI.原发恶性病、粒细胞缺乏、合并细菌感染、迟用药物会影响伊曲康唑抗真菌的疗效.     

伊曲康唑治疗血液病合并侵袭性真菌病9例疗效分析

目的探讨伊曲康唑对在血液病合并侵袭性真菌病(IFI)患者的疗效及不良反应。方法2005年3月至2007年3月对上海交通大学附属仁济医院血液科收治的9例血液病合并侵袭性真菌病患者予以伊曲康唑静脉及口服治疗,根据临床症状和体征、真菌镜检等判定患者的疗效及不良反应。结果经伊曲康唑辅以综合治疗有效率达89%(8/9),其中痊愈7例,显效1例;1例患者因肺部体征继续进展导致呼吸衰竭死亡。未发生不能耐受的毒副反应。结论伊曲康唑在血液病合并侵袭性真菌病患者治疗中安全有效。     

两性霉素B脂质体与伏立康唑治疗侵袭性肺曲霉菌病临床对比观察

目的对比观察伏立康唑与两性霉素B脂质体治疗侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的效果和不良反应。方法研究对象为62例疑似或确诊侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患者,根据治疗药物不同分为伏立康唑组28例、两性霉素B脂质体组34例。伏立康唑组首日给予负荷剂量伏立康唑,6 mg/kg、2次/d;此后给予维持剂量,即3 mg/kg、2次/d。两性霉素B脂质体组给予两性霉素B脂质体治疗,起始剂量及维持剂量均为0.3 mg/kg、1次/d。有明确病原学证据时伏立康唑组剂量增至4 mg/kg、2次/d,两性霉素B组剂量增至0.6 mg/kg、1次/d。比较两组治疗效果及不良反应。结果伏立康唑组及两性霉素B组治愈率分别为28.6%、44.1%,P<0.05;总有效率分别为42.8%、58.8%,P<0.05。伏立康唑组用药期间未出现肾功能损害,两性霉素B脂质体组出现肾功能损害3例,P<0.05。结论两性霉素B脂质体治疗侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的有效率及治愈率均高于伏立康唑,但肾功能损害发生率高于伏立康唑。     

两性霉素B治疗侵袭性真菌感染回顾性研究

目的评估两性霉素B（AmB）治疗侵袭性真菌感染的安全性、有效性及经济性。方法回顾性分析AmB优化生产工艺前后两年时间内侵袭性真菌感染住院治疗患者113例临床资料。结果临床有效率为76％以上。不良反应中,低钾血症发生率为33．6％、肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）一过性升高发生率分别为29．0％和27．4％,发热等即刻反应总发生率为15．0％;未发现归因于AmB导致的死亡和不可逆的肾功能损害。工艺改进后,过敏等即刻反应明显下降（发生率由28．0％降至7．2％）。以感染性心内膜炎、骨髓炎、隐球菌脑膜炎等疾病为例,按12周标准疗程和常规剂量静脉注射计算费用,AmB的治疗费用约为4600元,氟康唑（进口）为38000元,伊曲康唑为99100元,AmB脂质体为190000元,伏立康唑为250000元,醋酸卡泊芬净为270000元。结论AmB仍是目前抗真菌药物中疗效最佳者;生产工艺改进后发热等即刻不良反应的发生率显著减少;绝大部分患者可以完成治疗,获得治愈;其明显的药效-经济学优势在侵袭性真菌感染特别是需长期治疗的疾病中具有不可替代的作用和地位。     

多发性骨髓瘤合并侵袭性真菌感染的临床特点及易感因素分析

目的 了解多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者合并侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的临床特点及易感因素.方法 回顾357例在我院住院诊治的MM患者,记录是否合并 IFI、一般临床资料、并发病、抗真菌治疗以及疗效和毒副作用.结果 44例(12.3%)患者在治疗过程中曾发生IFI,其中3例(6.8%)为确诊病例,8例(18.1%)为临床诊断,33例(75.0%)为拟诊.44例患者中,10例(22.7%)处于诱导化疗时出现真菌感染;4例(9.1%)为平台期;27例(61.4%)处于疾病进展状态;3例(6.8%)在行自体造血干细胞移植的过程中发生真菌感染.感染部位以肺部最常见,占50.O%.两性霉素B、伏立康唑、伊曲康唑、卡泊芬净、氟康唑的有效率分别为83.3%、75.O%、78.9%、75.O%和57.1%.各种抗真菌药物之间疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.493).根据多因素分析,合并糖尿病(P=0.035,OR 2.527,95%CI 1.005～6.052),接受透析治疗(P=0.022,OR 2.768,95%CI 1.161～6.600)、粒细胞缺乏持续时间超过1周(P:0.019,OR 3.215,95%CI 1.200～7.407),之前是否使用广谱抗生素治疗(P=0.009,OR 3.350,95%CI 1.353～8.295),是否使用氟达拉滨(P=0.001,OR 4.669,95%CI1.813-12.023)差异有统计学意义.结论 MM患者是侵袭性真菌感染的高危人群,肺部是其最常见的感染部位,4种抗真菌药的疗效相当,合并糖尿病、化疗同时接受透析治疗、长时间粒细胞缺乏、广谱抗生素的应用、以及含有氟达拉滨的治疗是MM合并IFI的易感因素.     

Invasive candidiasis in cancer patients: observations from a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND: Invasive candidiasis is a common and serious complication of cancer and its therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients with malignancies enrolled in a double-blind randomized trial of caspofungin (50 mg/day after a 70 mg loading dose) vs. conventional amphotericin B (0.6-1.0 mg/kg/day) as treatment of documented invasive candidiasis. A favorable response required complete resolution of signs and symptoms plus eradication of the Candida pathogen(s). The primary efficacy analysis used a modified intention-to-treat (MITT) approach that included all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of invasive candidiasis who received > or =1 dose of study medication. RESULTS: 74/224 (33%) patients in the MITT population had active malignancies. 25/30 (83%) hematological malignancies were acute or chronic leukaemias. 22/44 (50%) solid tumors were related to the gastrointestinal tract. Patients with hematological malignancies tended to be younger (median [range] age: 49 [19-74] vs. 59 [19-81] years) and have higher baseline acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores (mean [range]: 17 [0-28] vs. 15 [5-35]) than patients with solid tumors. Neutropenia [< or =500/microl] was present on entry in 23 (77%) patients with hematological malignancies and in one (3%) patient with a solid tumor. Candidemia was demonstrated in 56 (88%) cancer patients. C. albicans was the single most frequent isolate in cancer patients, although the majority of cases were caused by non-albicans species. Cancer patients in the caspofungin arm had more hematological malignancies (55 vs. 29%), higher baseline APACHE II scores (>20 in 36 vs. 15%), more frequent neutropenia (42 vs. 24%), and less C. albicans infections (27 vs. 49%) than the amphotericin B-treated cancer patients. Favorable response rates were 11/18 (61%) and 6/12 (50%) for patients with hematological malignancies treated with caspofungin or amphotericin B, respectively; the corresponding outcomes in patients with solid tumors were 12/15 (80%) and 17/29 (59%) for the 2 treatment arms. 7/14 (50%) caspofungin- and 4/10 (40%) amphotericin B-treated patients who were neutropenic on entry responded favorably. All-cause mortality rates during the study for caspofungin recipients were 11/18 (61%) with hematological malignancies and 6/15 (40%) with solid tumors, and for amphotericin recipients were 4/12 (33%) with hematological malignancies and 6/29 (21%) with solid tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Underlying cancers, most commonly leukaemias and gastrointestinal tumors, were present in one-third of patients enrolled in this study of invasive candidiasis. Overall, 70% of caspofungin-treated and 56% of amphotericin B-treated cancer patients responded favorably. Response rates were lower for neutropenic leukaemic patients than for non-neutropenic patients with solid tumors in both treatment groups.     

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of itraconazole capsules as antifungal prophylaxis for neutropenic patients.

To evaluate the efficacy of itraconazole capsules in prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients, we conducted a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Patients with hematologic malignancies or those who received autologous bone marrow transplants were assigned either a regimen of itraconazole (100 mg orally twice daily; n=104) or of placebo (n=106). Overall, fungal infections (superficial or systemic) occurred more frequently in the placebo group (15% vs. 6%; P=.03). There were no differences in the empirical use of amphotericin B or systemic fungal infections. Among patients with neutropenia that was profound (<100 neutrophils/mm3) and prolonged (for at least 7 days), those receiving itraconazole used less empirical amphotericin B (22% vs. 61%; P=.0001) and developed fewer systemic fungal infections (6% vs. 19%; P=.04). For patients with profound and prolonged neutropenia, itraconazole capsules at the dosage of 100 mg every 12 h reduce the frequency of systemic fungal infections and the use of empirical amphotericin B.     

Invasive aspergillosis. Disease spectrum, treatment practices, and outcomes. I3 Aspergillus Study Group

A review of representative cases of invasive aspergillosis was conducted to describe current treatment practices and outcomes. Eighty-nine physicians experienced with aspergillosis completed case forms on 595 patients with proven or probable invasive aspergillosis diagnosed using modifications of the Mycoses Study Group criteria. Pulmonary disease was present in 56%, with disseminated infection in 19%. The major risk factors for aspergillosis were bone marrow transplantation (32%) and hematologic malignancy (29%), but patients had a variety of underlying conditions including solid organ transplants (9%), AIDS (8%), and pulmonary diseases (9%). Overall, high antifungal failure rates occurred (36%), and complete antifungal responses were noted in only 27%. Treatment practices revealed that amphotericin B alone (187 patients) was used in most severely immunosuppressed patients while itraconazole alone (58 patients) or sequential amphotericin B followed by itraconazole (93 patients) was used in patients who were less immunosuppressed than patients receiving amphotericin B alone. Response rate for patients receiving amphotericin B alone was poor, with complete responses noted in only 25% and death due to or with aspergillosis in 65%. In contrast, patients receiving itraconazole alone or following amphotericin B had death due to or with Aspergillus in 26% and 36%, respectively. These results confirm that mortality from invasive aspergillosis in severely immunosuppressed patients remains high even with standard amphotericin B. Improved responses were seen in the less immunosuppressed patients receiving sequential amphotericin B followed by itraconazole and those receiving itraconazole alone. New approaches and new therapies are needed to improve the outcome of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk patients.     

Empiric antifungal therapy in neutropenic cancer patients

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and those patients with acute leukemia are at greatest risk for invasive fungal infections particularly due to Candida and Aspergillus species during periods of profound neutropenia. Empiric antifungal therapy in persistently febrile neutropenic patients has been adopted as a standard of care. Antifungal therapeutic options include: amphotericin B, lipid formulations of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin. Amphotericin B preparations offer a beneficial effect for survival, defervescence, and a decrease in breakthrough fungal infections. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B may provide beneficial effects over amphotericin B with regard to survival, treatment of baseline fungal infection, breakthrough fungal infection, and fewer discontinuations due to lack of efficacy. Amphotericin B compounds produce a trend for better outcomes in defervescence, treatment of baseline fungal infections, prevention of breakthrough infections, and avoidance of discontinuation compared with the azoles. Caspofungin is also effective. The optimal empiric antifungal agent and the precise time of initiation remain to be determined.     

Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients--recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO)

Invasive fungal infections are a main cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy regimens. Early antifungal treatment is mandatory to improve survival. Today, a number of effective and better-tolerated but more expensive antifungal agents compared to the former gold standard amphotericin B deoxycholate are available. Clinical decision-making must consider results from numerous studies and published guidelines, as well as licensing status and cost pressure. New developments in antifungal prophylaxis improving survival rates result in a continuous need for actualization. The treatment options for invasive Candida infections include fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B and its lipid formulations, as well as echinocandins. Voriconazole, amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid formulations, caspofungin, itraconazole, and posaconazole are available for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Additional procedures, such as surgical interventions, immunoregulatory therapy, and granulocyte transfusions, have to be considered. The Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology here presents its 2008 recommendations discussing the dos and do-nots, as well as the problems and possible solutions, of evidence criteria selection.     

Fungal colonization in neutropenic patients: a randomized study comparing itraconazole solution and amphotericin B solution

We assessed the impact of prophylaxis with the oral itraconazole solution and amphotericin B solution on fungal colonization and infection in a randomized study among patients with hematological malignancies and neutropenia. Infecting and colonizing Candida strains of patients suffering from candidiasis were genotyped by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. A total of 106 patients were evaluated in this study: 52 patients in the itraconazole and 54 in the amphotericin B arm. During neutropenia fungal colonization in the oropharynx occurred in 11 (19.6%) and 24 (40.6%) and in the rectum in 11 (19.6%) and 23 (38.9%) courses in the itraconazole and amphotericin B groups (P<0.05), respectively. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species in both study groups. Mixed fungal colonization with Candida krusei and Candida glabrata was increased in the amphotericin B group, yet without clinical importance since infections were due to C. albicans. The occurrence of invasive candidiasis was significantly increased in multicolonized compared to monocolonized patients. In the amphotericin B group 20 and in the itraconazole group 2 neutropenic patients showed multicolonization with Candida spp. (P<0.05). Overall fungal infections were 3.8% in the itraconazole and 14.8% in the amphotericin B group (P<0.05). RAPD typing showed oropharynx strains involved in superficial infections in four of five patients. In all four patients with deep fungal infections, it appears that the colonizing rectum strains were identical to infecting strains of Candida spp. Itraconazole solution significantly reduced Candida colonization and infection compared to amphotericin B solution. Most patients remained infected with the colonized strains for the entire study period, irrespective of antifungal prophylaxis.     

Invasive Aspergillus infections in hematologic malignancy patients

The incidence of invasive Aspergillus (IA) infections in patients with hematologic malignancies continues to increase. The most common species include Aspergillus fumigatus (approximately 90% of cases), A. flavus, A. niger, A. terreus, and A. nidulans. Most infections involve the pulmonary parenchyma, though systemic dissemination of the fungus from a primary pulmonary focus or the paranasal sinuses after hyphal invasion into blood vessels is frequent. Early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy has been shown to improve the prognosis of patients afflicted with this condition. The definitive diagnosis of IA is based on showing the hyphal invasion in tissue specimens together with a positive culture for Aspergillus species from the same specimen. The detection of circulating fungal antigens and DNA seems to be a promising, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic tool for early diagnosis of aspergillosis. The current antifungals available for the treatment of IA include amphotericin B deoxycholate and lipid formulations, itraconazole and caspofungin acetate. New investigational antifungal drugs include the triazoles voriconazole, posaconazole and ravuconazole, liposomal nystatin, and 2 echinocandin derivatives (anidulafungin [VER-002] and micafungin [FK463]). Preventive measures include reduction of environmental exposure of patients from sources of infection and anti-fungal prophylaxis. Specialized air-handling systems capable of excluding Aspergillus spores, such as high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration with or without laminar air flow ventilation has proven to be very efficacious. Targeted antifungal prophylaxis for hematologic patients who are at high risk for developing invasive fungal infections is not currently standardized.