非酮症高血糖性舞蹈病

非酮症高血糖性舞蹈病是一特殊的综合征,多见于老年女性糖尿病患者,急性起病,可表现为单侧或双侧肢体的舞蹈症状;血糖和血渗透压增高;联合应用降糖药物和多巴胺受体阻滞剂可控制舞蹈症状;其影像学具有特征性改变,颅脑MRIT1相表现为单侧或双侧基底节区高信号,随着病情的好转,高信号病灶可消失。     

The value of CT and very low field MRI in the etiological diagnosis of dizziness

A total of 79 dizziness patients were examined by either computed tomography (CT), or very low field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or both. In most cases, the patients were selected for the neuroimaging because preliminary clinical examination had suggested central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Abnormal CT or MRI findings with probable clinical relevance to the etiology of dizziness were obtained in 34%. The most common abnormalities were atrophy, infarction, and demyelination.; 29% of the CT scans and 40% of the MRI showed relevant abnormalities. The present results emphasize the diagnostic usefulness of head CT and MRI when dizziness of CNS etiology is suspected.     

Increase in brain cerebrospinal fluid volume is greater in older than in younger alcoholic patients: A replication study and CT/MRI comparison

This cross-sectional study used a semi-automated analysis technique to quantify regional brain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes derived from computed tomography (CT) in 84 healthy men ranging from 21 to 82 years of age and 28 patients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for alcohol dependence. The goals were to replicate an earlier CT study of an independent sample of alcoholic and control subjects (Pfefferbaum et al., 1988a; Zipursky et al., 1988) and to compare CT assessments of brain changes with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments made in the same alcoholic patients (Pfefferbaum et al., 1992). Regional brain changes associated with normal aging were derived by regression analysis, using CT data collected from the healthy control subjects. As in the earlier CT study and in the concurrent MRI study, ventricular and sulcal CSF volumes in alcoholic patients were greater than would be expected for their age. Furthermore, the present CT study replicated the previous CT and MRI findings of a positive relationship between age and CSF volume enlargement in alcoholic patients over and above the normal age-related increase in CSF volume, suggesting greater vulnerability of the aging brain to alcohol. Comparison of CT-and MRI-derived estimates of ventricular and cortical sulcal volume revealed high correlations (>0.80). MRI and CT produced similar absolute ventricular volumes, while MRI produced larger sulcal volume estimates than did CT. The difference in sulcal volume estimate may be due to differences between CT and MRI in slice thickness and sensitivity to partial volume effects.     

MR在颅脑CT立体定向术中的应用

为减少单纯的颅脑ＣＴ立体定向术的盲目性，本文研究ＭＲ辅助下颅脑ＣＴ立体定向术方法的建立。通过对６３例病例在ＭＲ指导下脑ＣＴ立体定向术的成功应用，作者发现将ＭＲ三维成像能力及优良的软组织对比度应用在颅脑ＣＴ立体定向的术前靶点，框架平面和穿刺道的预设置上可以明显提高ＣＴ立体定向术的安全性和准确性，并为颅脑深部肿瘤的立体定向后装治疗创造了条件。作者认为应用颅外解剖表记在ＭＲ指导下行颅脑ＣＴ立体定向术是行之有效的方法。     

Hyperacute Cerebral Enhancement: The Earliest Predictor of Hemorrhage by MR Imaging?

A test to detect very early hemorrhage in acute cerebral infarct could offer a substantial increase in the safety and success of advanced stroke therapies, particularly when the use of thrombolytic therapies is contemplated. Currently, computed tomography is the standard test for the detection of cerebral hemorrhage but is not a valid predictor of potential areas of hemorrhagic transformation. A technique to evaluate the risk of hemorrhagic transformation in infarcted cerebral tissue has been conducted with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in various animal stroke models. Knight demonstrated Gadolinium-DTPA enhancement in the territory of occluded vessels immediately in rats after reperfusion. Gadolinium enhancement was thought to predict areas of hemorrhagic transformation. Yenari and associates demonstrated in rabbit models that contrast-enhanced T1-weighted scans can reveal regions of blood-brain barrier disruption, characterized as hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic tissue. The authors report a clinical example in which hyperacute contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was the first indication of hemorrhagic transformation within 24 hours of onset of an acute cerebral infarct.     

Acute Pediatric Encephalitis Neuroimaging: Single-Institution Series as Part of the California Encephalitis Project

PurposeDiagnosing pediatric encephalitis is challenging because of varied clinical presentation, nonspecific neuroimaging features, and rare confirmation of causality. We reviewed acute neuroimaging of children with clinically suspected encephalitis to identify findings that may correlate with etiology and length of stay.MethodsImaging of 141 children with clinically suspected encephalitis as part of The California Encephalitis Project from 2005 to 2012 at a single institution was reviewed to compare the extent of neuroimaging abnormalities to patient age, gender, length of stay, and unknown, possible, or confirmed pathogen. Scan review was blinded and categorized by extent and distribution of abnormal findings.ResultsAbnormal findings were evident on 23% (22/94) of computed tomography and 50% (67/134) of magnetic resonance imaging studies in the acute setting. Twenty children with normal admission computed tomography had abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging performed within 2 days. Length of stay was significantly longer among children with abnormal acute magnetic resonance imaging (P < 0.001) and correlated with increased complexity (Spearman rho = 0.4, P < 0.001) categorized as: no imaging abnormality, meningeal enhancement and/or focal nonenhancing lesion, multifocal lesions, confluent lesions, and lesions plus diffusion restriction, hemorrhage, or hydrocephalus. There was no correlation between neuroimaging findings and an identifiable pathogen (P = 0.8).ConclusionAbnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings are more common than abnormal computed tomography findings in pediatric encephalitis. Increasing complexity of magnetic resonance imaging findings correlated with disease severity as evidenced by longer length of stay, but were not specific for an identifiable pathogen using a standardized diagnostic encephalitis panel.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Complex Partial Seizures

Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were performed on 45 patients with intractable complex partial seizures. MRI was performed with a super conducting whole-body scanner operating at 0.5 tesla (T) and 1.5 T. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, 8 of 24 patients had abnormal CT, but 16 of 24 patients showed abnormal MRI. 1.5 T MRI detected more abnormality than 0.5 T MRI when CT was normal. In patients with frontal lobe epilepsy, 5 of 7 patients had normal CT and MRI. In 2 other patients, MRI demonstrated an arachnoid cyst and increased signal intensity area on the T2-weighted images, which were not detected by CT. In patients with occipital lobe epilepsy, 5 of 6 patients show abnormal CT and MRI. In patients with tuberous sclerosis, MRI revealed some increased signal intensity areas on the T2-weighted images in the occipital and temporal lobe, which were not detected by CT. Most surface EEG foci corresponded with the side of MRI abnormality. These data indicate that MRI is more informative than CT in complex partial seizures. MRI is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of complex partial seizures.     

单纯型肌张力障碍的神经影像学研究进展

单纯型肌张力障碍是指肌张力障碍症状是患者唯一运动症状,其临床表型的多样性被认为与基因突变、多因素病理生理学改变及环境压力等有关。成人起病的单纯型局灶型肌张力障碍在常规头颅磁共振(MRI)影像中并没有结构异常,然而眼睑痉挛、痉挛性斜颈、书写痉挛、喉部肌张力障碍及某些全身型肌张力障碍在特殊MRI序列及功能MRI中表现出基底节、皮质下、皮质及小脑等不同区域结构功能变化及神经网络功能失衡。在神经分子影像学研究中,利用不同的示踪剂评估各类型肌张力障碍患者脑内葡萄糖代谢及多巴胺能、胆碱能、γ-氨基丁酸能神经递质的变化,为探索肌张力障碍的发病机制提供线索。[国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2022, 49(5):55-59]     

MR imaging and CT of pituitary abscess: Case report and review

Abstract

Pituitary abscess is a rare disorder. However, preoperative diagnosis is important to prevent a cranial approach leading to severe meningitis. A case of a 55 year-old woman with pituitary abcess is reported. The patient was admitted with a several-week history of frontal headache and no signs of inflammation. Computed tomographic (CT) scan showed a slightly low-density suprasellar expanding mass lesion with an enhanced thin wall in the pituitary region. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a homogenous high- intensity signal relative to brain parenchyma on T1 -weighted images with an enhanced thin wall and a homogenous low-intensity signal on T2-weighted images. This was histologically shown to be a pituitary abscess. Our case and review of the available literature suggest that pituitary abscess generally shows a homogenous low-density on CT scan and a homogenous low- to iso- and high-intensity signals or homogenous high- and low-intensity signals on T1- and T2-weighted images, respectively, with a cystic appearance and enhanced smooth wall. [Neurol Res 1996; 18: 495-498]     

非酮症高血糖偏侧舞蹈症5例临床特点分析

由糖尿病引起的非酮症高血糖偏侧舞蹈症(HC-NH)临床较为罕见。该文报道了5例HC-NH患者,均为老年女性,平均年龄70岁,有糖尿病史,发病至入院时间4～30 d,糖化血红蛋白7.6%～17.5%。所有患者均自一侧肢体起病;1例患者头颅CT表现为发病对侧基底节区稍高密度影;3例患者MRI提示基底节区（单侧或双侧基底节）高信号,病灶呈团片状或斑点状;1例无MRI异常表现。所有患者在降糖或增加抗多巴胺能类药物治疗后症状缓解,预后良好。[国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2022, 49(2):65-69.]     

Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in Alzheimer's disease

Structural neuroimaging with CT and MRI plays an important role in the routine clinical investigation of dementia patients. One major purpouse of the technique is to exclude secondary, treatable dementia disorders. In this respect these techniques are of utmost importance. Another major purpose of these techniques is to differentiate AD from healthy controls and other dementias.
Although some research groups have reported a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing AD by measuring the volumes (with MRI) of structures in the temporal lobes, there are no unequivocal "radiological" markers (such as the size of the lateral ventricles or sulci) that can differentiate AD from controls or vascular dementia. There have been a large number of CT and MRI studies showing that the volumes of the temporal lobes or part of the temporal lobes, such as the hippocampal formation are reduced in AD, as compared to healthy subjects.
The role of white matter changes (WMH, leukoaraiosis) in the development of AD or as a diagnostic marker for AD is unclear. The degree of WMH has been shown to be strongly age dependent and there are contradictory data concerning its relation to cognitive decline. There is stronger agreement concerning the relationship between LA assessed with CT and cognitive functions than there is between WMH on MRI and cognitive functions.
Correlative studies with MRI, CT and SPECT or PET are few. Usually the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing AD can be increased by combining two or more modalities. One other goal with this approach is to use one structural modality, such as MRI or CT as a template for functional images in order to obtain a higher accuracy in measurement of blood perfusion or glucose metabolism.     

Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 2. A retrospective study with CT and MRI

It is well known that professional boxers can develop chronic traumatic encephalopathy (dementia pugilistica) due to repeated head trauma. Beside CT findings indicating cerebral atrophy, the presence of a cavum septum pellucidum has been reported to indicate encephalopathy. CT findings in amateur boxers are not as well documented. The aim of this study was to find out if morphological changes could be demonstrated among former amateur boxers using CT and MRI. Two control groups of soccer players and track and field athletes in the same age-range were used for comparison. No significant differences in the width of the ventricular system, anterior horn index, width of cortical sulci, signs of vermian atrophy, or the occurrence of a cavum septum pellucidum were found between boxers and controls. A cavum septum pellucidum was found more often in the controls than in the boxers and is probably not a sign of earlier head trauma. MRI confirm no more findings than CT in this retrospective study.     

The Role of Neuroimaging in Headache

Headaches are a universal experience and one of the most common causes for physician consultation. The physician must determine whether a neuroimaging study is warranted to aid in the diagnosis of primary or secondary headaches. Guidelines on neuroimaging of headache patients have been developed based on review of the literature; however, their applicability must be adapted to specific clinical situations. In general, neuroimaging is most likely to be useful if the history is not typical of a primary headache type (e.g., tension type, migraine, cluster headaches) or the neurological examination is abnormal. Neuroimaging has been crucial in the investigation of the pathogenesis of migraine and cluster headaches. Secondary headaches, which may be diagnosed by neuroimaging studies, include subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral venous thrombosis, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, aqueductal stenosis, and arterial dissection.     

Two cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients mimicking HIV-related dementia

Summary Two unusual cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients are presented. Two homosexual males aged 33 and 52 years in CDC stage IV C1 complained of memory loss during the past 6 months, as well as weight loss and mild fever. They showed severe intellectual deterioration and discrete basal ganglia dysfunction. Motor performance and cognitive function as well as the conventional EEG findings were grossly abnormal. MRI was normal in the younger patient but showed signalintensive zones in the basal ganglia and cortical atrophy in the older one. CSF and serological antibody tests were normal; immunological function was severely impaired. The patients were diagnosed as late HIV-related dementia. Both deteriorated rapidly and died within a few weeks. Neuropathological examination revealed histologically severe Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, involving the basal ganglia in particular. It is concluded that in AIDS patients with a severely impaired immune status cerebral opportunistic infection may present as dementia with mild basal ganglia impairment in the absence of other focal neurological signs or the characteristic radiological findings.     

Diagnostic value of fluid attenuated inversion recovery versus T2-weighted image in diffuse axonal injury*★

BACKGROUND：At present, the most common examination modality for diffuse axonal injury （DAI） is CT or MRI. However, both methods exhibit low sensitivity in the diagnosis of DAI lesions. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the value of fluid attenuated inversion recovery （FLAIR） in the clinical diagnosis of DAI, and to compare with T2-weighted images. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This prospective study was based on imaging analysis, and was performed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University （Chongqing, China） between October 2002 and April 2004. PARTICIPANTS： Sixty-three patients with craniocerebral injury were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, including 50 males and 13 females. The patients were included in the experiment and were divided into DAI （n=24） and non-DAI （n=39） groups, according to the emergent CT findings and clinical manifestations. METHODS： Both groups underwent MR examinations, including axial and sagittal T1 weighted images （TR = 450 ms, TE = 8-9 ms）, T2-weighted images （TR = 3 600 ms, TE = 100 ms）, and FLAIR （TR = 10 000 ms, TI = 2 500 ms, TE = 40 ms）, 8-mm thick and 2-mm wide, using a GE Sigma MRI device. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The DAI diagnostic rate and lesion-detecting rate of T2-weighted images and FLAIR were determined. RESULTS： All 63 patients were included in the final analysis. The DAI diagnosis rates of FLAIR and T2-weighted images were 88% （21/24） and 62% （15/24）, respectively, of which the difference was statistically significant （P 〈 0.05）. T2-weighted images and FLAIR detected lesions located in the gray matter-white matter junction in parasagittal areas, the corpus callosum, deep periventricular white matter, basal ganglia, internal capsule, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brain stem, with a detailed amount of 123 and 256, respectively. FLAIR was significantly greater than T2-weighted images （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： FLAIR is superior     

Diagnostic value of fluid attenuated inversion recovery versus T2-weighted image in diffuse axonal injury

BACKGROUND: At present, the most common examination modality for diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is CT or MRI. However, both methods exhibit low sensitivity in the diagnosis of DAI lesions.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) in the clinical diagnosis of DAI, and to compare with T2-weighted images.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This prospective study was based on imaging analysis, and wasperformed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Chongqing, China) between October 2002 and April 2004.PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-three patients with craniocerebral injury were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, including 50 males and 13females. The patients were included in the experiment and were divided into DAI (n=24) and non-DAl (n=39)groups, according to the emergent CT findings and clinical manifestations.METHODS: Both groups underwent MR examinations, including axial and sagittal T1 weighted images (TR=450 ms, TE = 8-9 ms), T2-weighted images (TR = 3600 ms, TE = 100 ms), and FLAIR (TR = 10 000 ms,TI = 2500 ms, TE = 40 ms), 8-mm thick and 2-mm wide, using a GE Sigma MRI device.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DAI diagnostic rate and lesion-detecting rate of T2-weighted images and FLAIR were determined.RESULTS: All 63 patients were included in the final analysis. The DAI diagnosis rates of FLAIR and T2-weighted images were 88% (21/24) and 62% (15/24), respectively, of which the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). T2-weighted images and FLAIR detected lesions located in the gray matter-white matter junction in parasagittal areas, the corpus callosum, deep periventricular white matter,basal ganglia, internal capsule, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brain stem, with a detailed amount of 123 and 256, respectively. FLAIR was significantly greater than T2-weighted images (P < 0.01 ).CONCLUSION: FLAIR is superior to T2-weighted images for improving the DAI diagnostic rate and lesion-detecting rate, as well as revealing the extent and severity of DAI.