双侧去骨瓣减压开颅术治疗重型对冲性颅脑损伤效果观察

目的分析双侧去骨瓣减压开颅术治疗重型对冲性颅脑损伤的效果。方法随机将73例重型对冲性颅脑损伤患者分为2组。观察组(37例)采用双侧去骨瓣减压开颅术,对照组(36例)采用单侧去骨瓣减压开颅术。比较2组的治疗效果。结果观察组总有效率、术后GCS评分及并发症发生率均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双侧去骨瓣减压开颅术治疗重型对冲性颅脑损伤,能有效改善患者的意识状态,并发症发生率低,效果显著。     

双侧去骨瓣减压在重型颅脑外伤术中急性脑膨出中的作用

目的探讨单侧为主的重型颅脑外伤患者术中发生急性脑膨出时，双侧去骨瓣减压的效果。方法回顾性分析2003年10月至2011年12月期间本院收治的83例单侧为主的特重型颅脑外伤患者，所有人选病例术中均出现急性脑膨出并发症，研究单、双侧去骨瓣减压术对该类患者颅内压及预后GOS评分的影响。结果双侧去骨瓣减压组预后良好率显著高于单侧去骨瓣减压组（P〈0．05）；双侧去骨瓣减压组术后ICP显著低于单侧去骨瓣减压组术后ICP（P〈0．05）；存活的病例中双侧去骨瓣减压组比单侧去骨瓣减压组手术前后ICP平均下降幅度大。结论对以单侧为主的重型颅脑损伤，术中出现急性脑膨出时行双侧去骨瓣减压术较单侧减压更能有效降低术中急性脑膨出所致高颅压，降低死亡率。     

脑室型颅内压监测在控制性阶梯式减压术中的应用

目的探讨脑室型颅内压(ICP)监测在治疗重型颅脑损伤的控制性阶梯式去大骨瓣减压术中的应用。方法回顾性分析40例重型颅脑损伤手术患者的临床资料,观察组在控制性阶梯式去大骨瓣减压术中应用脑室型颅内压监测与常规去大骨瓣快速减压术对照组的比较。结果观察组患者术中急性脑膨出、迟发性血肿、术后脑梗塞的发生率比对照组明显降低,预后良好率明显高于对照组。结论脑室型颅内压监测应用于控制性阶梯式去大骨瓣减压手术,能有效减少去骨瓣减压术中出现的恶性脑膨出、迟发性血肿及术后脑梗塞等情况,改善重型颅脑损伤手术患者的预后。     

双侧去骨瓣减压术治疗31例重型对冲性颅脑损伤效果观察

目的观察双侧去骨瓣减压术治疗重型对冲性颅脑损伤的效果。方法随机将62例重型对冲性颅脑损伤患者分为2组,各31例。对照组采取单侧去骨瓣减压术,观察组采取双侧去骨瓣减压术。结果观察组恢复良好率高于对照组,重度残疾率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后第1天观察组颅内压低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),但2组GOS评分差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后第7天观察组颅内压低于对照组,GOS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论双侧去骨瓣减压术治疗重型对冲性颅脑损伤,能有效降低颅内压,改善预后,效果显著。     

重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后颅内感染多因素分析

目的分析重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后颅内感染的临床特点及危险因素,旨在为临床诊治提供依据。方法对2015年1月至2017年12月医院收治的重型颅脑损伤行去骨瓣减压术患者220例进行回顾性分析,统计患者术后颅内感染情况,对发生颅内感染患者的临床特点及危险因素进行统计与分析。结果 220例重型颅脑损伤行去骨瓣减压术患者术后发生颅脑感染8例,感染率为3.6%;感染患者主要临床症状为高热与颈项强直,临床体征为脑膜刺激征,影像学主要特点为脑室均匀性扩大;实验室指标检查方面,脑脊液呈浑浊改变,脑脊液多表现白细胞水平、糖蛋白水平升高,病原菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌;经单因素分析,手术时间长、多种合并症、GCS评分低、脑脊液漏、脑室外引流和置管、开放性损伤、抗菌药物使用时间长是重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后颅内感染的危险因素,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);对症治疗后,治疗有效率87.5%,病死率为12.5%。结论重型颅脑损伤患者行去骨瓣减压术后颅内感染多具有明显临床特点,且具有多项复杂危险因素,临床应针对危险因素进行综合应对措施。     

去大骨瓣减压联合天幕裂孔切开治疗重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝的临床效果

目的探讨去大骨瓣减压联合天幕裂孔切开治疗重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝的效果。方法将60例重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝患者按照住院时间顺序和手术方式不同分为2组,每组30例。对照组给予清除血肿联合去大骨瓣减压处理,观察组在清除血肿基础上实施去大骨瓣减压与天幕裂孔切开术治疗。比较2组患者的预后与术后并发症。结果观察组患者预后良好率优于对照组,术后脑梗塞等并发症发生率低于对照组,术后3 d环池显露率高于对照组,组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论去大骨瓣减压术与天幕裂孔切开联合方案治疗重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝,疗效确切、安全性高。     

重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后脑膨出的临床特征

目的总结去骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤并发脑膨出的临床特征。方法回顾性分析54例重型脑颅损伤经去骨瓣减压术治疗后并发脑膨出患者的临床资料。结果患者脑膨出程度随患者的预后评分增高而降低,且不同组之间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同预后组患者随着术后恢复时间的延长,患者的脑膨出程度均呈现先增后减的趋势,在术后第14天达到最高。术后发生脑膨出患者的脑积水病发率最高,达53.70%,而发生颅内感染的几率最低为3.70%。结论重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后脑膨出的发生与患者预后具有一定的关系,故需有效的提高患者的预后,减少各类病发正的发生,是降低脑膨出程度,提高治疗效果的有效手段。     

重型颅脑损伤一侧去骨瓣减压术后对侧迟发颅内血肿临床分析和预防

目的分析重型颅脑损伤一侧去骨瓣减压术后对侧迟发型颅内血肿发生的原因并提出预防和处理的方法。方法回顾性分析本院经治的12例出现重型颅脑损伤一侧去骨瓣减压术后对侧迟发型颅内血肿患者的病例特点、治疗经过和预后情况,并结合文献对该手术并发症进行分析。结果 12例患者均行再次开颅手术清除对侧迟发性颅内血肿术。术前CT提示对侧合并颅骨骨折6例,术中出现术侧急性脑膨出并证实对侧迟发性血肿8例。术后3月随访,患者预后良好1例,中残3例,重残5例,死亡4例。结论重型颅脑损伤一侧去骨瓣减压术后对侧迟发型颅内血肿多发生在首次术后24小时内,对于术前CT提示存在对侧颅骨骨折、术中出现急性脑膨出等情况的患者,应当高度警惕该并发症的发生。及时的发现并手术治疗是争取良好预后的关键。     

双侧标准大骨瓣减压联合亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤伴脑疝形成(附28例报告)

目的分析探讨双侧标准大骨瓣减压联合亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果。方法总结28例重型颅脑损伤患者,均经临床GCS评分及影像学诊断确诊,术前双侧瞳孔散大19例;术前一侧瞳孔散大9例,此9例均术中发生脑膨出,颅内压增高,行CT复查对侧血肿4例,弥漫性脑肿胀5例。所有患者均在伤后2 h内行急诊双侧标准大骨瓣减压,术中术后联合亚低温治疗,并采取脑外伤后常规对症支持治疗。结果 28例患者经治疗,根据格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS评分)取得如下治疗效果:康复良好6例,中残3例,重残4例,植物状态11例,死亡4例,死亡率14.3%。结论重型颅脑损伤伴脑疝形成的患者病情凶险,死亡率高,及早标准大骨瓣减压术联合围手术期亚低温可显著降低颅内压,降低死亡率。     

标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤46例体会

目的:采用标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤的体会。方法:回顾性分析46例重型颅脑损伤患者均采用标准大骨瓣减压术治疗,术后6月随访,根据GOS评分法评定疗效。结果:46例重型颅脑损伤患者中,良好18例(39.1%),中残7例(15.2%),重残4例(8.6%),植物样成活4例(8.6%),死亡13例(28.2%)。结论:对重型颅脑损伤患者采用标准大骨瓣开颅术,减压效果好,能明显提高抢救成功率,降低死亡率,是治疗重型颅脑损伤的有效手术方式。     

Post-operative expansion of hemorrhagic contusions after unilateral decompressive hemicraniectomy in severe traumatic brain injury

Decompressive hemicraniectomy is commonly performed in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) with diffuse brain swelling or refractory raised intracranial pressure. Expansion of hemorrhagic contusions in TBI patients is common, but its frequency following decompressive hemicraniectomy has not been well established. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the rate of hemorrhagic contusion expansion following unilateral hemicraniectomy in severe TBI, to identify factors associated with contusion expansion, and to examine whether contusion expansion is associated with worsened clinical outcomes. Computed tomography (CT) scans of 40 consecutive patients with non-penetrating TBI who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy were analyzed. Hemorrhagic contusion volumes were measured on initial, last pre-operative, and first post-operative CT scans. Mortality and 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score were recorded. Hemorrhagic contusions of any size were present on the initial head CT scan in 48% of patients, but hemorrhagic contusions with a total volume of >5 cc were present in only 10%. New or expanded hemorrhagic contusions of >or=5 cc were observed after hemicraniectomy in 58% of patients. The mean volume of increased hemorrhage among these patients was 37.1+/-36.3 cc. The Rotterdam CT score on the initial head CT was strongly associated with the occurrence and the total volume of expanded hemorrhagic contusions following decompressive hemicraniectomy. Expanded hemorrhagic contusion volume greater than 20 cc after hemicraniectomy was strongly associated with mortality and poor 6-month GOS even after controlling for age and initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. Expansion of hemorrhagic contusions is common after decompressive hemicraniectomy following severe TBI. The volume of hemorrhagic contusion expansion following hemicraniectomy is strongly associated with mortality and poor outcome. Severity of initial CT findings may predict the risk of contusion expansion following hemicraniectomy, thereby identifying a subgroup of patients who might benefit from therapies aimed at augmenting the coagulation system.     

Comparison of the effect of decompressive craniectomy on different neurosurgical diseases

Background  Many previous studies have reported that decompressive craniectomy has improved clinical outcomes in patients with intractable increased intracranial pressure (ICP) caused by various neurosurgical diseases. However there is no report that compares the effectiveness of the procedure in the different conditions. The authors performed decompressive craniectomy following a constant surgical indication and compared the clinical outcomes in different neurosurgical diseases. Materials and methods  Seventy five patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy were analysed retrospectively. There were 28 with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), 24 cases with massive intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and 23 cases with major infarction (MI). The surgical indications were GCS score less than 8 and/or a midline shift more than 6 mm on CT. The clinical outcomes were assessed on the basis of mortality and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores. The changes of ventricular pressure related to the surgical intervention were also compared between the different disease groups. Findings  Clinical outcomes were evaluated 6 months after decompressive craniectomy. The mortality was 21.4% in patients with TBI, 25% in those with ICH and 60.9% in MI. A favourable outcome, i.e. GOS 4–5 (moderate disability or better) was observed in 16 (57.1%) patients with TBI, 12 (50%) with ICH and 7 (30.4%) with MI. The change of ventricular pressure after craniectomy and was 53.2 (reductions of 17.4%) and further reduced by 14.9% (with dural opening) and (24.8%) after returning to its recovery room, regardless of the diseases group. Conclusions  According to the mortality and GOS scores, decompressive craniectomy with dural expansion was found to be more effective in patients with ICH or TBI than in the MI group. However, the ventricular pressure change during the decompressive craniectomy was similar in the different disease groups. The authors thought that decompressive craniectomy should be performed earlier for the major infarction patients.     

急性颅脑损伤后进展性出血性损伤危险因素分析

目的探讨急性颅脑损伤后发生进展性出血性损伤危险因素。方法分析274例你和性颅脑外伤患者临床资料,分为进展组86例和非进展组188例,对照分析两组相关因素。结果两组除首次头颅CT时间外,年龄、性别、GCS评分、瞳孔扩大、平均动脉压、合并颅骨折、合并硬膜外血肿、合并脑挫伤、合并蛛网膜下腔出血、双侧伤、首次CT血肿量、两次CT血肿量差之间差异,均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。GCS<12分、瞳孔扩大、合并脑挫伤、合并蛛网膜下腔出血及首次CT血肿量>10ml为发生进展性出血性损伤的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论急性颅脑损伤患者及时进行头颅CT检查,对血肿量>10ml,GCS评分1<12分、瞳孔扩大及合并脑挫伤和蛛网膜下腔出血患者,应密切观察病情进展,尽早复查头颅CT以及时发现进展性出血性损伤。     

Outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant swelling due to severe head injury

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to assess outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant brain swelling due to closed traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: During a 48-month period (March 2000-March 2004), 50 of 967 consecutive patients with closed TBI experienced diffuse brain swelling and underwent decompressive craniectomy, without removal of clots or contusion, to control intracranial pressure (ICP) or to reverse dangerous brain shifts. Diffuse injury was demonstrated in 44 patients, an evacuated mass lesion in four in whom decompressive craniectomy had been performed as a separate procedure, and a nonevacuated mass lesion in two. Decompressive craniectomy was performed urgently in 10 patients before ICP monitoring; in 40 patients the procedure was performed after ICP had become unresponsive to conventional medical management as outlined in the American Association of Neurological Surgeons guidelines. Survivors were followed up for at least 3 months posttreatment to determine their Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score. Decompressive craniectomy lowered ICP to less than 20 mm Hg in 85% of patients. In the 40 patients who had undergone ICP monitoring before decompression, ICP decreased from a mean of 23.9 to 14.4 mm Hg (p < 0.001). Fourteen of 50 patients died, and 16 either remained in a vegetative state (seven patients) or were severely disabled (nine patients). Twenty patients had a good outcome (GOS Score 4-5). Among 30-day survivors, good outcome occurred in 17, 67, and 67% of patients with postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 15, respectively (p < 0.05). Outcome was unaffected by abnormal pupillary response to light, timing of decompressive craniectomy, brain shift as demonstrated on computerized tomography scanning, and patient age, possibly because of the small number of patients in each of the subsets. Complications included hydrocephalus (five patients), hemorrhagic swelling ipsilateral to the craniectomy site (eight patients), and subdural hygroma (25 patients). CONCLUSIONS. Decompressive craniectomy was associated with a better-than-expected functional outcome in patients with medically uncontrollable ICP and/or brain herniation, compared with outcomes in other control cohorts reported on in the literature.     

颅脑损伤患者早期D-二聚体含量与伤情及预后的关系

目的探讨血浆D-二聚体(D-dimer,DD)含量作为早期观察因子在颅脑损伤患者伤情评估、预后预测中的作用。方法通过对刚入院63例单纯颅脑损伤患者血浆D-二聚体含量的测定,探讨D-二聚体含量与格拉斯哥昏迷分析(GCS)、脑CT扫描中线移位程度及格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)的关系。结果颅脑损伤早期就出现D-二聚体含量增高;D-二聚体含量与GCS呈负相关,与中线移位程度呈正相关,D-二聚体含量越高伤情越重;D-二聚体含量与GOS呈负相关,D-二聚体含量越高预后越差。结论伤后早期D-二聚体含量测定有助于颅脑损伤患者伤情评估及预后预测。     

Cerebral oxygenation, vascular reactivity, and neurochemistry following decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury

OBJECT: This study addresses the changes in brain oxygenation, cerebrovascular reactivity, and cerebral neurochemistry in patients following decompressive craniectomy for the control of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Sixteen consecutive patients with isolated TBI and elevated ICP, who were refractory to maximal medical therapy, underwent decompressive craniectomy over a 1-year period. Thirteen patients were male and 3 were female. The mean age of the patients was 38 years and the median Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission was 5. RESULTS Six months following TBI, 11 patients had a poor outcome (Group 1, Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS] Score 1-3), whereas the remaining 5 patients had a favorable outcome (Group 2, GOS Score 4 or 5). Decompressive craniectomy resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the mean ICP and cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index to autoregulatory values (< 0.3) in both groups of patients. There was a significant improvement in brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO(2)) in Group 2 patients from 3 to 17 mm Hg and an 85% reduction in episodes of cerebral ischemia. In addition, the durations of abnormal PbtO(2) and biochemical indices were significantly reduced in Group 2 patients after decompressive craniectomy, but there was no improvement in the biochemical indices in Group 1 patients despite surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Decompressive craniectomy, when used appropriately in protocol-driven intensive care regimens for the treatment of recalcitrant elevated ICP, is associated with a return of abnormal metabolic parameters to normal values in patients with eventually favorable outcomes.     

Outcome following evacuation of acute subdural haematomas: a comparison of craniotomy with decompressive craniectomy

Background  

Acute subdural haematomas (ASDH) occur commonly following traumatic brain injury and may be evacuated by either craniotomy (CR) or decompressive craniectomy (DC). We reviewed a series of consecutive patients undergoing evacuation of a traumatic ASDH at a regional centre, comparing observed clinical outcomes (assessed by Glasgow Outcome Scale at six months) with those predicted by the CRASH-CT prognostic model.     

动态CT扫描联合TCD检查预测外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后

目的动态CT扫描联合TCD预测外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血（tSAH）患者预后。方法对155例外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者给予动态CT扫描及TCD监测脑血流,6个月后行GOS评分（预后评分）。结果CT扫描tSAH出血量多、Hidjra分型13分以上、出血部位位于颅底大血管周围（外侧裂池、基底池、鞍上池、环池、四叠体池）,合并明显颅内损伤,颅内压较高及TCD监测的大脑中动脉血流明显增快者GOS评分低,预后较差。结论tSAH患者动态CT表现严重、TCD血流增速明显者,预后差。     

Effect of early and delayed decompressive craniectomy on secondary brain damage after controlled cortical impact in mice

The timing of decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a widely discussed clinical issue. Although we showed recently that early decompression is beneficial following experimental TBI, it remains unclear to what degree decompression craniectomy reduces secondary brain damage and if craniectomy is still beneficial when it is delayed by several hours as often inevitable during daily clinical practice. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the influence of craniectomy on secondary contusion expansion and brain edema formation and to determine the therapeutic window of craniectomy. Male C57/Bl6 mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact injury. Contusion volume, brain edema formation, and opening of the blood-brain barrier were investigated 2, 6, 12, and 24 h and 7 days after trauma. The effect of decompression craniectomy on secondary brain damage was studied in control mice (closed skull) and in animals craniotomized immediately or with a delay of 1, 3, or 8 h after trauma. Twenty-four hours after trauma, the time point of maximal lesion expansion (+60% vs. 15 min after trauma) and brain edema formation (+3.0% water content vs. sham), contusion volume in craniotomized mice did not show any secondary expansion; that is, contusion volume was similar to that observed in mice sacrificed immediately after trauma (18.3 +/- 5.3 vs. 22.2 +/- 1.4 mm(3)). Furthermore, brain edema formation was reduced by 52% in craniotomized animals. The beneficial effect of craniectomy was still present even when treatment was delayed by up to 3 h after trauma (p < 0.05). The current study clearly demonstrates that early craniectomy prevents secondary brain damage and significantly reduces brain edema formation after experimental TBI. Evaluation of early craniectomy as a therapeutic option after TBI in humans may therefore be indicated.     

Role of decompressive craniectomy in the management of severe head injury with refractory cerebral edema and intractable intracranial pressure. Our experience with 48 cases

BACKGROUND: The effects of decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of severe head injury remain unclear. Only very few randomized studies relating to this topic exist in the literature, including a very small number of patients with no class I evidence. METHODS: We rretrospectively reviewed a series of 221 patients operated on for a head injury during a 25-month period. Of these, 48 patients underwent a decompressive craniectomy. All data available on patients' Glasgow Coma Scale score, pupil size and reaction, and intracranial pressure were collected and analyzed. The patients' outcome was evaluated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and the results compared with the data available in the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Furthermore, the results were analyzed in respect of the time of surgical intervention (early or late), age, and the preoperative Glasgow Coma Score. RESULTS: Decompressive craniectomy reduced the midline shift in all patients with monolateral diffuse brain edema and contusions having a median value of 7 mm; in the remaining, it ameliorated the basal cisterns effacement. At a mean follow-up of 14 months, 6 (12.5%) patients died, 7 (15%) were discharged home with a GOS of 5, 18 (40%) showed a favorable outcome after rehabilitation with a GOS of 4 and 5, 6 (12.5%) had a severe disability (GOS 3), 9 (20%) were in a vegetative state (GOS 2), and 2 were lost to follow-up. The younger age, earlier surgery, and higher preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale score were related to better outcome (P < .001, P < .05, and P < .034, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results seem to support the idea that decompressive craniectomy coupled with neurointensive care may be an effective way to reduce intractable raised intracranial pressure, and probably to improve patients outcome. However, it should be obvious that our results and those available in the literature can not be considered conclusive.