Primary stabilization of open fractures of the lower extremity with the interlocking nail--the results of a study of 91 patients

The authors report on a series of open fractures (Type I and Type II) on the lower extremities of 91 patients, treated at the I. University Clinic of Traumatology, Vienna and at the Traumatologic Department of Wilhelminenspital, Vienna from 1975-1987. There were 25 open femoral- and 66 open tibial fractures. We have seen 60% Type I and 40% Type II fractures on the femur as well as on the tibia. 74% of the patients were male. The patients' ages ranged from 15 to 92 years with a median of 32 years. The main fracture type was the comminuted fracture with over 50%. In contrast to the references in the literature (9, 11, 21) we noticed an infection rate of only 1.2%. 96% of the operated and checked up patients received bone union with the interlocking nail. We cannot in any way attribute these results solely to the used implant. Conscientious indication in the application of the interlocking nail, an exact preoperative management with prophylactic antibiotic as well as an excellent operative technique are also taken into consideration. The choice of the static interlocking nail (73%) after the closed reduction (80%) of these open fractures is supposed to be a measure against infection. Due to these results we are of the opinion that the interlocking nail when selectively used in the hands of an expert can be recommended not only in closed fractures but also in Type I and II open fractures of the femur and the tibia as long as the special principles of treatment are not neglected.     

应用扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折

目的 探讨扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折的治疗效果。方法 对42例胫骨不稳定性骨折患行扩髓交锁髓内钉固定，闭合性骨折22例，开放性骨折20例，均应用静力性固定。结果 平均随访时间12个月，采用Johner—Wruh评分标准，治疗结果：优32例，良8例，一般2例。骨折平均愈合时间：闭合性骨折15周，开放性骨折19周，3例延迟愈合，无深部感染、骨髓炎、畸形愈合及骨不连发生。结论 扩髓交锁髓内钉是治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折较理想的方法，可促进骨折愈合，并发症少。     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨下段骨折

目的：探讨交锁髓内钉在胫骨下段骨折中的应用,方法：应用透视下复位及交锁髓内钉闭合穿钉内固定治疗胫骨下段不稳定骨折17例,其中闭合骨折11例,开放骨折6例,开放骨折中I型3例,II型2例,IIIA型1例。结果：17例均获得随访,平均13个月（6－19个月）,最终结果评分采用Johner-Wruh评分标准,结果优14例,良2例,差1例,无1例感染,无断钉和骨不连,结论：对于胫骨下段不稳定骨折的治疗,闭合交锁髓内钉是一个较好的选择。     

Closed intramedullary tibial nailing using the Marchetti-Vicenzi nail

We present the results of using the Marchetti-Vicenzi nail in the management of 41 closed and 16 type I-III open tibial fractures in 56 patients. The treatment goals were to achieve stability and fracture alignment allowing early functional treatment of the knee and ankle by immediate partial or full weight-bearing. Early callus formation and rapid mobilisation were obtained in 84% of the patients. The mean time to clinical union was 9.8 weeks (radiological union 28.4 weeks) for closed fractures and also 9.8 weeks for open fractures (radiological union 28.7 weeks). No late rotational deformities were observed. We argue that intramedullary nailing with a Marchetti-Vicenzi nail is a quick and excellent method of treating selected closed and open tibial fractures.     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的临床体会

目的 探讨交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨肌折的临床应用。方法 ４２例胫骨骨折均采用小切口切开复位、交锁髓内钉内固定治疗。新鲜骨折不扩髓,陈旧性骨折采用扩髓方法。结果 全部病例均获随访,平均随访１年１个月,骨折均愈合。术中损伤大隐静脉１例,术后关节疼痛７例。结论 应用交锁髓内钉治疗肥骨骨折需掌握好适应证,并进行良好的复位。     

交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折并发症的原因分析及防治

[目的] 观察交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的并发症的原因及防治措施。[方法]1999年1月～2004年12月用交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折120例。男76例，女44例；Gustilo Ⅰ型67例，Ⅱ型47例，Ⅲa型6例；左侧39例，右侧81例；年龄15～78岁，平均34．5岁；Gustilo Ⅰ，Ⅱ型均采用扩髓及静力型固定，Ⅲa型6例均未扩髓。[结果] 120例均得到随访，平均30个月（2个月～5年）。愈合时间12～56周，平均27．4周。术中并发症有髓内钉开口错误3例，术中再骨折4例，小腿软组织损伤4例，锁钉误穿7例，大隐静脉和腓总神经损伤各1例；术后并发症主要有感染8例，膝关节疼痛3例，锁钉断裂4例：主钉断裂1例，骨折迟缓愈合12例，肢体短缩和膝关节内翻各1例。疗效根据Johner-Wruhs标准进行评分，优102例，良16例，差2例，优良率98.3％。[结论] 交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折存在一定的并发症，在临床使用中必须引起高度重视；Gustilo Ⅱ以上骨折以不扩髓为宜。     

带锁钉治疗胫骨骨折(附36例报告)

目的 :观察带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的疗效。方法 :1997年 7月～ 1998年 10月 ,对 3 6例胫骨骨折采用带锁髓内钉固定。其中男 2 1例 ,女 15例 ,年龄 18～ 62岁。闭合性骨折 19例 ,开放性骨折 17例。手术采用扩髓 14例 ,动力型固定 4例 ,静力型变为动力型固定 15例。结果 :3 6例随访 ,平均 18个月 ,骨折全部愈合 ,平均愈合时间 11周 ,最终结果评分根据Tohner-Wruh评分标准 ,优 3 2例 ,良 4例。结论 :带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折是一种较好的内固定方法。具有创伤小 ,固定坚强 ,应力遮档小 ,骨折愈合率高和感染率低等优点。     

Interlocking nails for displaced metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia

Metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia near the ankle joint are difficult to manage. Poor soft tissue coverage and comminution of the fracture complicate open reduction. This prospective study aims to evaluate the practicability of using interlocking nails to treat such fractures. Using the method of closed reduction and internal fixation with a shortened tibial interlocking nail, 20 consecutive cases of distal tibial metaphyseal fractures within 4 cm of the ankle joint line were enrolled from 1997 to 2001. All patients received regular post-operative radiographic check-up and the ankle function was evaluated with the Iowa Ankle-Evaluation rating system. Our result was satisfactory and all of the fractures united solidly with a mean union time of 17.2 weeks. No major complication occurred. We conclude that tibial interlocking nailing is a reliable and safe method for managing metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia near the ankle joint.     

Segmental tibial fractures treated with interlocking nails: A retrospective study of 33 cases

We treated 33 segmental tibial fractures with interlocking nails between 1986 and 1991. All fractures were managed with calcaneal traction, closed reduction, reaming and fixation with a Grosse-Kempf interlocking nail. The patients were followed for at least 15 months. The mean duration to union was 17 (12-20) weeks for the distal fractures and 20 (12-34) weeks for the proximal ones. There were only 3 cases of delayed union of the proximal fracture, 2 of which united after dynamization by removal of distal screws and 1 after autogenous bone grafting. There were 2 cases of deep infection, which were diagnosed 'after the fractures were united. The infection was treated with removal of the nail, reaming, and antibiotic treatment intravenously for 2 weeks and orally for 4 weeks. All patients returned to their previous activity level. We conclude that segmental tibial fractures can be treated with an interlocking nail and have a high rate of union and a low complication rate.     

带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨骨折

目的 探讨带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨骨折的方法和疗效。方法 以带锁髓内钉开放复位静力型内固定手术方式治疗股骨、胫骨骨折共26例。结果 经平均半年的随访,所有病例骨折全部愈合,关节功能良好,无钉折弯、断裂等并发症发生。结论 用带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨骨折具有稳定性高、疗效确切和并发症少等优点,是一种理想的治疗方法。     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折

目的 观察交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效及并发症防治。方法 用交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折46例,均采用扩髓及静力型固定。结果 46例均得到随访,平均20个月（6个月-3年）,愈合时间为3-12个月,平均4个月,感染4例均为开放性骨折,肢体短缩1例,成角畸形2例,延迟愈合7例,无不愈合。根据Johner-Wruh评分标准,优36例,良7例,中2例,差1例。结论 交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折是一种很好的方法。但仍有一些并发症,在应用中必须引起重视;开放性骨折以不扩髓为宜。     

带锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨骨折（附43例报告）

目的：分析总结带锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨骨折。方法：作回顾了43例胫骨骨折，均采用带锁髓内钉固定治疗，其中闭合骨折32例，开放骨折11例，43例骨折平均随访15.6个月（4-40个月），疗效评定采用Johner-wruh评分标准。结果：在32例闭合骨折中，最终结果优28例，良3例，中1例；在11例开放骨折中，优8例，良2例，有效期1例，以上43例病人手术后均无继发性骨筋膜室综合征，神经损伤、钉体断裂等情况发生，结果：作认为带锁髓内钉非常适用于闭合的胫骨骨折，而在治疗开放骨折时，因感染率高，应慎用。     

非扩髓的交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折

目的 :评估非扩髓的交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效。方法 :应用非扩髓的交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折 2 8例 ,开放性骨折 11例 ,闭合性骨折 17例。结果 :按Johner Wruh评分标准 ,优 2 3例 ,良 4例 ,可 1例。平均随访 13个月 ,平均愈合时间 14周 ,无主钉弯曲、断裂和锁钉断裂现象 ,无感染。骨折全部愈合。结论 :非扩髓的交锁髓内钉在治疗胫腓骨骨折中具有创伤小、固定确实、感染率低、骨折愈合率高等优点 ,是治疗胫腓骨骨折的首选方法。     

带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折(附76例报告)

目的 总结带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的经验。方法 采用带锁髓内钉内固定的不同类型的胫骨骨折76例。其中闭合骨折55例，开放骨折21例。76例平均随访时间17．9个月(4～31个月)。疗效评定采用Johner-wruh评分标准。结果 在55例闭合骨折中，优49例，良5例，中1例；21例开放骨折，优17例，良3例。差1例。术后均无继发性骨筋膜室综合征，无神经损伤、钉体断裂和感染。结论 带锁髓内钉适用于治疗胫骨骨折，非扩髓带锁髓内钉适于开放骨折和多发伤；早期手术并不影响预后。且可减少并发症。     

凹槽交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折(附27例报告)

目的　介绍一种治疗开放性胫骨骨折的新型交锁钉 -凹槽交锁髓内钉 (又称BiorigidNailTibia)。方法　应用德国aap公司生产的胫骨凹槽交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折 2 7例。结果　全组经 6个月以上随访无骨不连发生 ,皮肤创面一期愈合 17例 ,延期愈合 7例 ,3例经二期简单缝合后愈合。结论　凹槽交锁髓内钉以其独特的设计 ,可靠的固定 ,最大限度的保留骨折端血供及方便快捷的操作适用于大部分开放性胫骨骨折     

Lower infection rate after interlocking nailing in open fractures of femur and tibia

Between 1975 and 1987 91 patients with Types I and II open lower extremity fractures (66 tibia and 25 femur) have been treated surgically with interlocking nailing at the I University Clinic of Traumatology, and the Trauma Department of Wilhelminenspital, Vienna. Our infection rate of 1.2% was found to be lower than figures cited in the literature. Conscientious indication of the interlocking nail in these circumstances cannot claim all the credit for these results, the appropriate preoperative management with preventive antibiotics together with excellent operative technique have to be taken into consideration as well. Reviewing these results, we have adopted the opinion that the interlocking nail, when selectively used in the hands of an expert, can be recommended not only in closed fractures but also in Types I and II open fractures of the femur and tibia, provided that the special principles of treatment in a particular case are not neglected.     

磁力导航髓内钉小切口微创治疗胫骨干骨折

目的探讨磁力导航髓内钉小切口微创治疗胫骨干骨折的临床效果。方法 2008年8月至2010年2月我院对收治的32例胫骨干骨折患者,实施了骨折闭合复位或小切口切开复位磁力导航带锁髓内钉内固定手术。结果闭合复位成功12例,小切口开放复位20例,锁定钉远端一次性锁定30例,成功率93.8%。髌韧带内侧切口平均长度3.1 cm,骨折端切口平均长度2.6 cm。无感染及切开皮肤坏死病例。随访28例,平均随访6.3个月,骨折平均愈合时间为2.8个月,无骨折不愈合及髓内钉松动断裂。功能按Johner-Wruhs评定标准进行评价,优20例,良7例,中1例,优良率96.4%。结论磁力导航髓内钉小切口微创治疗胫骨干骨折锁钉定位准确,损伤小,疗效好,优于传统髓内钉内固定技术。     

应用三角架闭合复位行交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折

目的：探讨应用三角架对胫骨骨折闭合复位交锁髓内钉固定的治疗方法及疗效。方法：胫骨骨折126例,男76例,女50例;年龄25～68岁,平均38岁。闭合性骨折86例,开放性骨折40例（Gustilo分类Ⅰ和Ⅱ型）。AO分型：A型49例,B型41例,C型36例。应用三角架支撑对胫骨骨折闭合复位交锁髓内钉固定治疗。结果：126例随访10～16个月,平均12个月,骨折全部愈合。采用肢体、关节功能恢复Johner-Wruhs法评定疗效：优103例,良18例,可5例。结论：交锁髓内钉是治疗胫骨骨折的理想方法,术中常规静力固定,闭合复位,不剥离骨膜,减少了感染率及并发症。应用三角架减轻手术过程中的劳动强度,并且易于复位。     

Interlocking nailing of complex fractures of the femur and tibia

The interlocking nail widens the range of indications for medullary osteosynthesis of femoral and tibial shaft fractures. Stability is achieved by transverse threaded bolts in prefabricated holes in the nail, which anchor the implant directly to cortical bone, thereby controlling length, alignment, and rotation of the limb. Two hundred eighty-three femoral and 401 tibial fractures were treated with an interlocking nail and followed for an average of 20 months. Overall, 97% of the femurs and 94.3% of the tibias were judged to have an excellent or good result, based on both clinical and radiographic parameters. Delayed union or nonunion requiring bone grafts occurred in 2% of the femurs and 0.7% of the tibias following interlocking nailing. Deep infection developed in 2.4% of the femurs and 2.2% of the tibias. All of these patients eventually healed their fractures without evidence of chronic osteomyelitis. The main advantage of interlocking nails is that surgery can be performed using closed nailing techniques, allowing early protected weight-bearing and joint motion. The rates of nonunion and infection are very low, and there is little risk of refracture after implant removal.     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折

目的 探讨交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折中的治疗效果。方法 对66例胫骨骨折采用交锁髓内钉内固定治疗，闭合性骨折47例，开放性骨折19例。动力型固定16例，静力型变为动力型固定50例。结果 66例随访10～30个月，平均18个月。骨折均愈合，平均愈合时间16周。术后迟发性感染1例，锁钉偏孔7个孔，大隐静脉损伤1例。根据Johner—Wruh评分标准：优47例，良14例，可差1例，总优良率92．43％。结论 交锁髓内钉内固定术是治疗胫骨骨折的一种理想方法，具有创伤小、固定可靠、应力遮挡小、骨折愈合率高、能早期活动等优点。