巴戟天正丁醇提取物对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤后炎性细胞因子的影响

目的：观察巴戟天正丁醇提取物对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧／复氧损伤后炎性细胞因子的影响。方法：采用培养的乳鼠心肌细胞建立缺氧／复氧损伤模型，实验分正常细胞培养组、缺氧／复氧损伤模型组、巴戟天正丁醇提物小、中、大剂量组。平衡法测定TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量变化。结果：巴戟天正丁醇提物可明显改善缺氧、复氧损伤；降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量。结论：巴戟天正丁醇提取物对缺氧／复氧损伤的心肌细胞有防护作用；其防护作用可能与降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量有关。     

香青兰及其含药血清对H9c2心肌细胞三种缺氧/复氧损伤模型的影响

目的:比较香青兰醇提物及其含药血清对H9c2心肌细胞3种缺氧/复氧损伤模型的影响,考察香青兰对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:体外培养H9c2心肌细胞,以Na2S2O4,N2和厌氧袋为缺氧环境分别建立缺氧/复氧损伤模型,以T-SOD,MDA,LDH为指标,考察香青兰醇提物(1,10,100μg.mL-1)及其含药血清对H9c2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的影响。结果:与模型组比较,香青兰醇提物及其含药血清能明显抑制缺氧/复氧损伤H9c2心肌细胞LDH释放和MDA含量,升高T-SOD活力(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:香青兰醇提物及其含药血清对H9c2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤具有保护作用,提示香青兰具有保护心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用。     

红景天苷衍生物N03对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的保护作用

目的：研究红景天苷衍生物1-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-N-（2′-氯苯甲基）甲胺（1-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-N-(2’-chlorophenyl) methyl methanamine,N03）对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的保护作用。方法：以1~2 d龄Wistar大鼠乳鼠心室肌进行心肌细胞培养并建立缺氧-复氧损伤模型,检测不同浓度（2,10,50 mg&#8226;L-1）N03预处理后细胞的形态变化,比色法检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶（CK）、天冬氨酸转移酶（AST）的泄漏量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,luminometer法检测细胞中三磷酸腺甘(ATP)水平,荧光探针负载法检测其是否能够拮抗缺氧-复氧损伤所引起的细胞内活性氧(ROS)升高和钙超载。结果：红景天苷衍生物N03能减轻心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤后LDH,CK和AST的漏出量,同时能够升高SOD活性,降低缺氧-复氧损伤所致的ATP水平下降程度和拮抗细胞内ROS升高和钙超载。结论：红景天苷衍生物N03对缺氧-复氧损伤的心肌细胞具有明显的保护作用,可能对心肌缺血的一些疾病具有治疗作用     

丹参水提物通过调节PI3K/Akt信号通路来抑制急性心肌缺氧缺血的伤害

评估丹参水提物对急性心肌缺氧缺血的作用,为临床应用提供一定实验依据。建立大鼠急性心肌缺氧再灌注模型,丹参水提物在模型建立前饲喂大鼠,结果表明丹参水提物可明显降低心肌缺氧大鼠的氧化伤害,提高Akt蛋白的磷酸化和bcl-2/bax,最终减轻心肌细胞的凋亡。作者认为丹参水提物通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路进而调节下游凋亡蛋白从而发挥对急性心肌缺氧缺血的明显保护作用。     

茜草双酯对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞的保护作用研究

目的探讨茜草双酯对缺氧复氧的乳鼠心肌细胞是否具有保护作用。方法原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞,建立缺氧复氧模型,分别测各组细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞的凋亡与坏死。结果与缺氧/复氧模型组比较发现,缺氧/复氧模型预先加茜草组较缺氧/复氧模型组LDH活性和MDA含量降低有统计学意义(P<0.05),细胞凋亡和坏死有所减少。结论茜草双酯对体外培养的缺氧/复氧心肌细胞具有保护和抗凋亡作用。     

芳香新塔花对大鼠急性心肌缺血和乳鼠心肌细胞的保护作用

目的比较芳香新塔花Ziziphora clinopodioides不同提取物对大鼠急性心肌缺血、对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的影响。方法通过体内注射垂体后叶素造成大鼠急性心肌缺血模型,观察急性心肌缺血大鼠Ⅱ导联心电图J点的变化,以及试药对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)的影响。体外培养原代SD乳鼠心肌细胞,建立心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤模型,用MTT法测定药物对心肌细胞存活率的影响,测定给药后MDA的变化。结果芳香新塔花石油醚部位和氯仿部位0.3g/kg显著抑制注射垂体后叶素所致心电图J点升高,对心率、SOD、LDH、MDA的影响不显著;乙醇提取物和氯仿部位能明显降低缺氧-复氧模型下心肌细胞培养液中的MDA浓度。结论芳香新塔花具有潜在的心肌缺血保护作用。     

三碘甲状腺原氨酸及格列本脲对缺血再灌注损伤后未成熟心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的通过三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)对缺血再灌注损伤后未成熟心肌细胞凋亡的影响,探讨其作用机制。方法培养原代乳鼠未成熟心肌细胞,通过在缺氧复氧前给予T3或(和)格列本脲处理,用TUNEL检测法检测正常组、缺氧复氧处理组以及在缺氧复氧前给予T3或(和)格列本脲干预后心肌细胞凋亡情况。结果缺氧复氧前短期给予T3可减少心肌细胞凋亡,而这种保护作用可被格列本脲阻断。结论 T3可以对抗缺血再灌注对心肌细胞损伤的能力,而对心肌细胞凋亡这种保护作用与KATP通道相关。     

麝香保心丸抗心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤活性成分筛选

目的：建立原代心肌细胞缺氧-复氧模型,并对麝香保心丸及其20种血中活性成分进行抗缺氧-复氧损伤的活性筛选。方法取新生（1～3 d）SD乳鼠的心脏,建立原代心肌细胞的缺氧-复氧损伤模型,并采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）比色法进行麝香保心丸及其入血成分的活性筛选。结果麝香保心丸在50μg/ml浓度下具有较好的保护原代心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的作用;人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rb2、蟾毒灵和麝香酮具有较好的保护原代心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的作用。结论麝香保心丸具有抗心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的作用,人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rb2、蟾毒灵和麝香酮是其主要的有效成分。该研究为麝香保心丸深入的药效和机制研究奠定了基础。     

黄芪多糖对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用

目的探讨黄芪多糖(APS)对乳大鼠培养心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法取体外培养的乳大鼠心肌细胞建立缺氧/复氧心肌细胞损伤模型,实验分为5组:空白对照组;模型组(A/R组);3个APS给药组,于缺氧及复氧开始时分别加入终浓度为10、30、100mg·mL-1的APS,观察APS对细胞上清液中缺氧/复氧后LDH、CK、AST漏出量、MDA含量、SOD活性。用MTT法检测APS对缺氧/复氧损伤心肌细胞存活率的影响。用流式细胞仪测定APS对缺氧/复氧损伤心肌细胞凋亡的影响。结果 APS可明显减少缺氧/复氧后LDH、CK、AST漏出量(P<0.05或P<0.01);降低MDA含量,提高SOD活性(P<0.05或P<0.01);明显提高缺氧/复氧损伤心肌细胞的存活率,并能明显抑制缺氧/复氧损伤心肌细胞凋亡。结论 APS对培养心肌细胞的缺氧/复氧损伤具有保护作用,作用机制与其增强细胞抗氧化作用,减少自由基及脂质过氧化物导致的细胞膜损伤和抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

环维黄杨星D对培养大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用

目的研究环维黄杨星D对纯化培养大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用及机制。方法采用纯化培养的心肌细胞建立缺氧/复氧损伤模型,测定细胞凋亡率、caspase-3、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量。结果与正常组比较,模型组LDH、MDA含量、caspase-3活性及细胞凋亡率明显增高(P<0.01),SOD活性明显降低(P<0.01);CVB-D(1×10-5mol.L-1)组降低LDH、MDA含量、caspase-3活性和细胞凋亡率,提高SOD活性,与缺氧/复氧组比较各实验指标均差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论CVB-D对缺氧/复氧造成的心肌细胞损伤具有保护作用,作用机制与清除氧自由基,抗脂质过氧化及降低细胞凋亡率有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.