邢台市结核病防控效果分析

目的分析邢台市2001至2009年结核病防控效果,为今后结核病防治工作提供依据。方法采用《全国结核病防治规划(2001至2010年)》监测和评估的调查登记表,对肺结核患者发现、治疗管理、转诊等内容进行汇总、统计和分析。结果 2001至2009年,邢台市累计发现活动性肺结核患者26 936例,发现率为25.3%,其中,因症就诊是发现结核患者的主要方式,占就诊人数78.5%,涂阳患者21 177例,涂阳率为78.6%,患者发现率呈逐年上升趋势,因症就诊率和涂阳发现率呈逐年下降趋势;累计治愈20 319例传染性肺结核病人,治愈率为95.9%;医疗机构报告疑似肺结核患者转诊到位率为16.27%,总体到位率为59.24%,转诊到位率、追踪率、追踪到位率及总体到位率均呈逐年上升趋势。结论通过《规划》实施,邢台市结核病防治工作取得了阶段性成果,今后应进一步巩固和发展现代化结核病防控策略。     

2005至2008年白城市综合医院肺结核患者报告、转诊情况分析

目的分析综合医院在肺结核患者发现中的作用,为进一步加强结防机构与综合医疗机构合作(医防合作,PPM-DOTS)和结核病防治可持续发展提供依据。方法收集2005至2008年白城市结核病防治规划月报和白城2005至2008年网络直报肺结核患者核查追踪情况月报表及有关资料进行分析。结果4年间白城市综合医院肺结核患者转诊到位率分别为59%、52%、57%、58%;结防机构追踪率分别为14%、34%、23%、36%;追踪到位率分别为60%、56%、59%、59%;总体到位率分别为13%、56%、62%、60%。在转诊到位的患者中,30%的患者为涂阳患者;追踪到位的患者中,77%的患者被诊断为涂阳患者。结论4年间白城市综合医院肺结核患者转诊到位率、结防机构追踪率、追踪到位率和总体到位率逐年提高;全年发现的涂阳中,通过转诊、转诊发现的涂阳患者比例逐年增高,2008年达到18.6%。所以,综合医疗机构与结防机构的和作有进一步加强。     

江西省网络直报肺结核病人转诊与追踪情况分析

目的通过了解肺结核病人转诊与追踪情况,探讨如何利用网络直报所提供的病人信息,来提高病人发现率。方法对江西省2005~2008年中国结核病控制工作月报表所提供的数据进行分析。结果非结防机构报告病人转诊到位率由2005年的51.72%上升到2008年的61.31%;结防机构追踪到位率由2005年的62.17%上升到2008年的87.75%,但仍有21.9%的病人追踪未到位;在转诊到位的病人中31.2%的病人是涂阳病人,追踪到位的病人中29.66%病人被诊断为涂阳病人。结论 4年来,网络直报病人转诊到位率、追踪到位率及涂阳病人发现比例均在逐年递增,因此必须进一步加强干预措施,改善转诊与追踪工作。     

涂阳肺结核患者的发现方式与化疗效果分析

目的分析涂阳肺结核患者的发现方式及化疗效果,为探究肺结核防治模式提供科学依据。方法选取2013年1月至2014年1月正阳县疾病预防控制中心结核病防治科结核病患者登记的病历资料及治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果调查期间共发现537例活动性肺结核患者,涂阳肺结核患者264例,占活动性肺结核患者的比例为49.16%;且初治涂阳肺结核患者占涂阳肺结核患者的比例为88.64%;主要发现方式为因病症主动到医院就诊、由门诊部门转诊至专科结核病防治机构、由乡镇卫生院医师因病症情况推荐等;其中初治涂阳患者治愈率高达95.73%。结论涂阳肺结核患者发现方式多样,其中以主动就医和因症推荐为主,且初治涂阳患者治愈率相对较高,需加强早期肺结核患者检测及治疗手段。     

廊坊市世界银行贷款／英国赠款结核病控制项目实施效果分析

目的分析评价廊坊市世界银行贷影英国赠款结核核病控制项目实施效果。方法根据《廊坊市卫十项目终期评估》资料,来共检查肺结核可疑症状者86469例,共发现活动性肺结核患者16495例,其中涂阳肺结核患者11295例,涂阴肺结核患者5200例。结果发现新涂阳肺结核患者9288例,治愈8995例,新涂阳患者治愈率为96．8％;发现复治涂阳患者2007例,治愈1915例,复治涂阳治愈率95．4％。非结防机构网络报告肺结核疑似患者5168例,转诊到位2615例,转诊到位率50．6％;追踪到位1389例,追踪到位率54、4％;总体到位4004倒,总体到位率77．5％。结论卫十项目的实施使廊坊市结核病控制工作取得了显著成绩,积累了丰富经验,结核病疫情呈平稳下降趋势,为今后结核病控制工作有效开展提供了有力支持。     

2010～2012年菏泽市非结防机构网络报告肺结核患者转诊与追踪分析

目的 分析菏泽市2010～2012年非结防机构网络直报肺结核患者转诊和追踪情况,评价结核病防治机构和非结核病防治机构的合作和协调情况,以提高结核病发现水平.方法 对菏泽市近3年结核病管理信息系统非结防机构网络报告肺结核患者转诊与追踪报表进行统计,分析转诊到位率、追踪到位率和总体到位率的变化和原因.结果 2010年1月～2012年12月菏泽市非结防机构网络报告肺结核或疑似患者6669例,其中,重报1434例,重报率为21.50％;转诊到位2488例,转诊到位率为49.57％;需追踪2421例,实际追踪2411例,追踪率为99.59％;追踪到位2020例,追踪到位率为83.44％;总体到位4618例,总体到位率为92.01％.结论 菏泽市2010～2012年非结防机构网络报告的肺结核和疑似肺结核转诊到位率、追踪到位率和总体到位率逐年升高,医防合作是提高患者发现率的有效途径,但仍需进一步加强结核病归口管理和医疗机构报告转诊制度,提高非结防机构医务人员转诊和结核患者就诊的主动性,最终提高结核病的发现水平.     

深圳市不同户籍肺结核患者治疗转归分析

目的 分析深圳市不同户籍肺结核患者的治疗转归情况,为制定结核病防治策略提供科学依据.方法 收集2008年深圳市结核病控制项目的 信息月报、季报和年报、传染病报告卡及相关资料,分析深圳市不同户籍肺结核患者治疗转归情况.结果 2008年治疗活动性肺结核患者4 826例,其中流动人口肺结核占86.0%,初治涂阳肺结核患者2 349例,流动人口初治涂阳治愈率（75.0%）显著低于深圳户籍或常住户籍人口（95.6%）（Х^2=67.69,P＜0.01）,流动人口初治涂阳迁出或丢失率（13.5%）显著高于深圳户籍或常住户籍人口（0.9%）（Х^2=41.99,P＜0.01）;初治涂阴结核病患者2 164例,流动人口初治涂阴完成疗程率（89.1%）显著低于深圳户籍或常住户籍人口（96.3%）（Х^2=15.77,P＜0.01）,流动人口初治涂阴迁出或丢失率（8.9%）显著高于深圳户籍或常住户籍人口（2.2%）（Х^2=17.06,P＜0.01）;复治涂阳结核病患者313例,流动人口复治涂阳治愈率（63.8%）显著低于深圳户籍或常住户籍人口（83.8%）（Х^2=5.84,P＜0.05）,流动人口复治涂阳迁出或丢失率（21.3%）显著高于深圳户籍或常住户籍人口（0.0%）（Х^2=9.75,P＜0.01）.结论 深圳市流动人口结核病患者治愈率较深圳户籍或常住户籍人口低,迁出或丢失率较深圳户籍或常住户籍人口高,流动人口是深圳市结核病控制工作的重点和难点.     

2005—2012年深圳市横岗地区肺结核患者就诊情况分析

目的探讨深圳市横岗地区疑似肺结核患者就诊情况,为进一步做好我国结核病防控工作提供科学依据。方法收集2005—2012年中国疾病预防控制信息系统中横岗地区的肺结核病例数据,并采用描述性流行病学方法对横岗非结核病防治机构发现、报告、转诊,结核病防治专业机构追踪、诊断的肺结核患者的情况进行统计分析。结果8年间,非结核病防治机构通过网络直报系统上报的疑似肺结核患者共13 365例,年平均初诊发现率为331.81/10万(13 365/4 027 904);通过转诊及追踪,共到位7 538例,年平均到位率为56.40%;确诊病例数共1 342例,年平均确诊率为17.80%。结论需进一步提高疑似患者转诊到位率,加强医疗队伍能力建设,提高肺结核病防治机构的诊疗水平。     

某市肺结核患者转诊和追踪情况分析

目的分析锡市2006年至2009年非结防机构网络直报肺结核患者转诊和追踪情况。方法收集其工作月报表、季报表、结核病管理信息系统、肺结核患者和疑似肺结核患者追踪情况登记本等资料。结果对其的追踪至"位率"与转诊至"位率"分别是58.5%与44.4%,总位率是76.9%。可能患有结核病的患者当中已经有53.4%被确诊为活动性肺结核。结论非结防机构在肺结核患者的发现中起重要作用,创造相对比较严肃规范的结核"登记"、"报告"和转诊的相关制度,努力提升信息直接上报患者的"查痰率"和转诊到位率将提高肺结核患者发现水平。     

桃源县2009～2010年非结核病防治机构网络直报肺结核转诊与追踪情况

目的分析2009～2010年桃源县非结核病防治机构网络直报肺结核（疑似）患者的转诊追踪及到位情况,掌握结核病控制工作动态,为今后的防治工作提供参考。方法收集2009—2010年桃源县非结核病防治机构肺结核病网络直报相关资料,对（疑似）肺结核患者转诊、追踪工作及到位患者的诊断情况进行回顾性分析。结果2009～2010年桃源县非结核病防治机构网络直报肺结核患者642例,转诊到位503例,转诊到位率为78．35％,结核病防治机构追踪率为100．00％,追踪到位率为95．68％,总体到位率为99．07％。结论桃源县2009～2010年非结核病防治机构网报肺结核转诊与追踪情况良好。肺结核疫情报告、核查追踪是检出结核病的重要环节。不断改善追踪访视技巧、方法,开展健康教育,可以有效地提高非结核病防治机构网络直报肺结核患者的到位率、结核病防治机构的追踪到位率及患者的发现率,以控制结核病的传播。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.