语言理解能力与儿童心理理论测试成绩的关系

目的研究语言理解能力与心理理论测试成绩的关系和中文修订版心理理论测试工具在中国的适用性。方法应用中文版心理理论测试工具和图片词汇测验测试哈尔滨市100名3~5岁儿童。结果3~5岁各组儿童100%通过表情辨认测试,表情解释测试通过率分别为76%、97%、97%,“地点变换”错误信念测试通过率分别为36%、76%和93%,“内容变换”错误信念测试的通过率分别为15%、42%和59%。除表情辨认测试的通过率外,3个年龄组间各项测试的通过率差异有统计学显著性(χ2=11.11,24.79,12.82,P<0.01)。按错误信念测试完成与否分组比较图片词汇测验IQ差异有统计学显著性,如地点变换、内容变换通过与否者IQ分别为104.9±16.9/97.0±15.8,160.7±17.6/99.7±15.9(t=2.22,2.07,P<0.05)。结论错误信念测试成绩与词汇理解能力有关,中文版心理理论测试工具在中国基本适用。     

高功能孤独症儿童的心理推理能力

目的:探讨高功能孤独症儿童心理推理能力特点及其两种心理推理能力成分之间的关系。方法:采用横断面研究方法,对92例符合DSM-IV孤独症诊断标准的6～18岁高功能孤独症儿童及59例年龄、性别相匹配的正常发育儿童进行心理推理能力社会认知成分任务(显性错误信念、一级错误信念、情绪隐藏和二级错误信念)和社会情感成分任务(表情识别)测查。结果:高功能孤独症组心理推理能力社会认知成分任务的通过率和社会情感成分任务的平均分均低于正常对照组(均P 0.05);高功能孤独症组一级错误信念、情绪隐藏、二级错误信念任务通过组简单表情识别任务的得分高于未通过组(均P 0.05);复杂表情任务高分组的显性错误信念任务的通过率高于低分组(P 0.05)。结论:6～18岁高功能孤独症儿童心理推理能力的两种成分均存在缺陷,两成分之间既相互作用又相互独立。     

孤独症和正常儿童心理理论能力比较

目的考察孤独症儿童心理理论的特点,探讨孤独症心理理论缺失假说。方法18名3-15岁的孤独症儿童为实验组,30名3-16岁的正常儿童为对照组,接受了龚氏非文字智力测验以及“外表-真实任务”、“意外位置任务”和“意外内容任务”三个心理理论测验任务。结果⑴在龚氏非文字智力测验中,孤独症组IQ低于正常组(98.8±25.2/117.2±14.3,t=-2.760,P<0.05)。⑵所有被试在各项心理理论任务上的得分之间均存在显著正相关(r=0.612~1.000,P<0.01)。⑶孤独症组的外表-真实任务(247/927,u=-5.007,P<0.001)、位置错误信念问题(173/862,u=-5.661,P<0.001)、内容自我错误信念问题(178/725,u=-4.277,P<0.001)及内容他人错误信念问题(163.5/739.5,u=-4.639,P<0.001)得分均低于正常组。结论孤独症儿童心理理论发展水平远落后于同龄正常儿童,存在严重的心理理论缺损。     

阿斯伯格综合征儿童对人物基本面部表情的识别特点

目的:了解阿斯伯格综合征(Asperger syndrome,AS)儿童对人物基本面部表情的识别能力和特征。方法:使用本研究研发的面部表情识别测试软件系统对22例符合美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第四版(the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,4th edition,DSM-Ⅳ)AS诊断标准的门诊AS儿童和20例性别、年龄等一般情况相匹配的正常对照儿童进行测试。以不同呈现方式下的面部表情识别的正确率与反应时为分析指标。结果:AS儿童对正立面部表情、上半部面孔表情的识别正确率均低于正常对照儿童,且反应时间延迟。AS儿童对整体面部表情的识别仅优于下半面孔,而正常儿童对整体面部表情的识别率优于上半和下半面孔。AS儿童与正常儿童对正立(整体)面孔的识别均优于倒立面孔。结论:阿斯伯格综合征儿童对人物面部表情的识别能力较正常儿童差,但尚具有一定的面孔整体加工能力,与正常儿童同样具有倒置面孔效应。     

中国日本儿童心理推测能力比较研究

目的：比较中国和日本儿童心理推测能力发展的异同点。方法：应用日本版“心灵理论”课题测验及测具对90名3－6岁汉族儿童进行了测试,将测试结果与日本资料进行了比较分析。结果：“表情理解题”中国幼儿通过年龄早于日本儿童（P＜0．05）,全部题目都通过的和除无情节虚假信念题外都能通过的比率中日幼儿各组间比较无差异（P＞0．05）。结论：中国和日本儿童心理推测能力发展水平基本接近,但存在个别差异。不同社会文化背景对儿童心理推测能力的发展产生一定影响。     

脑瘫患儿推理加工与心理理论相关研究

目的:探究脑瘫患儿推理加工与心理理论的相关性.方法:选取35名脑瘫患儿和36名正常对照组儿童,接受语义推理(因果推理和预期推理)、语用推理(简单语用和复杂语用推理)和心理理论(错误信念和错误预期)测试.结果:在各测试任务上脑瘫组得分显著低于对照组;分层回归分析表明:因果推理对错误信念有预测作用,预期推理对错误预期有预测作用,简单语用推理对错误信念和错误预期都有预测作用,复杂语用推理对错误预期有预测作用.结论:脑瘫患儿的推理加工能力和心理理论落后于正常儿童,推理加工能力与心理理论具有相关性.     

强直性脊柱炎中TNF-α-850位点的单核苷酸多态性研究

目的：在中国吉林地区人群中探索6号染色体短臂上的加A基因区域内是否存在与强直性脊柱炎（AS）相关的新易感基因。方法：采集中国吉林地区79例强直性脊柱炎患者和132例正常对照者的外周抗凝血，在加A基因区域内选取11个SNPs多态位点，对单个位点的基因型频率和等位基因频率分布进行case-control分析。结果：中国吉林地区TNF-α-850多态位点的CC、CT和TT三种基因型在AS组和正常对照组中的分布差异具有统计学意义（P=0．027）。等位基因C和T在AS组和正常对照组中的分布差异更为显著（P=0．002）。HLA-B27阳性率在中国吉林地区AS组和正常对照组中的分布差异极其显著（χ^2=155．264，P=0．000）。对HLA-B27和TNF-α-850两位点的基因互助分析表明，与单独加A-B27阳性比较，当TNF-α-850T等位基因存在时OR值明显增加。结论：TNF-α-850C→T突变在中国吉林地区人群中可能增加AS的患病风险。     

重庆市城市与农村儿童蛲虫感染流行特征分析

目的了解重庆市城市与农村地区儿童的蛲虫流行特征。方法选择重庆市城区和农村各1个区县作为调查点,每个调查点按东、西、南、北、中抽取1个乡镇（街道）,每个乡镇（街道）抽取150名3～12岁儿童,每个点750名以上。采用圆底试管透明胶纸肛拭法,定性检查蛲虫卵。分析比较城市和农村地区儿童蛲虫感染率差异。结果重庆市儿童蛲虫感染率为6.85%,城市（2.14%）低于农村地区（12.13%）（χ2=62.14,P〈0.01）。城市及农村儿童的性别间比较,蛲虫感染率差异无统计学意义（χ2城市=0.21,χ2农村=1.32,P均〉0.05）;同一性别间,城市与农村间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）。城市、农村不同年龄组间儿童感染率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2城市=12.65,χ2农村=34.22,P均〈0.01）;在同一年龄组间比较,除11～岁组外,其他年龄组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）。城市各个年龄段儿童蛲虫感染率变动不大（χ2趋势=0.89,P〉0.05）;农村儿童感染率趋势随年龄的增加而降低（χ2趋势=3.36,P〈0.01）。结论重庆市城市与农村儿童蛲虫感染具有不同特征,应针对不同地区、不同人群采取适宜的防治措施。     

学龄Asperger综合症儿童的注意缺陷与多动症状

目的:分析比较学龄Asperger综合症儿童中的注意缺陷与多动症状。方法:应用Conner's父母用症状问卷、视听整合连续执行测试(IVA-CPT)分别对28例Asperger综合症儿童、30例注意缺陷伴多动障碍儿童以及30例正常儿童的注意缺陷及多动症状进行比较。结果:Asperger综合症儿童有60.7%同时伴有注意缺陷与多动症状;伴注意缺陷及多动症状的Asperger综合症儿童与ADHD儿童相比更多地表现为注意缺陷为主型(52.9%对20.0%,χ2=7.208,P=0.027);AS儿童的品行问题、学习问题、冲动-多动以及多动指数因子分高于正常对照组(0.89±0.44/0.50±0.26,1.67±0.52/0.88±0.50,1.40±0.71/0.68±0.41,1.40±0.57/0.59±0.36,P<0.05);AS儿童的总注意商数、总反应控制商数得分低于正常对照(77.7±23.6/100.2±20.0,P<0.05);AS儿童的总反应控制商数高于ADHD儿童(92.1±21.1/104.6±11.3,P<0.05)。结论:本研究支持Asperger综合症与注意缺陷及多动症状高相关性的观点,建议在对As-perger综合症儿童进行心理评估和制定干预计划时中需将该因素考虑在内。。     

反复早期自然流产妇女血浆蛋白Z检测的意义

目的探讨反复早期自然流产妇女血浆蛋白Z（PZ）检测的意义。方法分别测定26例反复早期自然流产患者和30例相同孕周的正常妊娠妇女血浆PZ和纤维蛋白原（Fg）水平以及凝血酶原时间（PT）和活化的部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）,采用单因素方差分析和非参数检验比较两组之间各项指标水平的差异。结果反复早期自然流产组PT、APTT、Fg水平与正常妊娠组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但反复早期自然流产组血浆PZ平均水平显著低于正常妊娠组[（1.55±0.63）mg/Lvs（1.90±0.60）mg/L,F=4.57,P=0.037],且其血浆PZ中位水平（1.45mg/L,范围：0.62～3.25mg/L）也显著性低于正常妊娠组（1.74mg/L,范围：0.78～3.36mg/L）（χ^=25.485,P=0.019）;以PZ〈0.90mg/L作为PZ缺乏的标准,反复早期自然流产组有4例（15.4%）、正常妊娠组有1例（3.3%）血浆PZ缺乏,但二者差异无统计学意义（χ^=22.49,P=0.115）。结论反复早期自然流产患者常规凝血指标和PZ缺乏率与正常对照组无差异,但其血浆中抑制因子Ⅹa活性的PZ水平较低,表明其发病可能与低PZ水平有一定的关系。     

肿瘤干细胞标志物LGR5及ALDH1在卵巢癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨肿瘤干细胞标志物含亮氨酸重复序列G-蛋白偶联受体5(1eucine-rich repeat-containing G protein coupled receptor 5,Lgr5)及乙醛脱氢酶1(aldehyde dehydro-genase 1,ALDH1)在卵巢癌中的表达与临床意义.方法 选取2006年5月至2010年1月住院并接受手术治疗的卵巢癌患者140例,选取同期本院因卵巢良性病变行肿物剥除或附件切除的40例患者作为对照,应用免疫组化(S-P)方法检测140例卵巢癌组织(卵巢癌组)、140例卵巢癌癌旁组织(癌旁组)、正常卵巢组织40例(正常组)中的Lgr5及ALDH1蛋白表达,分析其与卵巢癌患者临床病理指标的关系.结果 (1)Lgr5在正常卵巢组织、癌旁组织和卵巢癌中的阳性率(5.0% vs 18.3% vs 95.7%)差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001);ALDH1在正常卵巢组织、癌旁组织和卵巢癌中的阳性率(7.5% vs 15.7% vs 90.0%)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).(2)Lgr5表达与肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期有关(P<0.05).ALDH1表达与肿瘤分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期有关(P<0.05).(3)Lgr5及ALDH1存在正相关性(r=0.3,P<0.05).(4)Lgr5高表达者(+++)和低表达者(+)~(++)5年总生存率分别为51.2%和29.2%(HR=11.637,95%CI:4.351~38.213;P=0.002);ALDH1高表达者(+++)和低表达者(+)~(++)5年总生存率分别为41.3%和35.3%(HR=10.143,95%CI:4.285~33.275;P=0.006)..多因素Cox回归分析显示,Lgr5蛋白(+++)表达(P=0.002)、ALDH1蛋白(+++)表达(P=0.006)、分化程度(P=0.036)、浸润深度(P=0.001)和远处转移(P=0.002)是影响胃癌患者预后的独立因素.结论 Lgr5及ALDH1的增强表达与卵巢癌侵袭性增强有密切关系,其表达可作为判断卵巢癌患者预后的指标.     

湖南地区强直性脊柱炎患者中TNF-α-238位点的多态性研究

目的:通过分析湖南地区强直性脊柱炎汉族患者DNA中TNF-α-238位点的多态性,研究湖南地区汉族人群中TNF-α-238位点基因多态性与强直性脊柱炎发病的相关性.方法:应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性法( PCR-RFLP)对患者和正常人DNA中TNF-α-238位点进行基因分型检测,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测100例强直性脊柱炎患者和90例正常人血清中TNF-α的水平,HLA-B27分型采用流式细胞仪检测.用统计学方法分析两组中基因型、等位基因频率、TNF-α水平、HLA-B27阳性率及其组间差异.结果:100例患者中TNF-α-238位点G/G基因型95例(95%),G/A基因型5例(5%),90例正常人中TNF-α-238位点G/G基因型88例(97.8%),G/A基因型2例(2.2%).AS组的TNF-α-238位点G频率(97.5%)低于正常对照组(98.9%),A频率(2.5%)高于对照组(1.1%);两组均未发现A/A基因型;AS组患者血清中TNF-α的平均水平比正常人明显增高[(10.16±1.19) pg/ml vs.(5.64±1.18) pg/ml],且G/A基因型患者血清中TNF-α的平均水平比G/G基因型患者高[(13.49±1.27) pg/ml vs.(9.44±1.29 pg/ml)];HLA-B27阳性率在湖南地区AS组和正常对照组中的分布差异极其显著(χ~2=114.975,P=0.000).对 HLA-B27和TNF-α-238两位点的基因分析表明,与单独HLA-B27阳性比较,TNF-α-238位点基因型为G/G时比数比(OR值)明显增加.结论:湖南地区汉族人群中TNF-α-238位点多态性与强直性脊柱炎发病可能没有相关性,但基因型为G/G时AS的患病风险可能增高.     

The effect of hormone replacement therapy on atherosclerotic severity in relation to ESR1 genotype in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: The atheroprotective action of estrogen is mediated by estrogen receptors (ESR) 1 and 2, expressed in atherosclerotic lesions. The effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and ESR1 PvuII genotypes on atherosclerosis have not previously been studied prospectively in postmenopausal women. METHODS: We investigated the effect of HRT on the progression of atherosclerosis in a 5-year follow-up study of 88 postmenopausal women aged 45-71 years at baseline allocated into three groups based on the use of HRT. The HRT-EVP group (n=26) used sequential estradiol valerate (EV) plus progestin (P), the HRT-EV group EV alone (n=32), and a control group (n=30) was without HRT. The atherosclerosis severity score (AS) of the abdominal aorta and carotid arteries were determined by sonography and the ESR1 PvuII genotypes (P/P, P/p and p/p) by PCR. RESULTS: HRT, time and ESR1 PvuII genotype had a statistically significant or borderline significant main effect on AS during 5-year follow-up (P=0.004, P<0.001 and P=0.090, respectively), when analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. There was a significant genotype-by-treatment (HRT-EVP and control groups) interaction for AS (P=0.034). In response to HRT-EVP, subjects with P/P, compared with those with P/p and p/p genotypes, had a less increase in AS (1.61+/-1.14 vs. 1.71+/-1.27 vs. 2.43+/-1.27). Baseline AS as covariate in similar model does not change the significant interaction effect between HRT-EVP and control groups (P=0.036). But this effect was not found between HRT-EV and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the effect of HRT-EVP in postmenopausal women on progression of AS may be determined in part by the genotype of ESR1 PvuII.     

Essential versus complex autism: definition of fundamental prognostic subtypes

Heterogeneity within the autism diagnosis obscures the genetic basis of the disorder and impedes our ability to develop effective treatments. We found that by using two readily available tests, autism can be divided into two subgroups, "essential autism" and "complex autism," with different outcomes and recurrence risks. Complex autism consists of individuals in whom there is evidence of some abnormality of early morphogenesis, manifested by either significant dysmorphology or microcephaly. The remainder have "essential autism." From 1995 to 2001, 260 individuals who met DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder were examined. Five percent (13/260) were microcephalic and 16% (41/260) had significant physical anomalies. Individually, each trait predicted a poorer outcome. Together they define the "complex autism" subgroup, comprising 20% (46/233) of the total autism population. Individuals with complex autism have lower IQs (P=0.006), more seizures (P=0.0008), more abnormal EEGs (46% vs. 30%), more brain abnormalities by MRI (28% vs. 13%). Everyone with an identifiable syndrome was in the complex group. Essential autism defines the more heritable group with higher sib recurrence (4% vs. 0%), more relatives with autism (20% vs. 9%), and higher male to female ratio (6.5:1 vs. 3.2:1). Their outcome was better with higher IQs (P=0.02) and fewer seizures (P=0.0008). They were more apt to develop autism with a regressive onset (43% vs. 23%, P=0.02). Analysis of the features predictive of poor outcome (IQ<55, functionally non-verbal) showed that microcephaly was 100% specific but only 14% sensitive; the presence of physical anomalies was 86% specific and 34% sensitive. The two tests combined yielded 87% specificity, 47% sensitivity, and an odds ratio of 4.8:1 for poor outcome. Separating essential from complex autism should be the first diagnostic step for children with autism spectrum disorders as it allows better prognostication and counseling. Definition of more homogeneous populations should increase power of research analyses.     

Epidemiologic evidence of a relationship between airway hyperresponsiveness and exposure to polluted air

BACKGROUND: There has been an increase in allergic diseases as a result of increased air pollution emanating from traffic and various industries. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the association between air pollution and airway hyperresponsiveness in a cross-sectional study of a cohort of 670 children, aged 10-13 years. METHODS: We measured spirometry and conducted allergic skin tests and methacholine challenge tests in 670 schoolchildren. The methacholine concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) was used as the threshold of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Thresholds of 16 mg/dl or less were assumed to indicate AHR. RESULTS: All of the schoolchildren had normal pulmonary function. Of the children, 257 (38.3%) had AHR. There was a significant increase in AHR in schoolchildren living near a chemical factory [45.0% (138/306), 6.50 +/- 0.48] compared to those in rural [31.9% (52/163), 9.84 +/- 0.83] and coastal [33.3% (67/201), 7.17 +/- 0.68] areas. Atopy was significantly more prevalent near the chemical factory vs the coastal and rural areas [35.6% (109/306) vs 27.3% (55/201) and 23.3% (38/163), respectively, P < 0.007]. Schoolchildren with atopy had lower PC20 than those without atopy (5.98 +/- 0.60 vs 8.15 +/- 0.45, P < 0.001). Positive allergy skin tests and living in a polluted area were risk factors in multivariate analyses adjusted for sex, parents' smoking habits, age, body mass index, nose symptoms and lung symptoms (odds ratio for location = 2.4875, confidence interval 1.6542-3.7406, P < 0.000; odds ratio for allergy skin test = 1.5782, confidence interval 1.1130-2.2379, P < 0.0104). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that more children living in polluted areas have airway hyperresponsiveness than do those living in less polluted areas.     

Atopic allergy and delayed type hypersensitivity in Estonian children

BACKGROUND: A shift in the balance ofT helper (Th) cell subsets towards a polarized Th2 population is generally accepted to occur in atopic disease, however, both Th1 and Th2 disorders have increased over the past decades in Western communities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in atopic and non-atopic children in a population with a low prevalence of allergic disorders. METHODS: Skin prick tests (SPT) were performed with fresh egg white and extracts of five inhalant allergens, i.e. cat, dog, house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), birch and timothy, and DTH response was evaluated by Multitest CMI in 72 Estonian 4- to 6-year-old children. RESULTS: The frequency of response to diphtheria was significantly increased in SPT-positive children (55% vs. 26%, chi2 = 5.5; P = 0.038). The induration to diphtheria (2.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm; P = 0.004), and tetanus (3.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.3 mm; P = 0.025) was significantly greater in the SPT-positive children. The cumulative size of induration in the positive DTH tests was significantly greater in the SPT-positive children (9.0 +/- 1.2 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.6 mm, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: In this group of children our findings do not support the hypothesis of an immune deviation with decreased Th1 and increased Th2 responses leading to atopic disease, but rather a process of immune modulation whereby both Th1 and Th2 responses are increased in atopic subjects.     

小潮气量和传统潮气量机械通气治疗小儿重症肺炎的疗效对比分析

目的：对比分析小潮气量和传统潮气量机械通气治疗小儿重症肺炎的疗效。方法：对2013年6月至2015年6月在我院进行接治的100例小儿重症肺炎进行研究,将患儿随机分为对照组和观察组,各50例,对照组的患儿采用传统潮气量,潮气量为10~12 mL/kg;观察组的患儿采用小潮气量,潮气量为6~8 mL/kg,对治疗过程中两组患儿临床参数的变化进行对比分析。结果：观察组患儿的机械通气时间明显多于对照组(t=11.0770,P=0.0000),观察组患儿的病死率明显高于对照组(χ2=5.4825,P=0.0192),治疗过程中,两组患儿的平均气道压(Paw)、吸入氧浓度(fraction of inspiration O2,FiO2)、高呼吸末正压(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)、吸气峰压(peak inflating pressure,PIP)等临床各指标的变化无明显差异(P>0.05),观察组与对照组存活患儿的反复呼吸道感染发生率无明显差异(χ2=0.0624,P=0.8028)。结论：对重症肺炎患儿进行机械通气时,传统潮气量的治疗效果优于小潮气量。     

单一和双重干扰源对混合型注意缺陷多动障碍儿童干扰控制的影响

目的:探讨单一干扰源和双重干扰源对混合型注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的干扰控制的影响。方法:对25例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的门诊混合型ADHD儿童和25名性别、年龄和智力相匹配的对照组儿童,进行图形Stroop测验,通过操纵图片的颜色和形状特征,设置了单一干扰和双重干扰两种条件,比较两组被试的冲突效应量。结果:在单一干扰条件下,ADHD组的冲突效应量显著大于对照组(P0.05),而在双重干扰条件下,两组的冲突效应量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:本研究提示,在单一干扰源条件下,混合型ADHD儿童表现出干扰控制缺陷,但在双重干扰源条件下,混合型ADHD儿童的干扰控制表现与正常儿童差异不显著。     

3820例呼吸道感染患儿病原体的检测结果及流行病学特点分析

目的:了解垫江地区儿童呼吸道病原体流行情况,为疾病的预防和诊治提供实验室依据。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年10月本院收治的3820例呼吸道感染患儿入院时检测的血常规、血清淀粉样蛋白A(Serum amyloid A,SAA)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)结果及采用间接免疫荧光法检测的11项呼吸道病原体IgM抗体结果。结果:病毒IgM抗体总检出率为51.65%(1973/3820),以流感病毒B(Influenza virus B,INFB)、流感病毒A(Influenza virus A,INFA)和肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae,MP)感染为主;在1973例呼吸道病原体阳性患者中有321例患者存在混合感染,混合感染率为16.27%;女性患儿阳性率高于男性患儿(χ²=9.67,P=0.002);学龄前组与学龄组呼吸道病原体阳性率较高,婴儿组最低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。夏季病原体阳性检出率明显低于其它三个季节(χ²=25.62,P=0.00);肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumoniae,CP)组SAA水平最高,明显高于副流感病毒(Parainfluenza virus,PIV)组(P<0.05),INFA组和呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)组白细胞(White blood cells,WBC)明显高于其它4组,其中INFA组以单核细胞(Monocytes,MONO#)增高为主,RSV组以淋巴细胞(Lymphocyte,LYMPH)增高为主。结论:INFB,INFA和MP是垫江地区儿童最主要的呼吸道感染病原体,不同性别、不同年龄段和不同季节病原体感染率存在显著差异,且感染不同类型病原体后实验室检测结果也有所差异,应针对性采取有效的措施预防感染和合理诊治。     

丙泊酚对大鼠空间学习、记忆及脑内nNOS表达的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚对大鼠空间学习、记忆及对海马和基底前脑神经型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）表达的影响。方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠60只随机分为P50（丙泊酚50mg／kg）、P100（丙泊酚100mg/kg）、NS（0．9％生理盐水10ml／kg）组（丙泊酚及生理盐水腹腔注射后30min测试）,及P100-1、P100-3和P100-5组（分别为丙泊酚100mg/kg腹腔注射后第1、3和5h测试）,每组10只。实验采用Morris水迷宫进行空问学习记忆测试,应用免疫组化法检测海马和基底前脑神经元nNOS的表达。结果与NS组相比,P50和P100组及P100-1和P100-3组第2～5天的逃避潜伏期显著延长,平台象限路径百分比显著减少（P〈0．01）。P50和P100组海马及基底前脑神经元nNOS表达显著减少,与其逃避潜伏期呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与其平台象限路径百分比呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。P100-1和P100-3组海马及基底前脑神经元nNOS表达也显著减少（P〈0．01）。结论丙泊酚可能通过抑制大鼠海马及基底前脑nNOS的表达抑制其空间学习、记忆过程。