胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者围术期血压护理

目的回顾总结327例Stanford B型主动脉夹层并实施胸主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)患者的围术期血压管理的护理经验。方法选取2014年1月-2015年8月来我院就诊的327例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者,分析其临床护理资料。结果本组323例患者术后顺利度过危险期,无并发症发生;2例患者术后突发夹层破裂死亡;1例患者术后出现左下肢股动脉栓塞,急诊行左股动脉切开取栓术,术后恢复良好;1例患者因术前入院时病情危重,存在双下肢缺血,尤以左下肢缺血明显,TEVAR术后并发左下肢骨筋膜室综合征及肾功能衰竭,经治疗后病情未见好转而死亡。结论 Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者术前血压应控制在100~120/60~90mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),除及时采取措施缓解患者的疼痛,密切观察休克先兆,做好心理护理外,还要监测术中及术后血压的动态,确保血压测量准确,根据患者的血压情况及时调整血压,防止穿刺动脉伤口的渗血,促进患者康复。     

三分支覆膜支架行改良主动脉弓重建治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层的围手术期护理

目的总结三分支覆膜支架行改良主动脉弓重建治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层的围手术期护理经验。方法选择2010年7月～2013年2月于我科应用三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层11例患者，对患者进行严密的监护，密切观察心率、呼吸、血压、意识状态、肾功能以及血流动力学情况。分析相关的护理要点及对策。结果本组患者死亡1例，治愈10例。所有治愈患者术后随访恢复良好。结论良好的护理配合能促进三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗A型主动脉夹层术后临床恢复。     

Stanford B型主动脉夹层合并迷走右锁骨下动脉畸形8例腔内修复术围手术期的护理

总结8例Stanford B型主动脉夹层合并迷走右锁骨下动脉畸形患者行腔内修复术的围手术期护理。护理措施主要是术前做好专科查体、心理护理、疼痛护理,控制血压、心率,评估肾脏功能,预防夹层破裂发生,维持水电解质平衡;术后密切观察生命体征和病情变化,做好一期颈部血管重建术后护理及主动脉夹层腔内修复术后的护理,密切观察术后有无脑缺血、急性上肢动脉缺血和脏器缺血表现,警惕和预防主动脉夹层腔内修复术后并发症的发生。本组2例直接行腔内修复术,6例患者一期先行颈部血管重建术,其中5例采用杂交技术、1例采用"烟囱"技术,再二期实施主动脉腔内修复术;术后并发内漏、体温升高伴胸腔积液1例,右上肢肌力下降伴间歇性跛行1例,6例患者术后随访无内漏、夹层复发。     

22例Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术的围手术期护理

目的探讨Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术的围手术期护理要点。方法回顾性分析22例行胸主动脉腔内修复术的Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,总结护理经验。结果 22例患者手术经过顺利,术后出现1例逆行性A型夹层,15例体温过高,予对症治疗后恢复。患者均治愈出院,术后3个月随访,均未出现Ⅰ型内漏。结论术前做好心理护理,控制血压,术后继续控制血压,做好并发症护理,加强饮食及活动指导,是促进患者早期康复出院的关键。     

主动脉夹层内科治疗护理体会

目的总结主动脉夹层的护理要点。方法对53例主动脉夹层患者进行全面的临床护理,积极控制血压和心率。结果39例患者经内科保守治疗后好转出院,部分患者转外科手术或置入主动脉支架;14例患者病情再次发作或恶化后死亡。结论积极控制好血压和心率、合理镇痛、预防并发症发生,可明显提高主动脉夹层的治疗效果和患者存活率。     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层外科手术治疗的围手术期护理

总结Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者行外科手术治疗围术期的护理要点。对37例Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者在我院行外科手术治疗进行临床观察和护理。结果 30例治愈出院,7例死亡,其中5例死于多器官功能衰竭,2例死于低心排综合征。加强术前生命体征和症状的监测,控制血压、心率、疼痛,术后精细的系统监测护理是成功的保证。     

1例主动脉夹层患者合并消化道出血的护理

回顾性总结1例主动脉夹层患者合并消化道出血的护理。患者因腹痛伴左下肢麻木1d入院,诊断为主动脉夹层Ⅲ型。诊断明确后,立即控制心率、血压,抑酸,给予止血治疗,并行主动脉腔内隔绝术。术后,予以精心护理,患者症状缓解,顺利出院。     

1例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者术后再发A型夹层的护理

总结1例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者术后10 d再发A型夹层的护理经验,包括胸腹主动脉替换术后和Bentall+全弓替换术后的护理措施,认为术后稳定心率和血压、维持适当的中心静脉压、加强呼吸功能恢复、做好脑脊液引流的护理、肢体活动的观察、出血的预防和观察及腹腔重要脏器的功能维护,对患者的康复有重要价值。同时还应注意心功能的维护、脑部保护及谨慎的抗凝治疗等重要护理措施。经精心治疗与护理,本例患者病情稳定后转院。     

主动脉夹层术后患者的社区护理干预

目的 通过社区护理干预提高主动脉夹层术后患者的生存质量,预防术后远期并发症.方法 对长沙市某区主动脉夹层术后患者采取建立健康档案,定期上门随访,控制血压及抗凝指导等社区护理干预措施.结果 社区护理干预1年半,1例术后1个月因脑梗塞死亡,其他患者未发生术后远期并发症,生存质量较好.结论 加强主动脉夹层术后社区护理干预能提高患者生存质量,提高用药的依从性和安全性,预防术后远期并发症.     

急性Debakey Ⅰ、Ⅱ型主动脉夹层的围术期护理

目的 总结我院急性Debakey Ⅰ、Ⅱ型主动脉夹层患者围术期的护理经验。方法 分析1998年1月～2001年6月在我院进行手术治疗的27例急性Debakey Ⅰ、Ⅱ型主动脉夹层患者术前、术后的护理措施。结果 全组27例患者,术前因动脉瘤破裂死亡3例,术后因神经系统并发症死亡3例,其余患者随访1～4年无死亡及并发症的发生。结论 积极完善术前准备,有效地控制血压,减轻疼痛,急诊手术,术后密切观察患者的病情变化,特别是对重要脏器和胸腔引流液的观察,及早地进行对症处理,有利于患者的术后康复。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.