某干法回转窑水泥生产项目职业病危害现状调查

目的了解某干法回转窑水泥生产项目的职业病危害。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查和检验检测相结合的方法,识别和分析干法回转窑水泥生产项目的职业病危害因素。结果该水泥生产项目的职业病危害因素有粉尘(石灰石尘、煤尘、石膏尘、水泥尘、混合尘)、噪声、高温、工频电场、一氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、二氧化硫、氨、联氨、盐酸。检测23个粉尘作业点,87.0%的短时间接触浓度(CSTEL)符合国家卫生标准,13个岗位的时间平均加权浓度(CTWA)中76.9%达到国家卫生标准;检测16个工作岗位的噪声强度,合格率为50.0%。结论该水泥生产项目的主要职业病危害是粉尘和噪声,其对工人危害较大,应加强防护。     

漯河市某小型假发生产企业职业病危害控制效果评价

目的对漯河市某小型假发生产企业的职业病危害因素进行识别,分析其危害程度及对劳动者健康的影响,评价职业病危害防护设施及其效果,提出职业卫生补充措施。方法按照生产工艺划分评价单元,采用职业卫生现场调查与职业卫生检测相结合的方法进行评价。结果该企业工作场所存在粉尘、苯系物、硫酸、氨、双氧水、苯胺、噪声、高温等职业病危害因素,检测结果除部分三联机手接触的噪声强度超标外,其他岗位接触的职业病危害因素均符合国家职业卫生标准的要求。结论该企业防尘、防毒、防噪声和防高温措施的控制效果较好,总体评价符合国家标准,三联机作业岗位噪声仍有超标,需加强个人噪声防护。     

某煤矿建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别、分析某煤矿矿井建设项目存在的职业病危害因素,评价职业病危害防护措施及其效果,提出合理可行的职业病防护对策,为卫生行政部门竣工验收和企业加强职业卫生管理工作提供依据。方法依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》等职业卫生标准、规范,采用职业卫生现场调查、工作场所职业病危害因素检测等方法对该建设项目进行评价。结果该建设项目存在煤尘、矽尘、噪声、手传振动等多种职业病危害因素。采煤工等10个工种接触粉尘的时间加权平均浓度超过了职业接触限值,11 011采面等13个作业岗位的粉尘浓度不符合超限倍数的要求,采煤工6个工种接触噪声等效声级超过了职业接触限值,岩巷、煤巷掘进工接触手传振动强度均超过了职业接触限值。结论建设项目采取的职业病危害防护设施、措施基本可行,存在的职业病危害因素基本能够控制,但需要加强部分工作场所煤尘和噪声的控制措施,并做好手传振动作业工人的个人防护。     

某医疗器械产品公司职业病危害现状分析

目的确定某医疗器械产品生产过程中的职业病危害因素及其危害程度,并确定职业病防护设施和职业卫生管理措施的效果。方法通过现场职业卫生调查、检测检验法、职业健康检查和检查表法等方法收集数据和资料,并结合职业病防护设施、个人职业病防护水平,对作业人员的职业病危害因素接触水平进行评价。结果机加车间喷砂机操作工接触的矽尘总尘时间加权浓度为1.6 mg/m~3,呼尘时间加权浓度为0.3 mg/m~3,均超过国家卫生标准,经整改后符合国家职业卫生标准,其余各有毒物质浓度均符合国家职业卫生标准的要求。净化间超声波清洗设备操作工接触的噪声强度为86.2 d B、超声波塑胶熔接机操作工接触的噪声强度为104.8 d B、粉料间粉料机操作工接触的噪声强度为85.2 d B,均超过国家职业卫生标准的要求,其余各操作位工人接触的噪声强度符合国家职业卫生标准。结论职业病危害因素主要为苯、甲苯、二甲苯、铜(按Cu计)铜烟、二氧化氮、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、其他粉尘(总尘)、电焊烟尘(总尘)、矽尘、噪声和紫外辐射,其中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、矽尘、噪声的危害程度较高为关键控制点,工人作业时应注意工程防护措施和个体防护措施的有效性。     

某蓄电池公司职业病危害因素检测结果分析

目的 通过对某胶体铅酸蓄电池项目工作场所职业病危害因素的种类、危害程度、防护措施及其效果进行评价,为企业职业卫生工作的科学化、规范化管理提供技术依据。方法 采用现场职业卫生学调查法和职业病危害因素检测评价法。结果 该蓄电池项目主要存在的职业病危害因素为铅尘、铅烟、硫酸、氢氧化钠、苯系物、三氯甲烷、噪声、高温。检测结果表明,铅尘、苯系物、硫酸的个体及工作地点的浓度、氢氧化钠的短时间接触浓度均未超过国家职业卫生标准的要求。铅烟4个工种的时间加权平均浓度和1个岗位的短时间接触浓度超过了国家职业接触限值要求。三氯甲烷的1个工种和对应工作岗位的浓度均超过了国家职业卫生标准的要求。接触噪声作业的1个工种个体噪声强度不符合国家职业卫生标准,3个工作场所噪声强度超过85dB(A)。高温作业人员WGBT指数符合国家职业卫生标准。结论 该蓄电池厂存在的职业病危害的防治应从以下几方面进行:建立健全职业卫生管理制度;对超标工作场所及时进行治理;定期开展有害作业工人的职业卫生与职业病防治知识的宣传和培训,按时发放并督导工人正确使用个人防护用品,预防职业病的发生。     

某水泥粉磨站职业病危害及关键控制点分析

目的分析某水泥粉磨站职业病危害关键控制点,为企业职业病危害防治提供依据。方法采用现场调查和职业卫生检测对该水泥粉磨站职业病危害因素、职业病危害防护设施进行调查和检测。结果该水泥粉磨站职业病危害因素包括水泥粉尘、矽尘、石灰石粉尘、石膏粉尘、其他粉尘、噪声等。熟料库巡检工、辅料棚铲车司机、水泥库巡检工、插袋工、袋装水泥装车工接触粉尘浓度超标;作业人员接触噪声8 h等效声级60.2～92.8 dB(A),其中配料库皮带巡检工、粉磨站巡检工接触噪声强度超标。结论粉尘、噪声是水泥粉磨站职业病危害防治的重点危害因素,应采取有效的工程防护措施和管理措施,保护作业人员的职业健康。     

某糖果生产企业职业病危害因素识别与关键控制点分析

目的识别某糖果生产企业可能产生的职业病危害因素,预测其危害程度,找出职业病危害的关键控制点。方法通过经验法、类比分析法识别各种职业病危害因素,并根据类比项目职业病危害因素检测和健康检查结果,类推该糖果生产企业职业病危害因素的种类和危害程度,找出职业病危害控制的关键控制点。结果该建设项目存在的主要职业病危害因素有噪声、糖尘、高温和电离辐射等,类比工程各种职业病危害因素的检测结果分别为,噪声强度66.8~98.0 d B(A),超标率58.1%;糖尘浓度1.67~25 mg/m3,低于职业接触限值和爆炸下限要求;作业场所生产性热源的综合温度(WBGT指数)为17℃,非高温作业点;X射线异物检测仪操作位的受照剂量为0.208 m Sv/年,低于职业接触限值。结论噪声和糖尘是糖果生产企业主要的控制因素,应从职业病危害发生的关键控制部位加强防治工作。     

某精密零部件生产企业职业病危害因素现状调查与评价

目的识别、分析某精密零部件生产企业作业场所中可能存在的职业病危害因素及危害程度,并对采取的职业病危害防护设施进行分析,为企业的职业病危害因素的控制提供技术依据。方法采用职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测等方法进行识别、检测和分析。结果该企业存在的职业病危害因素中,除个别岗位的噪声超标外,其余均低于职业接触限值。结论该企业的职业病危害说明所有因素检测结果基本达到国家职业卫生标准,控制措施基本有效,但应该加强个人防护用品的管理,以保证工人接触的职业病危害因素的水平在职业接触限值内。     

江门市某公司铅酸蓄电池改造项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的通过监测江西市某公司铅酸蓄电池改造项目产生的有毒有害物的种类和程度,评价其职业病危害防护措施及效果。方法通过职业卫生现场调查、职业病危害因素检测、职业健康检查、检查表分析等方法进行评价。结果该企业在生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素有铅尘、铅烟、铜烟、二氧化锡(按Sn计)、甲苯、硫酸、噪声、工频电场。化学毒物铅尘、铅烟、铜烟、二氧化锡、甲苯、硫酸的短时间接触浓度(STEL)和时间加权平均(TWA)浓度的检测结果均符合国家卫生标准要求。噪声强度均低于职业接触限值。结论经改造后的职业病防护设施,在确保有效运行、保证生产设备的正常运转的情况下,该项目在职业病危害控制方面是可行的。     

某采石有限公司职业病危害现状评价

目的 探讨某采石公司职业病危害现状,控制、减少职业病危害对劳动者身体健康的影响,预防职业病的发生,切实保护劳动者健康。方法 通过调查和现场检测用人单位工作场所存在和产生的职业病危害因素种类,结合劳动者职业病危害接触浓度(或强度)和采取的职业病危害防护措施,分析劳动者接触职业病危害因素的危害程度、产生原因,评价职业病危害防护措施及其效果,对未达到职业病危害防护要求的车间或生产区域提出职业病危害防护措施的建议。结果 该用人单位在生产过程中存在主要的职业病危害因素是噪声、矽尘、高温。矽尘检测点合格率是50%,噪声检测点合格率是67%。结论 该用人单位属于职业病危害严重的企业,对粉尘、噪声的重点防护区域需采取重点防控。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.