Balthazar computed tomography severity index is superior to Ranson criteria and APACHE Ⅱ scoring system in predicting acute pancreatitis outcome

AIM: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a process with variable involvement of regional tissues or organ systems.Multifactorial scales included the Ranson, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE Ⅱ) systems and Balthazar computed tomography severity index (CTSI).The purpose of this review study was to assess the accuracy of CTSI, Ranson score, and APACHE Ⅱ score in course and outcome prediction of AP.METHODS: We reviewed 121 patients who underwent helical CT within 48 h after onset of symptoms of a first episode of AP between 1999 and 2003. Fourteen inappropriate subjects were excluded; we reviewed the 107 contrastenhanced CT images to calculate the CTSI. We also reviewed their Ranson and APACHE Ⅱ score. In addition, complications,duration of hospitalization, mortality rate, and other pathology history also were our comparison parameters.RESULTS: We classified 85 patients (79%) as having mild AP (CTSI ＜5) and 22 patients (21%) as having severe AP (CTSI ≥5). In mild group, the mean APACHE Ⅱ score and Ranson score was 8.6±1.9 and 2.4±1.2, and those of severe group was 10.2±2.1 and 3.1±0.8, respectively. The most common complication was pseudocyst and abscess and it presented in 21 (20%) patients and their CTSI was 5.9±1.4. A CTSI ≥5 significantly correlated with death,complication present, and prolonged length of stay.Patients with a CTSI ≥5 were 15 times to die than those CTSI ＜5, and the prolonged length of stay and complications present were 17 times and 8 times than that in CTSI ＜5,respectively.CONCLUSION: CTSI is a useful tool in assessing the severity and outcome of AP and the CTSI ≥5 is an index in our study. Although Ranson score and APACHE Ⅱ score also are choices to be the predictors for complications,mortality and the length of stay of AP, the sensitivity of them are lower than CTSI.     

Balthazar computed tomography severity index is superior to Ranson criteria and APACHE Ⅱ scoring system in predicting acute pancreatitis outcome

AIM: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a process with variable involvement of regional tissues or organ systems. Multifactorial scales included the Ranson, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) systems and Balthazar computed tomography severity index (CTSI). The purpose of this review study was to assess the accuracy of CTSI, Ranson score, and APACHE II score in course and outcome prediction of AP. METHODS: We reviewed 121 patients who underwent helical CT within 48 h after onset of symptoms of a first episode of AP between 1999 and 2003. Fourteen inappropriate subjects were excluded; we reviewed the 107 contrast-enhanced CT images to calculate the CTSI. We also reviewed their Ranson and APACHE II score. In addition, complications, duration of hospitalization, mortality rate, and other pathology history also were our comparison parameters. RESULTS: We classified 85 patients (79%) as having mild AP (CTSI <5) and 22 patients (21%) as having severe AP (CTSI > or =5). In mild group, the mean APACHE II score and Ranson score was 8.6+/-1.9 and 2.4+/-1.2, and those of severe group was 10.2+/-2.1 and 3.1+/-0.8, respectively. The most common complication was pseudocyst and abscess and it presented in 21 (20%) patients and their CTSI was 5.9+/-1.4. A CTSI > or =5 significantly correlated with death, complication present, and prolonged length of stay. Patients with a CTSI > or =5 were 15 times to die than those CTSI <5, and the prolonged length of stay and complications present were 17 times and 8 times than that in CTSI <5, respectively. CONCLUSION: CTSI is a useful tool in assessing the severity and outcome of AP and the CTSI > or =5 is an index in our study. Although Ranson score and APACHE II score also are choices to be the predictors for complications, mortality and the length of stay of AP, the sensitivity of them are lower than CTSI.     

急性胰腺炎的严重度评估与重症化预测

急性胰腺炎轻则表现为自限性,重可危及生命,临床上对病情严重程度的正确评估,将影响医师的治疗决策,目前广泛应用的严重程度分类包括改良亚特兰大分类、基于决定因素的分类等.正是由于急性胰腺炎病情的不确定性,许多预测因子,包括多因素评分系统、影像学评分和生物学标志物,已被用于预测急性胰腺炎的严重程度.文章将结合当前的研究进展,...     

新CT评分系统预测急性胰腺炎病情严重程度的临床研究

目的 在综合急性胰腺炎(AP)患者胰腺外炎症征象及胰腺坏死程度基础上,建立一种新CT评分系统--胰腺外炎症和胰腺坏死CT指数(EPIPN)评分系统.以初步探讨其预测AP病情严重程度和预后的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析2006年8月至2007年12月住院确诊的77例AP患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、病因、起病72 h C反应蛋白(CRP)水平、Ranson评分、人院48 h时APACHEⅡ评分,器官衰竭发生情况、腹痛消失时间、住院时间等.所有患者人院后2～3 d行增强CT检查,获得CT严重指数(CTSI)评分和EPIPN评分,CTSI≥7分为重症AP(SAP),EPIPN>5分为SAP.应用ROC曲线比较EPIPN和CTSI预测AP病情严重程度的诊断效力,初步分析EPlPN和CTSI与AP临床预后指标的相关性.结果 77例患者中男34例,女43例,平均年龄51.79岁(22～92岁).胆源性63例,高血脂6例,酒精性1例,原因不明7例.14例(18.2%)患者曾发生器官衰竭.EPIPN和CTSI预测SAP的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.82(95%可信区间0.73～0.91)、0.72(95%可信区间0.59～0.86),CTSI≥7预测SAP的灵敏度、特异度分别为80.4%和55%,EPIPN>5预测SAP的灵敏度、特异度分别为91.3%和63%.EPIPN与AP患者住院时间、APACHEⅡ评分、CRP有良好的相关性.结论 EPIPN可准确预测和评估AP病情严重程度和预后,其诊断效力优于CTSI.EPIPN简便实用,具有良好的临床应用价值.     

Management of complicated acute pancreatitis: Impact of computed tomography

The usefulness of computed tomography (CT) in guiding the management of 43 patients who had a complicated clinical course of acute pancreatitis was retrospectively studied. The CT scans were performed when patients had persistent fever, leucocytosis, hyperamylasaemia, palpable abdominal masses or when there was organ failure. The CT scans showed normal findings in six patients, features of pancreatic abscess in three patients, pseudocysts in three patients and inflammatory masses (a mixture of sterile inflammation and necrosis) in 31 patients. Patients with pancreatic abscesses underwent emergency laparotomy, drainage and debridement; patients with pseudocysts had delayed drainage unless complication occurred; patients with normal CT scan or findings of inflammatory masses were managed conservatively. For patients undergoing conservative management, repeated CT scanning and percutaneous aspiration of the inflammatory mass was performed when pancreatic sepsis was strongly suspected. By this approach, basing on careful clinical and CT scan surveillance, five patients with pancreatic sepsis (pancreatic abscess and localized abscess collection in pseudocyst) underwent emergency surgery and four survived, while 25 patients with inflammatory masses were successfully managed conservatively and some who may have been operated on clinical grounds were spared unnecessary early debridement surgery.     

BISAP评分系统对急性胰腺炎严重程度评估的荟萃分析

目的评估BISAP评分系统在预测急性胰腺炎（AP）严重程度的临床应用价值。方法计算机检索Medline、EMBASE、ScienceDirect、Springerlink、CBM、中国知网、万方以及维普数据库2000年1月至2013年3月的文献,按照严格的纳入标准收集BISAP评分系统预测AP严重程度的文献,采用QUADAS量表进行文献质量评价,利用Meta—Disc1．4统计软件进行异质性分析和定量合成,计算汇总的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比和受试者特征性工作（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）,结果均采用95％可信区间（95％CI）表示。结果共纳入文献11篇,包括7篇中文论著和4篇英文论著。按QUADAS量表进行分级,其中A级4篇,B级5篇,C级2篇。6篇文献以BISAP2分为cutoff值、9篇文献以BISAP3分为cutoff值（4篇文献采用两个cutoff值）预测SAP。前者汇总的诊断比值比为8．03（95％C15．66～11．38）,后者为7．49（95％C15．35～10．49）,两组文献均存在中等程度的异质性（I^2=63．3％,P=0．018;I^2=56．1％,P=0．019）。以BISAP2分为cutoff值预测AP严重程度的汇总的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比和AUC分别为59％（95％CI56％-63％）、82％（95％CI80％-83％）、3．50（95％CI 2．96～4．14）、0．45（95％CI 0．36～0．56）和0．82;以BISAP3分为cutoff值时分别为44％（95％CI41％～47％）、90％（95％CI89％-91％）、4．59（95％CI3．31-6．37）、0．64（95％C10．61-0．68）和0．64。前者有较高的敏感度,较低的特异度,AUC较大;后者敏感度低,特异度高,AUC较小。结论BISAP预测SAP的最佳的cutoff值为2分。其漏诊率较低,且误诊率在可接受范围内,适合在临床应用及推广。     

Intravenous contrast medium does not increase the severity of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography provides diagnostic and prognostic information in patients with acute pancreatitis. To evaluate whether contrast medium may worsen the severity of acute pancreatitis, we have used a model of necrotizing pancreatitis induced by ligating the common bile-pancreatic duct in opossums. Animals were infused with either saline or an ionic contrast agent 48 and 96 hr after induction of pancreatitis. Hyperamylasemia, pancreatic edema, acinar cell fragility, and macroscopic evidence of pancreatitis were comparable in both experimental groups. The microscopic extent of inflammation was similar in both groups, whereas acinar cell injury/necrosis was less in the contrast group. We conclude that administration of this ionic contrast agent during early stages of necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum does not worsen the disease severity. The concept that administration of contrast medium during early stages of pancreatitis is dangerous should not be accepted until additional experimental and clinical studies support its validity.Supported by NIH grant DK 31396. A. M. Kaiser is a Research Fellow of Harvard Medical School and is supported by Swiss National Science Foundation grant 81ZH-36652. D. Gerdes is supported by grant Ge778/1-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis according to new prognostic factors and CT grading

The assessment of severity at the initial medical examination plays an important role in introducing adequate early treatment and the transfer of patients to a medical facility that can cope with severe acute pancreatitis. Under these circumstances, “criteria for severity assessment” have been prepared in various countries, including Japan, and these criteria are now being evaluated. The criteria for severity assessment of acute pancreatitis in Japan were determined in 1990 (of which a partial revision was made in 1999). In 2008, an overall revision was made and the new Japanese criteria for severity assessment of acute pancreatitis were prepared. In the new criteria for severity assessment, the diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis can be made according to 9 prognostic factors and/or the computed tomography (CT) grades based on contrast-enhanced CT. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis are expected to be transferred to a specialist medical center or to an intensive care unit to receive adequate treatment there. In Japan, severe acute pancreatitis is recognized as being a specified intractable disease on the basis of these criteria, so medical expenses associated with severe acute pancreatitis are covered by Government payment.     

BISAP评分对急性胰腺炎严重程度及预后评估的临床价值

目的 通过与传统的急性胰腺炎(AP)病情评分系统比较,了解急性胰腺炎严重程度床边指数(BISAP)评分对AP严重程度及预后评估的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2010年12月间收治的497例AP患者资料,分别进行BISAP、APACHEⅡ、Ranson及Balthazar CT( CTSI)评分,评估病情严重程度.应用受试者工作曲线下面积(AUC)比较BISAP评分与其他各评分系统对AP严重程度及胰腺坏死、器官功能衰竭、患者病死发生的预测能力.结果 497例患者中重症急性胰腺炎(SAP) 101例,轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP) 396例,MAP组和SAP组患者的年龄、性别、病因分布差异无统计学意义.497例患者的BISAP评分、APACHEⅡ评分、Ranson评分的平均分值分别为(1.08±1.01)、(5.79±4.00)、(1.69±1.59)分,两两相关(r值分别为0.612、0.568、0.577,P值均＜0.001).此外,SAP患者的BISAP评分、APACHEⅡ评分、Ranson评分的分值均显著大于MAP患者(P值均＜0.01).BISAP评分预测SAP的AUC值为0.762( 95％ CI 0.722～0.799),阳性截止(cutoff)值为2分,敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为63.4％、83.1％、48.1％、89.4％;预测胰腺坏死的AUC值为0.711(95％CI0.612～0.797),cutoff值为2分,敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为84.6％、46.7％、35.5％、89.7％;预测器官衰竭的AUC值为0.777(95％ CI0.683 ～0.854),cutoff值为2分,敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为93.1％、51.4％、43.5％、94.9％;预测患者病死的AUC值为0.808(95％ CI 0.718 ～0.880),cutoff值为3分,敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.3％、67.4％、25.6％、96.8％.BISAP评分与其他评分系统预测SAP各预后指标的差异均无统计学意义.结论 BISAP评分对AP严重程度及预后的评估价值与其他传统的评分系统相同,但其只有5项指标,且均可在入院24h内采集,可以早期、简便地预测SAP,值得在临床推广应用.     

生物学标志物对急性胰腺炎严重程度预测的研究进展

急性胰腺炎(AP)是由多种病因导致胰酶激活,继以胰腺局部炎症反应为主要特点,根据有无胰腺局部并发症和器官功能衰竭的出现及持续时间将急性胰腺炎分为轻、中重度、重度3级[1].临床上约80％是轻中度急性胰腺炎,通常经过对因治疗和保守治疗后通常预后良好,然而约20％会进展为重症急性胰腺炎(SAP).SAP病程早期是由于多种病...     

酒精性急性胰腺炎CRP浓度及EPIC评分特点与其严重性的关系

目的探讨酒精性急性胰腺炎(AAP)的血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)浓度及胰腺外炎症CT评分(EPIC)评分特点与胰腺炎严重性的关系。方法回顾性分析2010年1月~12月在我院住院的急性胰腺炎患者66例。AAP 24例,全为男性。非AAP 42例,男29例,女13例。患者入院24 h内进行血清hs-CRP浓度检测及腹部CT检查。结果 AAP组中男性明显较非AAP组多(100%vs69.05%,P=0.0065)。AAP患者年龄较非AAP患者年龄轻(41.58岁±8.30岁vs49.86岁±17.39岁,P<0.05),AAP患者血清hs-CRP浓度、EPIC评分均明显较非AAP患者高(54.19 mg/L±25.31 mg/Lvs32.04 mg/L±17.66 mg/L,P<0.05;2.83±1.52vs1.38±1.45,P=0.0003)。AAP重症率为45.83%,非AAP重症率为9.52%,差异具有明显统计学意义(P=0.0021)。AAP患者中,重症患者的血清hs-CRP及EPIC评分均较轻症患者高,差异有统计学意义(63.88 mg/L±17.10 mg/Lvs45.95 mg/L±24.26mg/L,P=0.0435;4.18±0.40vs1.69±1.11,P<0.05)。结论中青年男性是AAP的易感人群,AAP重症发生率较高,AAP患者血清hs-CRP浓度及EPIC均明显较非AAP患者高,而且AAP组中重症患者的血清hs-CRP浓度及EPIC评分明显较轻症的高。CRP浓度及EPIC评分能反映AAP严重性,可以作为AAP严重性判断的有效指标。     

Diagnosing acute pancreatitis and assessing its severity by enhanced computed tomography: Correlations with Ranson’s assessment method

Using the criteria of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare for evaluation of the severity of acute pancreatitis based on computed tomography (CT), we assessed the CT grade of 104 patients with acute pancreatitis. The CT assessments were compared with the status of acute pancreatitis in these patients, assessed using Ranson’s system of objective prognostic signs by which acute pancreatitis is classified as “mild”, “moderate”, or “severe.” A CT grade of I corresponded to Ranson’s mild category; CT grades II and III corresponded to moderate, and CT grades IV and V corresponded to servere. Some patients with a CT grade of IV or V died, whereas none of the patients with CT grades of I, II, or III succumbed to the condition. This study confirmed that enhanced CT provides an accurate CT grading of acute pancreatitis. We emphasize the necessity of using enhanced CT for determining the severity of acute pancreatitis, not only on admission but also during hospitalization if the patient’s condition should become exacerbated.     

Clinical significance of melatonin concentrations in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis

AIM: To assess the value of plasma melatonin in pre-dicting acute pancreatitis when combined with the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) and bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) scoring systems. METHODS: APACHEⅡ and BISAP scores were calculated for 55 patients with acute physiology (AP) in the first 24 h of admission to the hospital. Additionally, morning (6:00 AM) serum melatonin concentrations were measured on the first day after admission. According to the diagnosis and treatment guidelines for acute pancreatitis in China, 42 patients suffered mild AP (MAP). The other 13 patients developed severe AP (SAP). A total of 45 healthy volunteers were used in this study as controls. The ability of melatonin and the APACHEⅡ and BISAP scoring systems to predict SAP was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The optimal melatonin cutoff concentration for SAP patients, based on the ROC curve, was used to classify the patients into either a high concen-tration group (34 cases) or a low concentration group (21 cases). Differences in the incidence of high scores, according to the APACHEⅡ and BISAP scoring sys- tems, were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The MAP patients had increased melatonin levels compared to the SAP (38.34 ng/L vs 26.77 ng/L) (P = 0.021) and control patients (38.34 ng/L vs 30.73 ng/L) (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference inmelatoninconcentrations between the SAP group and the control group. The accuracy of determining SAP based on the melatonin level, the APACHEⅡ score and the BISAP score was 0.758, 0.872, and 0.906, respectively, according to the ROC curve. A melatonin concentration ≤ 28.74 ng/L was associated with an increased risk of developing SAP. The incidence of high scores (≥ 3) using the BISAP system was significantly higher in patients with low melatonin concentration (≤ 28.74 ng/L) compared to patients with high melatonin concentration (> 28.74 ng/L) (42.9% vs 14.7%, P = 0.02). The     

Early inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis is little affected by body mass index

Objective. Obesity is a known risk factor for severe acute pancreatitis (AP), but the mechanism by which it affects the severity of AP is not fully understood. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and inflammatory markers in AP. Material and methods. Thirty patients with AP who developed organ failure (Group I) and 87 patients with AP who survived without organ failure (Group II) were studied. Patients’ height and weight were measured at admission for calculation of body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were taken at admission for measurement of plasma interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and monocyte human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression. Results. Group I patients had higher BMI values (median 26.2 kg/m²) than Group II patients (25.2 kg/m²), p=0.033. Both CRP values and monocyte HLA-DR expression showed a significant correlation with BMI (Spearman's rank correlation r=0.32, p=0.003 and r=?0.33, p=0.002, respectively). The correlation between BMI and monocyte HLA-DR expression was significant in Group II patients (r=?0.34, p=0.002) but not in Group I patients (r=?0.02, p>0.05). There was no correlation between BMI and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist or procalcitonin. Conclusions. BMI did not affect either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in early AP. However, in patients with mild AP, BMI correlated positively with CRP levels and inversely with monocyte HLA-DR expression, which might reflect an amplified inflammatory response in these patients. Taken together, acute inflammatory response in AP, which ultimately determines the severity of AP, was little affected by BMI.     

Elevated levels of the complement regulator protein CD59 in severe acute pancreatitis

Objective. Complement activation occurs in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and may contribute to the development of organ failure. Because a number of enzymes are released during AP that could influence the complement inhibitor CD59, the purpose of this study was to examine serum levels of CD59 in relation to severity of AP. Material and methods. Twelve patients with severe AP had organ failure (referred to as the grade 2 group). For each of them, we found 2–3 age-matched AP patients who served as controls (n=27). Of these, a total of 13 had mild AP (grade 0 group) and 14 severe AP without organ failure (grade 1 group). Blood samples were collected at admission and on days 1 and 3–7 post-admission. Grade 2 patients were compared with grade 0 and grade 1 patients. CD59 levels were measured by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Results. At admission, median CD59 levels were significantly higher (p=0.002) in grade 2 patients (median 104.2 ng/ml, range 26.1–186.3) than in grade 0 patients (37.3, range 30.3–75.9) and grade 1 patients (38.6, range 19.9–96.1). CD59 levels remained higher in grade 2 patients than in grade 0 and 1 patients on day 1 (p=0.001) and days 3–7 (p=0.002). The CD59 levels correlated significantly (p<0.05) with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (R=0.40) and APACHE II scores (R=0.32) on admission. Conclusions. Organ failure and severity of AP are associated with elevated serum levels of CD59.     

Staging of severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging—A comparative study

BACKGROUND: Determination of severity of acute pancreatitis is important to determine prognosis. AIMS: (1) the staging of acute pancreatitis by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, (2) the correlation of computed tomography and magnetic resonance severity indices and 3) the correlation of magnetic resonance severity index with C-reactive protein, Ranson score, duration of hospitalization and clinical outcome. PATIENTS: Thirty-five patients (median age: 64 (27-89)) were studied. Twenty-two patients had biliary acute pancreatitis. METHODS: The following examinations were conducted: (1) computed tomography 48 h, 7 and 30 days after admission, (2) magnetic resonance imaging 7 and 30 days after admission, (3) C-reactive protein and 4) Ranson score. Clinical outcome was determined on a scale 0-3 (0: remission, 1: local complications, 2: systemic complications, 3: death). RESULTS: Six of 35 patients (17%) had necrotizing acute pancreatitis. Fifteen of 35 patients (43%) had severe acute pancreatitis according to Ranson criteria. A significant correlation was noted between magnetic resonance severity index and C-reactive protein (r=0.419, p<0.005), Ranson score (r=0.431, p<0.05), duration of hospitalization (r=0.497, p<0.01) and clinical outcome (r=0.420, p<0.05). Comparison of the imaging methods showed a significant correlation between magnetic resonance severity index and computed tomography severity index (r=0.887, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance imaging is of comparable diagnostic and prognostic value with computed tomography in the staging of acute pancreatitis.     

急性胰腺炎严重程度临床应用评分进展

急性胰腺炎是消化系统常见疾病之一,包括急性轻型胰腺炎及急性重症胰腺炎。重症者病情凶险,死亡率高。早期发现疾病重症趋势能更好地指导临床治疗。本文就急性胰腺炎严重程度的临床应用评分进展进行综述。