对躁狂发作患者自知力的研究

目的：了解躁狂发作患者的自知力特点及其影响因素。方法：对５４例躁狂发作患者的自知力进行半定量评估，并对其影响因素进行分析。结果：存在自知力障碍者占７４．１％，躁狂发作不同类型之间自知力障碍的分布及程度均无明显差异。多元逐步回归分析显示，导致躁狂发作患者自知力障碍严重的主要因素有：随境转移表现较严重，智能低下，性格内向，情绪不稳，所伴有的妄想不具荒谬性等。结论：躁狂发作患者，相对于精神分裂症患者，其存在自知力障碍的比率较低，程度也较轻；对导致躁狂发作患者自知力障碍严重的主要因素作了分析     

34例抑郁症患者睡眠障碍临床分析

目的：本研究从临床角度分析抑郁症患者抑郁与睡眠的关系。方法：对１９９６年年底前住院，符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ诊断标准的抑郁症患者３４例进行睡眠情况调查。结果：首发临床症状为睡眠障碍者２１例（６１．８％），单相发作１４例，双相发作７例。入院时临床症状，单相发作以入睡困难、睡眠减少、睡眠持续障碍为多见；双相发作以入睡困难、睡眠时相延迟为多见。治疗后抑郁程度与睡眠情况改善不呈正比。结论：可见单相发作与双相发作睡眠障碍的表现形式不同。睡眠障碍多出现在抑郁发作早期，并持续到抑郁症加重之后。持续的睡眠障碍提示有抑郁症复发的征象     

精神分裂症患者自知力的临床评价：（附45例分析）

对符合ＣＣＭＤ－２诊断标准的４５例精神分裂症患者自知力进行分析。结果显示：自知力完整的病人占１１．１％。自知力存在与否主要与患者所处的发病时期有关；自知力障碍程度愈重，ＧＡＳ评分愈低，ＢＰＲＳ总分则愈高，与ＢＰＲＳ之缺乏活力、激活性和敌对猜疑项因子分有关。并就自知力对发裂症的诊断、疗效判断、治疗顺从性及预后评估等方面的作用进行评价。     

抑郁症自知力与抑郁症状关系的研究

目的　探讨抑郁症自知力的临床价值及其相关因素。方法　对４７ 例抑郁症患者进行自知力与自知力和治疗态度问卷（ Ｉ Ｔ Ａ Ｑ） 、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（ Ｈ Ａ Ｍ Ｄ） 的评定及其相关分析。结果　按 Ｈ Ａ Ｍ Ｄ 自知力评定为无自知力１６ 例， Ｉ Ｔ Ａ Ｑ 评定无自知力６ 例。自知力与 Ｈ Ａ Ｍ Ｄ 总分及认识障碍、迟缓二因子显著相关，与抑郁情绪、偏执症状、自罪感、迟滞症状呈显著相关。结论　提示影响抑郁症自知力的最主要因素为严重抑郁情绪和偏执症状，临床上要准确判断抑郁症的自知力，既要重视病人对症状的认识，也要重视其对待治疗的态度。     

不同发作类型双相障碍患者自知力及服药态度比较

目的比较躁狂发作、抑郁发作及混合状态的双相障碍住院患者出院前的自知力及服药态度,以了解不同发作类型双相障碍的自知力及服药态度在出院前的差异,为出院后制定康复方案提供参考。方法连续入组罗定市第三人民医院2014年5月-2016年12月收治的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的双相障碍住院患者266例,其中躁狂发作116例,抑郁发作94例,混合状态56例。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)、杨氏躁狂评定量表(YMRS)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)及服药态度清单(DAI)在出院当天分别评定精神症状、自知力及服药态度。采用单因素方差分析比较三组HAMD-17、YMRS、ITAQ及DAI评分。结果 HAMD-17、YMRS评分组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。ITAQ、DAI评分组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=6.205、5.481,P=0.002、0.005),两两比较结果显示,抑郁发作组及混合状态组ITAQ、DAI评分均高于躁狂发作组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);抑郁发作组及混合状态组ITAQ、DAI评分比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论不同发作类型的双相障碍住院患者出院前的自知力及服药态度存在差异,躁狂发作患者的自知力及服药态度较抑郁发作及混合状态患者差。     

精神分裂症、双相障碍和单相抑郁障碍患者自知力比较

目的探讨精神分裂症、双相障碍及单相抑郁障碍患者自知力的差异、影响因素及自知力与诊断的关系。方法在广州市惠爱医院连续入组符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症、双相躁狂、双相抑郁、单相抑郁诊断标准的住院患者395例,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、自知力和治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)分别评定患者的临床症状和自知力水平,通过协方差分析方法进行症状严重程度及自知力水平比较,采用多元逐步线性回归分析比较入院时各因素对自知力的影响。结果入院时精神分裂症组、双相躁狂组、双相抑郁组、单相抑郁组的ITAQ总评分分别为(5.66±0.39)分、(5.95±0.50)分、(9.73±0.95)分、(9.36±0.94)分,四组比较差异有统计学意义(F=8.40,P0.01)。出院时精神分裂症组、双相躁狂组、双相抑郁组、单相抑郁组ITAQ总评分分别为(12.27±0.38)分、(14.46±0.49)分、(13.64±0.94)分、(12.98±0.92)分,四组比较差异有统计学意义(F=4.32,P=0.005)。多元逐步线性回归分析显示,入院时自知力水平、诊断、性别均为自知力变化的影响因素(β=-0.405、2.103、-1.482,P均0.05)。结论住院精神障碍患者在急性期,自知力水平变化与疾病谱系变化存在相关性。随着疾病谱系的发展,抑郁障碍、双相情感障碍、精神分裂症患者的自知力缺损程度逐渐加重。此外,自知力的变化受入院时自知力水平、诊断、性别等诸多因素的影响。     

情感性精神障碍患者的自知力特点及其影响因素分析

我们对情感性精神障碍（AD）患者自知力及其影响因素进行半定量评定,试图探讨AD患者的自知力特点,并对其可能的影响因素进行分析。1．对象和方法：共101例AD患者,病例资料均由1994年5月至1995年3月精神障碍诊断量表（DSMD）现场测试协作组收集提供,评定者之间的一致性检验的K值=0．88（P＜0．01）[1]。101例中男58例,女43例;平均（33±13）岁;目前为躁狂发作54例,抑郁发作43例,双相混合相3例,快速循环型1例。所有患者均经精神科主治医师按中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第2版（CCMD-2）确诊,由经过DSMD专门训练的医师进…     

精神分裂症自知力相关因素研究

按ＣＣＭＤ－２诊断标准，选择１９９７年２～６月期间精神分裂症住院患者５５例进行自知力相关因素研究。其中男２９例，女２６例；年龄１６～５５岁，平均２７±９岁；病程３月～２６年，平均７１±７８月；文化程度，初中２９例，初中以上２６例。按Ｃｒｏｗ标准（Ｂｒ...     

抑郁症患者自知力相关因素分析

目的：探讨影响抑郁症患者自知力的相关因素。方法：以自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）,汉密东顿抑郁量表（HAMD）及临床标准,对60例抑郁症患者的自知力及其影响因素进行评定,并作多元逐步回归分析。结果：ITAQ与临床标准评定结果一致,与HAMD评定结果差异显著,经多元回归分析,在α=0．05水平上进入回归方程的因子依次为治疗依从性减分、HAMD总分减分、GAS增分和精神病性抑郁。结：影响抑郁症自知力的主要因素为临床抑郁症状,精神病性状及治疗依从性。临床评估自知力既要重视病人对症状的认识,又要重视其治疗态度。     

精神分裂症的自知力及其相关因素研究

为探讨精神分裂症的自知力的临床价值及其相关因素，对１１８例精神分裂症患者进行了自知力与简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ）、阳性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ）、临床疗效总评量表中的疗效总评项目（ＣＧＩ－ＧＩ）、治疗依从性的评定及其相关分析。结果显示，自知力完整者占１１．０％；自知力评分越高，ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＣＧＩ－ＧＩ和治疗依从性评分越高；自知力与ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、ＳＡＰＳ中的某些症状因子评分，以及受教育年限也有显著相关性，而与年龄、病程、住院次数及住院总时间无显著相关性。提示自知力与其它精神症状的严重程度及其变化、疗效、治疗依从性均有密切的关系，自知力的评定对精神分裂症具有重要的临床价值。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.