同型半胱氨酸诱导THP-1单核细胞产生巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α

为探讨同型半胱氨酸对人单核细胞表达和分泌巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α的影响并检测其活性 ,在体外培养的THP 1单核细胞培养基中加入终浓度为 0 .0 5mmol L、0 .1mmol L和 0 .2mmol L的同型半胱氨酸 ,孵育 8h ,或加入终浓度 0 .1mmol L的同型半胱氨酸 ,分别孵育 4、8及 16h ,用酶联免疫吸附法检测其培养基中的分泌性巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α。用改良Boyden小室微孔滤膜法检测THP 1单核细胞条件培养基中巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α蛋白对外周血单核细胞的趋化活性。结果发现 ,培养的THP 1单核细胞暴露于不同浓度或同一浓度不同孵育时间的同型半胱氨酸后 ,其分泌至条件培养基中巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α蛋白呈浓度和时间依赖性递增 (P <0 .0 1)。趋化实验表明 ,经同型半胱氨酸刺激的THP 1条件培养基引起单核细胞迁移距离 ( 83 .2± 4.8μm)明显大于未经同型半胱氨酸刺激的条件培养基组 ( 73 .2± 2 .3 μm)和随机移动组 ( 62 .4± 3 .5 μm)。方差分析显示 ,三组间均有显著性差异 (F =3 10 .70 ,P <0 .0 1)。在经同型半胱氨酸刺激的THP 1条件培养基中加入巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α抗体后 ,单核细胞的移动距离较不含抗体组明显缩短 (P <0 .0 1)。结果提示 ,同型半胱氨酸能诱导THP 1单核细胞表达有趋化活性的分泌性巨噬细胞炎性蛋     

同型半胱氨酸对人THP-1巨噬细胞CD36表达的影响

目的:探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)对人THP-1巨噬细胞CD36表达的影响.方法:在应用佛波酯(PMA)诱导分化成功的人THP-1巨噬细胞中加入0、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2 mmol/L的Hcy孵育24 h(为阴性对照组、0.01 mmol/L Hcy组、0.05 mmol/L Hcy组、0.1 mmol/L Hcy组和0.2 mmo]/L Hcy组);并与0.1 mmol/L Hcy分别培养0、3、6、12、24,48 h,同时以上述各个时点为参照设对照,用流式细胞仪检测THP-1巨噬细胞CD36分子的表达.结果:THP-1巨噬细胞与不同浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2 mmol/L)Hcy孵育24 h后,0.2 mmol/L Hcy组与阴性对照组比较,THP-1巨噬细胞CD36表达增加最明显(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.THP-1巨噬细胞与0.1 mmol/L Hcy培养0、3、6、12、24、48 h,各时间点CD36表达均高于其相应的对照(P均＜0.05),差异均有统计学意义;48 h时与0 h时比较,THP-1巨噬细胞CD36表达增加最明显(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.其他组问比较差异无统计学意义.结论.THP-1巨噬细胞与不同浓度Hcy(0、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2 mmol/L)孵育24 h后,Hcy可使THP-1巨噬细胞CD36的表达增加,且呈剂量依赖关系;与0.1 mmol/L Hcy培养不同时间(0、3、6、12、24、48 h),也可使THP-1巨噬细胞CD36的表达增加,并呈时间依赖关系.高浓度Hcy可以上调巨噬细胞CD36分子的表达.     

辛伐他汀抑制人外周血单核巨噬细胞脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2表达

目的 观察辛伐他汀对人外周血单核巨噬细胞脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)表达的影响,并探讨其调控机制.方法 分离培养人外周血单核巨噬细胞,实验分为脂多糖(LPS)组、辛伐他汀组和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)干预组.LPS组:分别用不同浓度(0、1、10、102、103和104ng/ml)的LPS与细胞共同孵育6 h,观察不同浓度的辛伐他汀对LPS诱导的Lp-PLA2 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响;并用1μg/ml的LPS与细胞孵育不同时间(0、6、12、24和48 h),观察辛伐他汀作用不同时间对LPS诱导的Lp-PLA2 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响.辛伐他汀组:1 μg/ml的LPS+不同浓度的辛伐他汀(10-2～10-7mmol/L)与单核巨噬细胞共同孵育24 h,1 μg/ml LPS+10-3mmol/L的辛伐他汀与单核巨噬细胞孵育不同时间(0、6、24、24和48 h),观察辛伐他汀对LPS诱导的Lp-PLA2mRNA和蛋白表达及酶活性的影响.MAPK组:分别用10 μmol/L的p38抑制剂SB203580、20 μmol/L的ERK抑制剂U0126和20 μmol/L的JNK抑制剂SP600125预处理30 min后,将单核巨噬细胞与1μg/ml的LPS共同孵育24 h,观察MAPK信号通路在LPS介导的Lp-PLA2表达中的作用.逆转录-多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法 检测Lp-PLA2 mRNA表达,比色法测定酶活性,Western blot方法 检测Lp-PLA2蛋白表达以及p38-MAPK蛋白及磷酸化水平.结果 (1)0.1μg/ml的LPS刺激6 h即可显著增加单核巨噬细胞Lp-PLA2 mRNA和蛋白的表达及其酶活性,并且随LPS浓度的增加和刺激时间的延长,该作用增强.(2)辛伐他汀可以明显抑制LPS诱导的Lp-PLA2的表达增加,并且降低酶活性,该作用呈浓度及时间依赖性.(3)辛伐他汀抑制LPS诱导的p38MAPK蛋白活化,p38MAPK的抑制剂SB203580可以完全阻断LPS介导的Lp-PLA2蛋白表达增加,与辛伐他汀作用相似.而MEK1/2的抑制剂U0126和JNK的抑制剂SP600125对LPS介导的Lp-PLA2蛋白表达的增加没有影响.结论 在培养的人外周血单核巨噬细胞中,辛伐他汀可以明显抑制LPS诱导的Lp-PLA2 mRNA和蛋白表达,降低Lp-PLA2酶活性,该作用至少部分由抑制p38MAPK信号转导通路介导.     

同型半胱氨酸对人THP-1巨噬细胞白细胞介素-8蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)对人THP-1巨噬细胞白细胞介素(IL)-8蛋白表达及分泌的影响。方法:在由0.1μmol/L佛波脂(PMA)诱导分化的人THP-1巨噬细胞中加入不同浓度的Hcy,并孵育不同时间。用酶联免疫吸附法检测培养上清液中IL-8蛋白的含量。结果:经PMA诱导后,THP-1细胞贴壁生长,分化成巨噬细胞。在一定浓度范围之内,Hcy呈剂量依赖性刺激THP-1巨噬细胞分泌IL-8蛋白,0.05mmol/L即可促进其分泌,增加为阴性对照组的1.28倍(P<0.01);0.2mmol/LHcy使IL-8的产量增加到阴性对照组的1.55倍(P<0.01)。0.1mmol/LHcy干预后,IL-8蛋白在3h即高于阴性对照组,到48h仍明显高于阴性对照组。Hcy刺激IL-8分泌呈剂量和时间依赖关系。结论:Hcy能促进人THP-1巨噬细胞IL-8的表达和分泌,可能为其诱导动脉粥样硬化的重要机制之一。     

辛伐他汀对血管内皮细胞分泌NO的影响

目的 观察辛伐他汀对血管内皮细胞分泌NO的影响.方法 培养的血管内皮细胞加入不同浓度的辛伐他汀(1×10-7 mmol/L、1×10-6 mmol/L、1×10-5 mmol/L),孵育24 h后,采用重氮化反应法测培养液上清中亚硝酸盐的含量;取辛伐他汀1×10-5 mmol/L浓度,分别在6、12、24、48 h测培养液上清中的亚硝酸盐含量;取辛伐他汀1×10-5 mmol/L浓度,分别加入L-甲基精氨酸1×10-3 mol/L、甲羟戊酸1×10-4 mol/L、角鲨烯1×10-5 mol/L、牻牛儿基牻牛儿醇焦磷酸15 μmol/L,培养24 h,测培养液上清中的亚硝酸盐含量.结果 3种不同浓度比对照组分别增加2.15、2.22和3.66倍;药物作用时间为12、24、36 h时,较对照组分别增加0.68、3.66和5.20倍,随着给药浓度的增加和药物作用时间的延长,辛伐他汀对血管内皮细胞分泌NO的促进作用逐渐增强,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义.辛伐他汀对血管内皮细胞分泌NO的促进作用能被L-甲基精氨酸、甲羟戊酸、牻牛儿基牻牛儿醇焦磷酸逆转,而不被角鲨烯逆转.结论 辛伐他汀呈时间剂量依赖性促进血管内皮细胞分泌NO,这种作用与其降脂作用无关,而与其抑制类异戊二烯物质的合成有关.     

同型半胱氨酸诱导培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α

探讨同型半胱氨酸是否可诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α ,使培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞暴露于不同浓度的同型半胱氨酸 ,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应和免疫细胞化学方法观察其巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α的表达。结果发现 ,培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞可表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α。暴露于同一浓度 (0 .1mmol L)同型半胱氨酸 ,分别孵育 4、8和 16h ,其巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1αmRNA表达水平分别是对照组的 2 .0 8倍、3.2 6倍和 3.35倍 ;免疫细胞化学发现 ,上述各组巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α蛋白表达的平均吸光度值分别是 0 .0 71± 0 .0 0 6、0 .0 81± 0 .0 0 6和 0 .12 8± 0 .0 0 9,均显著高于对照组 (0 .0 4 9± 0 .0 0 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。暴露于不同浓度 (0 .1mmol L、0 .5mmol L和 1mmol L)的同型半胱氨酸 ,孵育 8h后 ,各组巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1αmRNA表达水平分别是对照组的 2 .0 8倍、4 .35倍和 4 .5 7倍 ,巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1α蛋白表达的平均吸光度值分别是 0 .0 81± 0 .0 0 6、0 .110± 0 .0 0 9和 0 .118± 0 .0 0 8,均显著高于对照组 (0 .0 4 9± 0 .0 0 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。结果提示 ,同型半胱氨酸可诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞表达高水平的巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 1αmRNA和蛋白。     

脂质过氧化损伤诱导培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞表达细胞间粘附分子1

为探讨脂质过氧化损伤能否诱导血管内皮细胞表达细胞间粘附分子 1,用胰酶消化法分离人脐静脉内皮细胞进行原代培养 ,内皮细胞用不同浓度联胺作用相同时间或同一浓度联胺作用不同时间 ,使之发生脂质过氧化损伤 ,逆转录聚合酶链反应检测内皮细胞细胞间粘附分子 1mRNA表达 ,细胞酶链免疫吸附实验测定内皮细胞细胞间粘附分子 1蛋白表达。逆转录聚合酶链反应结果发现 ,不同浓度联胺 (1μmol L、5 μmol L和 10 μmol L)作用 8h ,内皮细胞细胞间粘附分子 1对 β actin吸光度比值依次为 0 .5 35、0 .90 8和 1.186 ,分别是对照组 (0 .185 )的 2 .89倍、4 .91倍和 6 .4 1倍 ;而同一浓度联胺 (5 μmol L)作用 4h和 2 4h ,吸光度比值依次为 0 .5 98和 1.2 92 ,分别是对照组 (0 .185 )的 3.2 3倍和 6 .98倍。细胞酶链免疫吸附实验结果发现 ,经 1μmol L、5 μmol L和 10 μmol L联胺作用 4h后 ,内皮细胞细胞间粘附分子 1蛋白表达的吸光度值依次为 0 .1387、0 .1775和 0 .2 32 6 ,分别是对照组 (0 .10 35 )的 1.34倍、1.71倍和 2 .2 5倍 (P <0 .0 1)。结果表明 ,联胺诱导的内皮细胞细胞间粘附分子 1的表达在一定作用时间和浓度范围内呈时间和剂量依赖性。提示联胺诱导的脂质过氧化损伤可能上调细胞间粘附分子 1mRNA和     

同型半胱氨酸与2型糖尿病合并早期肾病的关系

目的　探讨同型半胱氨酸 (Homocysteine,Hcy)与 2型糖尿病病人合并早期糖尿病肾病的关系。方法　应用高效液相色谱分析法测定 6 7例 2型糖尿病病人和 4 7例正常人的血浆 Hcy水平 ,并同步检测可溶性血栓调节蛋白(s TM)、叶酸和维生素 B1 2 。结果　 2型糖尿病病人血浆 Hcy水平明显高于对照人群 (15 .2 7± 6 .0 4 μmol/L vs12 .10± 1.86 μmol/L;P<0 .0 1) ,而合并早期糖尿病肾病的血浆 Hcy水平又高于无糖尿病肾病患者 (17.86± 8.0 4 μmol/L vs13.83± 4 .0 0 μmol/L;P<0 .0 1) ;存在高 Hcy血症的糖尿病病人 ,其早期糖尿病肾病发生率明显高于无高 Hcy血症患者(5 2 .0 % vs2 6 .2 % ;P<0 .0 5 ) ,且前者存在着较高水平的 s TM(P<0 .0 5 )。结论　高 Hcy血症与 2型糖尿病早期肾病的发病有关 ,其机制可能是通过血管内皮损伤所致     

脂质过氧化诱导培养的内皮细胞表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α和血管细胞粘附分子1

为了解脂质过氧化损伤能否诱导内皮细胞表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α和血管细胞粘附分子1 mRNA,将培养的内皮细胞随机分为实验组(在培养液中分别加入1 μmol/L、5 μmol/L及10 μmol/L联胺)和对照组(不加联胺).用地高辛随机引物标记的人巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α和血管细胞粘附分子1 cDNA探针与各组内皮细胞进行核酸原位杂交.用异硫氰酸胍法提取各组细胞的总RNA,与上述探针进行斑点杂交.原位杂交显示,正常内皮细胞的胞浆和胞核均表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α和血管细胞粘附分子1 mRNA,为蓝色颗粒.加联胺后,上述两种细胞因子的表达明显增强(P<0.05),并与所加联胺的浓度呈正相关.斑点杂交显示,1 μmol/L联胺组巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α和血管细胞粘附分子1 mRNA的表达分别为对照组的1.40倍和1.22倍;5 μmol/L联胺组为对照组的1.90倍和1.56倍;10 μmol/L联胺组为对照组的2.50倍和2.04倍,与联胺的浓度呈正相关.结果提示,脂质过氧化可通过刺激内皮细胞产生血管细胞粘附分子1和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α诱导单核细胞粘附于内皮,并向内皮下间隙迁移,在动脉粥样硬化发生过程中单核细胞的募集可能起重要作用.     

他汀类药物对外周血内皮祖细胞数量和功能的影响

目的　观察氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀对外周血内皮祖细胞 (endothelialprogenitorcell,EPC)的影响。方法　采用密度梯度离心法从外周血获取单个核细胞 ,将其接种在人纤维连接蛋白包被培养板 ,培养 7d后 ,收集贴壁细胞 ,加入不同浓度氟伐他汀 (分别为 0 0 1、0 1、1 0、10 μmol/L)和辛伐他汀 (1 0 μmol/L)培养一定的时间 (6、12、2 4h和 4 8h)。激光共聚焦显微镜鉴定FITC UEA Ⅰ和DiI acLDL双染色阳性细胞为正在分化的EPC ,并在倒置荧光显微镜下计数。然后分别采用MTT比色法、改良的Boyden小室和黏附能力测定实验来观察EPC的增殖能力、迁移能力和黏附能力。结果　氟伐他汀显著增加外周血EPC数量 ,并且EPC数量随氟伐他汀浓度增加及作用时间延长而增加 ,1 0 μmol/L浓度氟伐他汀作用 2 4h对EPC数量的影响最为显著 (较对照组增加了 1 5倍 ,P <0 0 5 )。氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀也显著改善了外周血EPC的黏附能力、迁移能力和增殖能力。相同浓度的氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀 (1 0 μmol/L)对EPC数量和功能的影响无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论结果提示他汀类药物可增加EPC的数量且伴随着EPC功能的改善。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.