某地下人防工程夏季环境卫生情况调查与评价

目的调查长期密闭人防工程在人员进驻后微小气候、空气中总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)浓度与细菌总数的变化 ,为改善工程内环境质量提供科学依据。方法测定某地下人防工程在人员进驻前后 2个房间内的气温、相对湿度、气压、空气中TSP浓度及细菌总数。结果无人进驻时 ,工程内的气温为 2 2 .3℃ ,相对湿度为 72 .5 % ,风速为 0m·s- 1,空气中TSP浓度 1号房间为 1.4 9mg·m- 3,2号房间为 0 .31mg·m- 3,细菌总数为 90 0cfu·m- 3。人员进驻一定时间后 ,气温 1号房间由 (2 2 .3± 0 .9)℃升为 (2 3.4± 0 .4 )℃ ,2号房间由 (2 2 .8± 0 .6 )℃升为 (2 3.9± 0 .3)℃ ;相对湿度 1号房间由通风换气后的 (6 6 .6± 2 .2 ) %升为 (74 .3± 2 .6 ) % ,2号房间由 (6 6 .3± 2 .7) %升为 (75 .5± 4 .9) % ;风速 1号房间为 (0 .12± 0 .0 4 )m·s- 1,2号房间为 (0 .11± 0 .0 5 )m·s- 1;空气中TSP浓度 1号房间为 (0 .34± 0 .19)mg·m- 3,2号房间为 (0 .6 3± 0 .2 0 )mg·m- 3;空气中的细菌总数 1号房间为 (1114± 6 2 9)cfu·m- 3,2号房间为 (14 0 3± 76 8)cfu·m- 3。结论某地下人防工程内无人进驻时的气温较低 ,人员进驻以后气温有所升高 ,相对湿度较高 ,风速接近于零 ,未达标准 ,空气中TSP浓度严重超标 ,细菌总数较     

某地卫生坑道环境卫生学调查分析

目的 :了解某地卫生坑道环境卫生学状况 ,为展开工作提供依据。方法 :空气细菌总数和真菌数用离心法及沉降法同时检测。结果 :离心法及沉降法检测细菌总数 380 0cfu·m 3 及370 0cfu·m 3 ;真菌数 4 10 0cfu·m-3 及 4 4 0 0cfu·m 3 。 2个水库储水游离余氯分别为 5 0mg·L 1及5 2mg·L 1。结论 :空气细菌总数及真菌数均高于对照组 ,均有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。 2个水库储水除有极强氯气味和游离余氯较高外 ,其他感官性状及化学指标均未超标     

无棣镇饭店空气质量及对经营人员健康影响的调查

为掌握有空调设施饭店的空气污染状况及其对经营人员的健康影响 ,我们于 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年对无棣镇 60家有空调设施的饭店进行了调查。1　内容与方法1 1　饭店空气质量监测　①微小气候 :气温、气湿、风速 ;②细菌总数 (BTC、沉降法、平皿直径 9cm ) ;③CO2 (GX〕H -3 0 1型红外线分析仪 ) ;④可吸入颗粒物 (IP、PC -3A型激光可吸入粉尘连续测定仪 ) ;⑤CO(汞置换法 )。以本镇上座率基本相同的有空调设施的 60家饭店作为调查对象 ,并在每个饭店选择有代表性的 3个空调雅座进行空气质量监测。监测时室外大气气象条件大致相同。共监…     

一座扩建的3.7PBq~(60)Co辐照室防护效果评价与分析

目的　全面调查和评价一座扩建的60 Co辐照室防护效果。方法　测定工作场所及周围环境中γ辐射空气比释动能率 ;贮源井水总 β ;排风管内的动压值 ,计算管道风速、风量及辐照室通风换气性能 ;空气中O3 、NOx浓度 ;并检测安全设备及性能。结果　工作场所及周围环境空气比释动能率分别低于 2 5× 10 -2 mGy·h-1和 0 2 5× 10 -2mGy·h-1;贮源井水总 β为 0 2 8Bq·L-1;辐照室排风 10min后 ,室内可换气 7 7次 ;工作场所空气中O3 、NOx浓度分别为 0 0 8～ 0 13mg·m-3 和 0 13～ 0 17mg·m-3 ;安全设施性能可靠。结论　该座扩建的60 Co辐照室防护性能符合国家规定的卫生防护标准     

温岭市1999年公共场所细菌监测结果分析

为了解我市城区公共场所的卫生质量 ,19 99年笔者对本市太字镇的文化娱乐场所、旅馆业、美发美容业等公共场所进行空气细菌总数的监测 ,现将结果报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　方法采用平皿暴露自然沉降法 ,将直径 9cm营养琼脂平皿水平放置于各监测点 ,暴露5 min,然后放 37℃温箱培养 2 4h计算所生长的菌落数。1.2　培养基营养琼脂购自浙江省军区后勤部卫生防疫检验所 ,效期内使用。1.3　评价标准以国家颁布的《公共场所卫生标准》为评估依据。空气细菌总数≤ 40 0 0个 /m3为合格 (即 9cm平皿细菌总数≤ 2 5个 )。2　结　果共监测 2 19份样本…     

大气中沉降微生物粒子含量换算方法探讨

平板沉降法常用于测定大气中沉降微生物粒子含量 ,但因结果的计量单位等不同 ,对不同地区大气微生物粒子含量评价比较造成困难。本文将不同检测者测定结果换算成统一的计量单位CFU/ (cm2 ·min)或CFU/ (m3·min)以比较不同地区大气中沉降微生物粒子含量。空气沉降微生物粒子含量的计算　平板沉降法常用菌落/皿或奥氏公式〔1,2〕 计算结果 (个 )菌 /m3 表示。但由于不同检测者选用平皿直径大小不等 (7～ 11cm)、平板暴露空气中的时间不同 (5～ 3 0min)、结果的计量单位〔(个 )菌 /m3 或菌落 /皿、菌落 / (皿·min)、CFU /m3 等〕不同 ,…     

医院平车消毒效果调查

为检测医院平车微生物污染状况和不同消毒方法的现场杀灭效果,防止医院交叉感染.笔者于2006年1-12月,对某医院部分临床科室的平车在消毒前和采用5种消毒措施后(清水、消佳净、2%过氧乙酸、84消毒液、紫外线照射)采集微生物样本,按照<消毒技术规范>进行菌落计数.消毒前菌落数为1 855～6 052 cfu/cm2,平均菌落数为3 768.2 ofu/cm2;经清水擦拭后细菌菌落数为10.3～19.0 cfu/cm2,平均菌落数为15.9 cfu/cm2;消佳净擦拭后菌落数为0.1～4.6 cfu/cm2,平均菌落数为1.3 cfu/cm2;2%过氧乙酸擦拭后菌落数为0～3.0 cfu/cm2,平均菌落数为0.96 cfu/cm2;84消毒液擦拭后菌落数为0.1～5.0 cfu/cm2,平均菌落数为1.5 cfu/cm2;紫外线照射后菌落数为0.5～4.0 ofu/cm2,平均菌落数为1.8 cfu/cm2,消毒效果显著.     

广西锡矿矿尘致矽肺的危险度评价

目的　探索锡矿矿尘的致病强度和最低无害作用水平。方法　选择广西锡矿 1 960～1 974年期间接触矿尘至少 1年的男性矿工 4 471名建立回顾性接尘队列 ,并用以同一方法建立的瓷厂接尘队列与其进行比较 ;采用SAS中的生存检验分析软件进行非参数估算 ,评价锡矿矿尘致矽肺的危险度。结果　随访到 1 994年底 ,锡矿队列工人矽肺发病 971例 (2 1 .7% ) ,其中 81 %的病例为 1 958年前接尘对象 ,累积接触总粉尘量 (CTD)与矽肺危险度明显相关 :当CTD <50mg·m- 3·年 - 1 时 ,矽肺危险度为 0 .0 1 2 ;CTD >40 0mg·m- 3·年 - 1 时 ,矽肺危险度上升到 0 .971。瓷厂接尘工人CTD >40 0mg·m- 3·年 - 1 时 ,矽肺危险度仅为 0 .369。结论　锡矿接触矿尘工人的矽肺发病与CTD明显相关 ;锡矿矿尘导致矽肺的危险性远比瓷厂的陶瓷尘严重     

口腔诊室空气质量动态研究

目的探讨工作状态下口腔科诊室的空气质量。方法使用空气消毒机连续30 d,每天对一面积为15 m2的口腔诊室进行2次消毒（早晨7∶00和下午13∶00,每次1 h）,对工作过程中的诊室内空气连续采样（8∶00-17∶00,每小时1次,不包括13∶00）,观察空气菌落数变化。结果上午8∶00的空气采样菌落数均值为（275.70±81.87）CFU/m3,9∶00-17∶00的空气采样菌落数均值为（411.80±175.66）～（968.10±204.14）CFU/m3。静态消毒后空气菌落数符合《消毒技术规范》要求,而持续1 h后空气中的菌落数明显超标（＞500 CFU/m3）。结论为保证口腔诊室空气质量在工作状态中符合国家规范要求,建议采用动态消毒措施并观察消毒效果。     

某地下医院真菌污染状况调查

目的调查地下医院真菌污染状况及来源。方法用常规方法对某地下医院进行空气和物体表面真菌计数及菌株鉴定。结果主通道空气中真菌数最低 ,平均为 115 5 0cfu·m 3;综合病区盲端空气中真菌数最高 ,平均为 6 72 0 4cfu·m- 3。油漆全部脱落木床架及床垫表面真菌数分别为 4 172 0cfu·m- 2 及 1336 0 0cfu·m- 2 。结论某地下医院环境真菌污染源主要是木床架及复合物制备的床垫。用 1.5 %稳定性过氧化氢溶液对物体表面喷雾消毒可达到良好的杀菌效果     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.