Baeocystin in psilocybe, conocybe and panaeolus

Sixty collections of ten species referred to three families of the Agaricales have been analyzed for the presence of baeocystin by thin-layer chromatography. Baeocystin was detected in collections of Psilocybe, Conocybe, and Panaeolus from the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, and Peru. Laboratory cultivated fruitbodies of Psilocybe cubensis, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens were also studied. Intra-species variation in the presence of decay rate of baeocystin, psilocybin and psilocin are discussed in terms of age and storage factors. In addition, evidence is presented to support the presence of 4-hydroxytryptamine in collections of P. baeocystis and P. cyanescens. The possible significance of baeocystin and 4-hydroxytryptamine in the biosynthesis of psilocybin in these organisms is discussed.     

四川桑类中药的资源构成及开发利用策略研究

］　根据实地调查资料，结合有关文献进行综合分析，研究了四川桑类中药资源的现状及其开发利用前
景。弄清了四川桑类中药资源的原植物组成、种质资源现状、现有栽种规模、近年主流栽培品种的变化情况以及川
产桑类药材的产销现状；发现四川桑资源浪费严重，提出了综合开发利用桑树资源的策略。     

Screening of Thai medicinal plant extracts and their active constituents for in vitro antimalarial activity

To discover antimalarial substances from plants cultivated in Thailand 80%-EtOH extracts from selected plants were screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against the drug resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. In total, 86 Thai medicinal plant samples representing 48 species from 35 genera in 16 families were screened and two species (Polyalthia viridis and Goniothalamus marcanii) were found to show notable antimalarial activity (IC50: 10.0 and 6.3 microg/mL). Marcanine A and 16-hydroxycleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide were identified as the respective major active constituents in P. viridis and G. marcanii, respectively.     

Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of Psilocybe cubensis (earle) singer

Analysis of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer grown in controlled culture showed that the level of psilocin was generally zero in the first (or sometimes even the second) fruiting of the mushroom from a given culture and that the level reached a maximum by the fourth flush. The level of psilocybin, which was nearly always at least twice the level of psilocin, showed no upward or downward trend as fruiting progressed, but was variable over a factor of four. Samples obtained from outside sources had psilocybin levels varying by over a factor of ten from one collection to the next.     

栽培及野生半夏丛枝菌根研究

目的:研究贵州地区栽培及野生半夏丛枝菌根及丛枝菌根真菌.方法:通过染色镜检法观察栽培及野生半夏根系,通过湿筛-蔗糖离心法分离半夏根围土壤中丛枝菌根真菌孢子,并对照Schenck & Pérez及一些近期分类文献的描述,鉴定到种.结果:半夏具有典型从枝菌根结构,从贵州省6个野生及栽培半夏根围土壤采集地中共分离到隶属3属的21种丛枝菌根真菌孢子,鉴定到种的有隶属3属的7种,其中球囊霉属5种,巨孢囊霉属1种,盾巨孢囊霉属1种,分别是摩西球囊霉、根内球囊霉、沙漠球囊霉、黑色球囊霉、聚丛球囊霉、白色巨孢囊霉、粟色盾巨孢囊霉.其中粟色盾巨孢囊霉为我国新纪录种,且为毕节地区栽培半夏的优势种.结论:贵州省野生及栽培半夏中丛枝菌根真菌具有丰富多样性,孢子种类、优势种均差异较大,如白色球囊霉仅出现于栽培半夏根围土壤中,黑色球囊霉仅出现于野生半夏根围土壤中,而摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉在2种土壤中均有出现,且毕节地区半夏根围土壤中有专属性较强的丛枝菌根真菌,可为栽培半夏退化提供新的研究思路.     

泰医治疗退行性膝关节炎方法介绍和分析

近年来,随着医学发展,老年人数增高,膝关节炎的患者显著增多,退行性膝关节炎已成为泰国和中国骨伤科门诊常见的疾病之一。泰医治疗膝关节炎有各种各样措施,能缓解患者的痛苦、无不良反应、方便易行。文章总结了泰医治疗膝关节炎的措施,与中医进行对照和分析,以提高临床疗效,亦为今后泰医在中国进一步的研究奠定基础。     

The entheomycological origin of Egyptian crowns and the esoteric underpinnings of Egyptian religion

In this paper, I theorize that the Egyptian White and Triple Crowns were originally primordia of the entheogenic Psilocybe (Stropharia) cubensis, which an Egyptian tale known as Cheops and the Magicians allegorically explained grew on barley, and that Osiris was the God of spiritual rebirth because he personified this and other entheogenic mushrooms. I go on to theorize that the plant known commonly as the Eye of Horus, which the Egyptians included in cakes and ales designed to spiritually rebirth the living and the dead, was an entheogenic mushroom cap entirely analogous, if not identical, to Soma. Finally, I explain why so many scholars failed to discern these identities and relationships for so long.     

Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants from Thai traditional books, Part II: Plants with antidiarrheal, laxative and carminative properties

A survey of medicinal plants used in Thailand has been made from Thai books on traditional herbal medicine. In this part of the survey, 326 plants with antidiarrheal, laxative and/or carminative properties are described. Information provided for each species includes plant part used, methods of preparation and administration and literature references to Thai books, together with indications of usage in other Southeast Asian countries and of phytochemical work which has been performed.     

针灸在泰国

针灸在泰国有较长的历史,尽管其发展历经曲折,但一直深受当地人民的推崇。在泰国,很多私人诊所、药店、综合性医院都在从事针灸治疗,还有两家专门的中医院。泰国现有两所中医学院,他们已与我国的中医药大学合作,开展本科生教育。一些综合性大学也积极与我国合作,开设中医系。泰国卫生部还举行短期针灸培训班,专门培训泰国的西医。目前针灸在泰国发展迅速,但也存在不少问题。     

Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants from Thai traditional books, Part I: Plants with anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and antihypertensive properties

A survey of medicinal plants used in Thailand has been made from Thai books on traditional herbal medicine. In this part of the survey, plants with anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and antihypertensive properties including plant part used and methods of preparation and administration are described.     

Immunomodulatory activities of Clausena excavata Burm. f. wood extracts

In vitro immunomodulatory activities of aqueous extract, acetone extract and the Thai folklore extract of Clausena excavata Burm. f. on mouse immune system were investigated. The phagocytic activity of macrophages and splenocyte proliferation in the absence and presence of mitogens (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or pokeweed mitogen, PWM) were assayed. The aqueous extract exhibited the maximum effect on both respiratory burst response and lysosomal enzyme activity more than the acetone extract and the Thai folklore extract indicating effective phagocytic activation. For splenocyte proliferation assay, the Thai folklore extract with LPS gave the maximum activity higher than that with PWM, suggesting specificity towards B cell proliferation through T cell independent pathway the same as LPS. The present study revealed the immunomodulating activity, which could be explained the traditional use of this plant in Thailand.     

Aqueous Extracts of Wild Mushrooms Show Antimicrobial and Antiadhesion Activities against Bacteria and Fungi

Mushrooms represent promising sources of novel bioactive compounds and can be applied as innovative strategies to control microbial contamination and infection via the food chain. We characterized aqueous extracts from 21 wild basidiomycete mushrooms and the cultivated oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, as putative sources of antimicrobial and antiadhesive compounds. Broth microdilutions and adhesion to a polystyrene surface were evaluated on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and on fungi. The aqueous extracts tested showed antimicrobial and antiadhesive activities against these microorganisms. Biochemical analyses of the P. ostreatus extract indicated the involvement of several compounds with different molecular masses. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甘肃乌拉尔甘草野生与栽培品内生菌的分离及鉴定

目的：通过对甘肃乌拉尔甘草野生与栽培品内生菌的分离,对甘草同属不同品种内生菌的优势菌种进行初步鉴定,比较二者的生理活性差异。方法：采用NA、PDA培养基对甘草野生与栽培品内生菌进行分离和纯化,并以分离频率比较判断各自优势菌种。结果：野生甘草分离到内生细菌65株,内生真菌7株,优势菌种为青霉菌属和曲霉属;栽培甘草分离到内生细菌54株,内生真菌6株,优势菌种为青霉菌属;野生与栽培甘草的内生真菌分属于6个属,相同的有5个属,不同的2个属为丝核菌属和木霉属。结论：野生与栽培甘草具有相趋同数量和种类的内生细菌与内生真菌,但二者内生真菌的菌属及优势菌种存在明显差异。     

Screening for phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity of Thai medicinal plants

INTRODUCTION: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a group of enzymes that have powerful effects on cellular signaling because they regulate the second messenger, cAMP or cGMP. PDE inhibitors have been used for treatment of many indications such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to search for sources of PDE inhibitors from Thai biodiversity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Some Thai medicinal plants used as aphrodisiac and neurotonic agents together with plants from Leguminosae collected from the North of Thailand were screened for PDE inhibitory activity using a radioassay. RESULTS: Seven from nineteen aphrodisiac and neurotonic plants as well as three from twelve Leguminosae plants showed potent PDEs inhibitory activity. The concentrations that could inhibit 50% PDE activity (IC(50)) of the active extracts were determined in comparison to the standard inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Betula alnoides, Hiptage benghalensis, Leea indica and Senna surrattensis showed IC(50) values in the range of microgram per milliliter while IBMX standard showed an IC(50) value of 0.68+/-0.13 microg/ml. CONCLUSION: Thai biodiversity was the great sources of PDE inhibitors.     

黑龙江省药用大型真菌资源概况及综合利用

为了更好地对黑龙江省大型真菌进行开发利用,该文经大量文献整理,较为全面地统计了黑龙江省已知大型真菌的种类数目。黑龙江省大型真菌共546种,隶属于53科13目6纲2亚门。并对其应用价值进行了分类、归纳和评述。食用真菌320种,具有药用价值的真菌214种,药用价值中具有抗癌作用真菌167种,木腐菌141种,外生菌根菌141种,毒菌88种,食毒不明的大型真菌67种,黑龙江省大型真菌资源开发利用前景广阔。     

Preclinical toxicological evaluations of the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke), the Tiger Milk mushroom

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Lignosus rhinocerus (Tiger Milk mushroom) is distributed in South China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In Malaysia, it is the most popular medicinal mushroom used by the indigenous communities to relieve fever, cough, asthma, cancer, food poisoning and as a general tonic. In China, this mushroom is an expensive traditional medicine used to treat liver cancer, chronic hepatitis and gastric ulcers. The sclerotium of the mushroom is the part with medicinal value. This rare mushroom has recently been successfully cultivated making it possible to be fully exploited for its medicinal and functional benefits. The present study was carried out to evaluate the chronic toxicity of the sclerotial powder of Lignosus rhinocerus cultivar (termed TM02), its anti-fertility and teratogenic effects as well as genotoxicity.

Materials and methods

Sprague Dawley rats (10 rats/group/sex) were fed orally with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of sclerotial powder of TM02. The sclerotial powder was orally administered once daily and consecutively for 180 days. At the completion of the oral feeding period, analysis of hematological and clinical biochemical parameters, urine profiles, organ weight as well as histopathological analysis were carried out. The effect of the sclerotial powder on fertility and its possible teratogenicity were examined by feeding rats orally with 100 mg/kg sclerotial powder consecutively for 7–8 weeks. Genotoxicity was evaluated by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA.

Results

The results showed that oral administration of the sclerotial powder of the Lignosus rhinocerus cultivar at daily dose of up to 1000 mg/kg for 180 days had no adverse effect on the general clinical observations, body weight, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, absolute organ weight as well as relative organ weight, nor induced histological changes in the organs. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg sclerotial powder of the Lignosus rhinocerus for 7–8 weeks did not affect the fertility of the rats nor induce teratogenic effect on their offspring. Lignosus rhinocerus sclerotial powder up to 5000 μg/plate in the presence and absence of metabolic activation did not cause gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the tester strains used.

Conclusion

Our results showed that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose of the sclerotial powder of Lignosus rhinocerus in 180-day chronic toxicity study is more than 1000 mg/kg. Oral feeding of the sclerotial powder at 100 mg/kg did not induce adverse effect on rats' fertility nor causing teratogenic effect on their offspring. In the reverse mutation Ames test, the sclerotial powder at all tested concentration did not show any genotoxicity.     

不同产地当归中阿魏酸、藁本内酯及总多糖含量比较

目的通过测定不同产地当归中阿魏酸、藁本内酯和总多糖的含量,探讨产地对当归药材质量的影响及当归道地性的科学依据。方法采用高效液相色谱法和比色法,测定甘肃、云南、四川、陕西等地所产当归中阿魏酸、藁本内酯和总多糖的含量。结果在4个产地的当归中,阿魏酸、藁本内酯和总多糖的含量均以甘肃产当归为最高。结论甘肃产当归质量较好,甘肃当归的道地性是有科学依据的。     

Cytotoxicity of plants from Malaysia and Thailand used traditionally to treat cancer

The SRB cytotoxicity assay was used to screen extracts and isolated constituents of some traditional medicinal plants from Malaysia and Thailand against two human cancer cell lines, COR L23 lung cancer cell line and MCF7 breast cancer cell line and the non-cancer MCF5 cell line. Five out of the seven species tested, i.e. Thai Alpinia galanga, Alpinia officinarum, Cayratia japonica, Physalis minima, Tabernaemontana divaricata, exhibited interesting cytotoxicity activity and this is the first report of cytotoxicity from any Cayratia species. Following bioassay-guided fractionation, 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (48 h exposure against COR L23 cells, IC₅₀ 7.8 μM against MCF7 cells, IC₅₀ 23.9 μM) was isolated as the major cytotoxic component of the Alpinia species, physalin F as the major cytotoxic component of Physalis minima (48 h exposure against COR L23 cells IC₅₀ 0.4 μM against MCF7 cells, IC₅₀ 0.59 μM). The Malaysian Alpinia galanga showed weak activity compared with the Thai sample and this was shown to be due to the relatively high amounts of 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate present in the Thai sample.     

Constituents of Paramichelia baillonii: a new antitumor germacranolide alkaloid

Paramichelia baillonii has been used by the natives of Northern Thailand for medicinal purposes. Four components have been isolated from the bark of this plant and their structures determined by spectroscopic means. Three of the components had been reported previously: the germacranolide epoxides (--)-dihydroparthenolide [1] and (--)-parthenolide [2] and the oxoaporphinoid alkaloid liriodenine [4]. The fourth component is an unusual new germacranolide alkaloid which has been named (--)-bisparthenolidine [3] because it was presumably formed in the plant from ammonia and two molecules of parthenolide. Parthenolide was reported previously to possess anti-tumor activity, and in the present study we report on the significant activity of the new alkaloid 3 in the KB cell culture assay.     

香菇多糖分离最佳工艺及最佳原料探讨

对香菇多糖提取、纯化条件进行优化研究。结果表明：香菇多糖撮最佳工艺条件为：ｐＨ７．０,９６℃浸提４ｈ,料水比为１：２０,醇析浓度为７０％,蛋白质去除时样品－氯仿＋正丁醇（Ｖ：Ｖ）为１：１,氯仿－正丁醇（Ｖ／Ｖ）为１：０．２５,萃取时间为３０ｍｉｎ效果最好,不同类型的香菇原料的撮结构表明：椴栽板香菇、花菇和板菇,其香菇多糖含量相送葬不大,从经济角度和工艺的简易性考虑,分离制备香菇多糖应以袋栽板菇为最