Cladribine- and decitabine-containing conditioning regimen has a low post-transplant relapse rate in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome

To reduce the risk of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), there have been continuing efforts to optimize the conditioning regimens. Our study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with the relapse of relapsed/refractory (R/R), high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) post-transplant and the efficacy of a new conditioning regimen involving decitabine and cladribine. Clinical data of 125 patients with R/R AML, high-risk AML and high-risk MDS who underwent allo-HSCT were collected. In addition, 35 patients with R/R AML, high-risk AML and high-risk MDS received treatment with a new conditioning regimen including decitabine and cladribine. Cox regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with OS, RFS and relapse. Among 125 patients who underwent allo-HSCT, CR before allo-HSCT and matched sibling donors were independent protective factors for OS. DNMT3A abnormality was an independent risk factor for both relapse and RFS. Among 35 patients who received a new conditioning regimen containing decitabine and cladribine, only six patients relapsed and 1-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 11.7%. Moreover, this new regimen showed efficient MRD clearance early after allo-HSCT. The combined decitabine- and cladribine-based conditioning regimen showed a low relapse rate and a high survival without an increased incidence of GVHD or adverse effects and thus has potential for use in allo-HSCT for R/R AML, high-risk AML and high-risk MDS.     

急性白血病患者异基因造血干细胞移植术后复发危险因素分析

目的 探讨急性白血病(AL)患者异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)术后复发危险因素.方法 回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院造血干细胞移植中心自2003年12月至2013年12月行allo-HSCT的157例AL患者的临床资料,应用Cox回归法分析受者年龄、性别、疾病类型、初诊白细胞计数、诱导疗程数、人类白细胞抗原(HLA)配型、急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)、慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)、移植物来源、巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染与移植后复发的关系.结果 157例患者中32例在移植后24个月内复发.单因素分析结果示:初诊白细胞计数(P=0.023)、诱导疗程数(P=0.074)、移植物来源(P=0.044)、cGVHD(P=0.033)是allo-HSCT后复发的影响因素.多因素Cox回归分析结果示:诱导疗程数(P=0.027)、cGVHD(P=0.011)是allo-HSCT后复发的独立影响因素.结论 诱导疗程数多、未发生cGVHD是allo-HSCT后复发的危险因素.     

82例恶性血液病患者异基因造血干细胞移植后复发的危险因素分析

目的 探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后复发的危险囚素.方法 总结82例接受allo-HSCT治疗的血液病患者的临床资料,分析供受者年龄、供受者性别、供受者血型异同、供者类型、疾病状态、HLA配型、预处理方案、移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的有无、回输CD34+细胞数量、有无巨细胞病毒感染等与移植后复发的关系.结果 16例患者在移植后2～28个月复发.单因素分析结果显示,疾病状态(P=0.013)、疾病诊断到移植的时间(P=0.042)、预处理方案(P=0.046)、急性GVHD(P=0.022)、慢性GVHD(P=0.002)与allo-HSCT后复发有关.Cox多因素回归分析结果显示,疾病状态(OR=2.58,95%CI为1.26～5.01)、疾病诊断到移植的时间(OR=1.98,95%CI为1.11～3.63)和慢性GVHD(OR=3.74,95%CI为1.96～7.97)是allo-HSCT后复发的独立影响因素.结论 复发仍是allo-HSCT失败的首要原因,疾病状态、疾病诊断到移植的时间以及无慢性GVHD是移植后复发的主要危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the risk factors for relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and the measures of prophylaxis and treatment.Methods We summarized the clinical data of 82 patients with hematologic malignancies who were treated in our hospital from August 2003to December 2008.Factors including age, sex, ABO blood group disparity of donor and recipient as well as the type of donor, status of disease, HLA-match, conditioning regimen, whether or not having developed acute GVHD and chronic GVHD, infusion number of CD34 + cells, relationship between CMV infection and relapse post-transplantation were considered and analyzed.Results Single factor analysis indicated that there were five independent risk factors related with the disease relapse ( P ＜ 0.05 ), including status of disease, time of diagnosis to transplantation, acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD), conditioning regimen, and chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD).Simultaneously, the type of donor was a substantial factor (P ＜ 0.01 ), determined by multi-factor Cox regression analysis.Cox regression analysis determined that disease status ( OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.26-5.01, P = 0.01 ), time from diagnosis to treatment ( OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.11-3.63, P = 0.025 ) and cGVHD ( OR = 3.74, 95% CI 1.96-7.97,P ＜0.001 ) were major factors for relapse of the patients who had undergone transplantation.Conclusions Relapse remains the primary cause of failure after allo-HSCT.Status of disease, time from diagnosis to treatment and not cGVHD are the major risk factors.Effective prevention and treatment of relapse after engraftment can improve the efficacy of HSCT.     

NIH-defined graft-versus-host disease and evidence for a potent graft-versus-leukemia effect in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BackgroundThe prognostic value of the NIH consensus criteria for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is not well defined yet.Patients and methodsWe analyzed NIH-defined GVHD in 147 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of classic acute GVHD (aGVHD), late aGVHD and chronic GVHD (cGVHD) was 63%, 12% and 41%, respectively. cGVHD was subclassified as classic versus overlap syndrome in 40% versus 60% of cases. In multivariate Cox regression analysis with GVHD as time-dependent covariate, classic aGVHD grade III/IV had a negative impact on overall survival (OS) due to higher non-relapse mortality. cGVHD of any grade was associated with superior OS, which was due to lower relapse incidence. Classic cGVHD versus overlap syndrome had no differential impact. In 44 patients without GVHD after transplant who received donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI), the cumulative incidence of classic aGVHD, late aGVHD or cGVHD was 60%, 5% and 57%. Occurrence of cGVHD after DLI was associated with improved OS due to lower relapse incidence.ConclusionsThe NIH consensus criteria for GVHD clearly define prognostic subgroups in patients transplanted for ALL. The improved OS in patients developing cGVHD after transplant or DLI gives clear evidence for a potent graft-versus-leukemia effect in this indication.     

HLA半相合造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病的临床观察

背景与目的:异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneichematopoieticstemcelltransplantation,allo-HSCT)是目前治疗恶性血液系统疾病的最有效手段。但仅有25%～30%的患者能找到人类白细胞抗原(humanleukocyteantigen,HLA)相合的亲缘供者;在无关人群中找到相合供者的概率是1/5万～1/10万,甚至更低。若进行HLA半相合造血干细胞移植(hematopoieticstemcelltransplantation,HSCT),则有90%的患者能找到供者,本文旨在探索HLA半相合HSCT治疗恶性血液病的可行性。方法:25例恶性血液病患者进行HLA半相合(其中单倍体20例)的亲缘供者HSCT。采用延长、强化联合免疫抑制促进植入及使用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(antithymocyteglobulin,ATG)和/或加舒莱(抗CD25单抗)加强预防移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-hostdisease,GVHD),粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocytecolonystimulatinfactor,G-CSF)动员的骨髓(bonemarrow,BM)或加外周血干细胞(peripheralbloodstemcell,PBSC)混合移植方案。结果:所有患者均获得造血重建及达完全供者植入。21例(21/25)发生急性GVHD(aGVHD),其中Ⅰ度8例,Ⅱ度6例,Ⅲ度2例,Ⅳ度5例(其中3例为同胞部分相合),Ⅱ～Ⅳ度和Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD累积发生率分别为48.0%和28.6%。12例(12/25)发生慢性(c)GVHD,均为局限性。16例患者无病生存,1年预计无病生存率(disease-freesurvival,DFS)为(64.00±2.98)%,1年预计总生存率(overallsurvival,OS)为(64.0±3.08)%。9例死亡,其中1例死于复发,8例死于移植相关合并症,其中肺部感染4例,Ⅳ度GVHD3例,白质脑病1例。结论:HLA配型半相合的HSCT是治疗无亲缘和无关供体全相合的高危恶性血液病的有效方法,但风险较大,需在严密监测下慎重使用。     

The Use of Post-transplantation Cyclophosphamide in Peripheral Blood HLA-matched Stem Cell Transplantation as Graft-versus-host Disease Prophylaxis in Patients With Malignant or Non-malignant Hematologic Disorders: A Single-center Experience of 52 Patients

IntroductionStudies addressing the utilization of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (CY) as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation from matched sibling donors are limited and with controversial results. Chronic GVHD incidence necessitating systemic treatment is around 35% in peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) from human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling donors.Patients and MethodsIn this study, high-dose CY was added to PBSCT aiming to reduce the incidence of GVHD to reach a lower figure compared with standard GVHD prophylaxis. Fifty-two patients with either benign or malignant hematologic disorders who underwent stem cell transplantation at Nasser Institute Hospital in Egypt from November 2017 to October 2018 were enrolled in this study. Fifty patients had fully human leukocyte antigen-matched siblings, whereas the remaining 2 patients had 1 locus class I mismatched donors. Pre-transplant conditioning regimen was fludarabine and busulfan (FLU/BU) in malignant cases (73.1%) and FLU/CY in benign hematologic disorders (26.9%) and 1 patient with hypocellular myelodysplastic syndrome. For GVHD prophylaxis, CY was given at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day on days 3 and 4 post-transplantation, and cyclosporine (CSA) starting day 5 in 96.1% of patients. For the 1-locus mismatched patients, both CSA and mycophenolate mofetil were administered starting day 5.ResultsThe 1-year incidence of acute GVHD (aGVHD) was 15.3% and for chronic GVHD (cGVHD) was 13.4%. Historical data of GVHD prophylaxis at our center using CSA and methotrexate showed an incidence of 37% for aGVHD and 33.9% for cGVHD.ConclusionsPost-transplant CY GVHD prophylaxis led to significantly less aGVHD (P = .03) and cGVHD (P = .04).     

阿扎胞苷用于急性髓系白血病移植后维持治疗的临床疗效分析

  目的  探讨阿扎胞苷用于急性髓系白血病（acute myeloid leukemia,AML）患者异基因造血干细胞移植（allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT）后维持治疗的疗效以及安全性。  方法  回顾性分析2018年11月至2021年8月在空军军医大学第二附属医院造血干细胞移植中心接受allo-HSCT且在移植后使用阿扎胞苷维持治疗的30例AML患者的临床资料,观察患者移植后的微小残留病（minimal residual disease,MRD）转阴情况及移植物抗宿主病（graft-versus-host disease,GVHD）的发生情况,采用Kaplan-Meier法计算总体生存（overall survival,OS）率、无病生存（disease-free survival,DFS）率及累积复发率,并评估该方案的安全性。  结果  83.33%（25/30）的患者完成了4个周期的维持治疗,36.67%（11/30）的患者完成了全部6个周期的维持治疗。使用阿扎胞苷维持治疗后10例MRD阳性患者中的9例转为阴性,总体转阴率达90%。随访至2021年11月30日,30例患者的中位生存期为（33.7±1.8）个月,3年OS率为（83.2±9.9）%,3年DFS率为（81.3±9.4）%。至随访截止,共4例（13.33%）患者复发,3年累积复发率为（18.7±9.4）%。治疗中23.33%（7/30）的患者出现Ⅲ～Ⅳ度骨髓抑制。2例患者皮肤慢性移植物抗宿主病（chronic graft-versus-host disease,cGVHD）不同程度减轻,1例患者肝脏cGVHD加重,无患者出现新发GVHD的现象。  结论  应用阿扎胞苷进行AML患者allo-HSCT后的维持治疗,可降低复发率,改善患者生存期,且安全性和耐受性良好,不增加患者GVHD的发生率。      

非血缘造血干细胞移植中抗胸腺细胞球蛋白预防移植物抗宿主病的疗效分析

 【摘要】　  目的　探讨非血缘造血干细胞移植中应用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的临床疗效。方法　回顾性分析1999年1月至2011年12月行非血缘造血干细胞移植患者治疗的恶性血液病（包括白血病、骨髓增生异常综合征、淋巴瘤）92例患者资料。分为ATG预防组（66例）和无ATG组（26例）。ATG剂量为1.5 mg／kg,移植前第4天至移植前第1天。比较两组急性GVHD（aGVHD）和慢性GVHD（cGVHD）发生率,分析aGVHD与cGVHD发生的危险因素,并比较ATG预防对移植后总生存（OS）、治疗相关死亡（TRM）率、复发率的影响。结果　Ⅱ～Ⅳ度aGVHD和Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD发生率差异无统计学意义[26.7 %（16／60）比44.0 %（11／25）,P＝0.12;13.3 %（8／60）比 8.0 %（2／25）,P＝0.74]。ATG组cGVHD及广泛型cGVHD发生率明显低于无ATG组[ 34.0 %（17／50）比 72.2 %（13／18）,P＝0.005;10.0 %（5／50）比44.4 %（8／18）,P＝0.005]。多因素分析显示ATG预防能降低cGVHD发生[相对危险度（RR）＝0.22,95 % CI 0.081～0.599;P＝0.003],人类白细胞抗原（HLA）不完全相合增加cGVDH发生率（RR＝3.25,95 % CI 1.39～7.61;P＝0.007）。并且ATG预防显著降低广泛型cGVHD发生（RR＝0.05,95 % CI 0.009～0.240;P＜0.001）。92例患者中位随访时间12个月（1～84个月）。ATG预防组和无ATG组间OS率（60.4 % 比43.1 %,P＝0.41）、TRM率（19.8 %比34.3 %,P＝0.43）、复发率（40.6 % 比33.6 %,P＝0.54）差异均无统计学意义。结论　总量6 mg／kg的ATG预防可显著降低非血缘造血干细胞移植患者cGVHD及广泛型cGVHD的发生率,不增加疾病复发,对OS及TRM亦无影响。     

协同刺激因子在移植物抗宿主病发生中作用的初步研究

 目的　探讨协同刺激因子（CM）在异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）相关移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）中的作用。方法　根据预处理方案不同,将21例行allo-HSCT的血液病和实体瘤患者分为A组（NST组）和B组（清髓性HSCT组）;所有患者在移植前后不同时间,应用流式细胞术（FCM）检测外周血CD+4 T细胞表面CM（CD28、CD80、CD152）的表达;用短串联重复序列聚合酶链反应（STR-PCR）方法检测微卫星嵌合体形成。结果　21例患者移植后均获得造血功能重建,经STR-PCR检测均转为混合嵌合体（MC）或完全嵌合体（CC）;不同预处理方案GVHD发生率差异无统计学意义（χ2＝3.711,P＝0.144）;COX回归分析结果显示：CD+4 CD+152能明显影响GVHD发生（χ2＝13.128,P＜0.0001）;术后,外周血T细胞表面CD+4 CD+28、CD+4 CD+80表达逐渐增高,GVHD时达高峰,经过治疗和控制GVHD后,逐渐下降;而T细胞表面CD+4 CD+152表达则逐渐降低,GVHD时最低,经治疗和控制GVHD后,又逐渐上升。结论　清髓性HSCT和NST的GVHD发生率无差别;T细胞表面CM的表达与GVHD发生有关,并且在清髓性HSCT和NST的表达不同;B7-CD28／CD152共刺激途径在GVHD发生中起重要作用。     

Survival Benefit and Efficiency of Low Dose Decitabine With CEG Regimen Compared to Decitabine Alone in the Elderly MDS – A Multicenter,Retrospective Study

BackgroundDecitabine are used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), but none trials reported overall survival improvement.MethodsHigh-risk MDS and MDS transformed AML (sAML) patients (IPSS-R > 4.5, age above 60 years) in 6 medical centers of China were treated and compared a new regimen (decitabine with CEG) consisted of low dose decitabine (15 mg/m², days 1-3), low dose etoposide (30 mg/m², days 4,6,8,10,12), cytarabine (10 mg/m² per day, days 4-12) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, 5ug/kg, adjusted by patients’ WBC level, 12 hours prior to decitabine administration) with decitabine alone. The endpoints were death and disease progression.ResultsThe baseline characteristics of these 2 groups were equivalent and none patients received prior chemotherapy. The treatment response rate (P= .048) and progression free survival (PFS, P = .030) all demonstrated significant improvement compared with decitabine alone. Decitabine with CEG regimen had attained a CR rate of 45.7%, a median OS of 36 (19-53) months and a median PFS of 34 (16.7-51.3) months in high-risk MDS patients, a CR rate of 40% in sAML. While decitabine alone only attained a median OS of 26 (24.5-27.5) months and a CR rate of 18.2% as well as a median progression free survival of 20 (17.6-22.4) months in MDS patients. Treatment response to CR or PR and TP53 mutation were 2 prognostic factor for OS and PFS in decitabine with CEG regimen.ConclusionDecitabine with CEG regimen showed some promising advantage in elderly, high-risk MDS.     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植联合骨髓移植治疗白血病30例

 目的　观察异基因外周血干细胞移植联合骨髓移植对白血病的疗效。方法　白血病患者30例,平均年龄32.6岁,其中急性髓细胞白血病（AML） 11例,急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL） 14例,慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）5例,供者均为HLA相合同胞,动员方案为每天G-CSF 5 μg／kg,共5 d,并于外周血干细胞回输当天采集供者骨髓300 ml回输;预处理方案采用Bu／Cy,移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）预防采用环孢素A（CsA）联合甲氨蝶呤（MTX）、吗替麦考酚酯（MMF）。结果　回输外周血单个核细胞（5.13±2.6）×108／kg,骨髓单个核细胞（1.3±0.6）×108／kg,30例患者均成功植活,其中中性粒细胞＞0.5×109／L的时间为（12.1±3.25）d,血小板＞0.5×109／L的时间为（14.0±5.33）d;Ⅰ～Ⅱ度aGVHD发生率为40.0 %（12／30）,Ⅲ～Ⅳ度发生率3.3 %（1／30）,cGVHD发生率为43.3 %（13／30）,严重cGVHD发生率为3.3 %（1／30）;2年无病生存率达72.0 %。结论　异基因外周血造血干细胞移植联合骨髓移植是治疗白血病的有效方法,并有可能减少重度急、慢性GVHD的发生。     

细胞因子在移植相关移植物抗宿主病诊断中的作用

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植（allo—HSCT）后外周血细胞因子（CK）表达水平的变化及其与移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的关系。方法21例行allo—HSCT的血液病和实体瘤患者,根据预处理方案分为非清髓性（A组）和清髓性allo—HSCT组（B组）;根据发生GVHD情况分为1组（A组发生aGVHD）,2组（A组发生cGVHD）,3组（B组发生aGVHD）,4组（B组未发生GVHD）,5组（A组未发生GVHD）。采用半定量反转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对21例allo—HSCT患者动态监测外周血可溶性白细胞介素-2受体（sIL-2R）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、转化生长因子β1（TGF—β1）表达变化情况。结果21例患者均获得造血重建,A、B两组发生GVHD情况无差别（χ^2=3．711,P=0．144）;RT—PCR方法及ELISA法检测CK,术后患者IL-2R、IFN-γ的表达均逐渐增高,IL-2R在＋7天时已明显高于术前（P〈0．05）,发生GVHD时达高峰,TGF-β1的表达随时间延长而逐渐降低,发生GVHD时最低;经治疗后,各指标逐渐接近术前水平;三指标在A组和B组表达不同（P〈0．01）;发生GVHD组与无GVHD组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。结论slL-2R、IFN-γ、TGF—β1可以作为allo—HSCT后预测aGVHD早期发生的指标;slL-2R、TGF—β1独立于其他参数,更能影响GVHD发生;RT—PCR和ELISA两种方法检测CK的敏感性无差别。     

Fludarabine, melphalan, and alemtuzumab conditioning in adults with standard-risk advanced acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.

PURPOSE: This prospective phase II study evaluated toxicity, relapse rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival after allogeneic transplantation and conditioning with fludarabine, melphalan, and alemtuzumab in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-two consecutive adults with AML and MDS were enrolled onto the study. Median age was 52 years (range, 17 to 71 years) and the majority of patients had high-risk disease, comorbidities, and/or modest reduction in performance status. Fifty-six percent of patients had unrelated or mismatched related donors. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 18 months (range, 2 to 34 months), 1-year survival was 48% (95% CI, 34% to 61%), progression-free survival was 38% (95% CI, 25% to 52%), relapse rate was 27% (95% CI, 15% to 40%), and treatment-related mortality was 33% (95% CI, 20% to 46%). The cumulative probability of extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was only 18% (95% CI, 8% to 40%); extensive chronic GVHD was only observed in recipients of unrelated donor transplants. Performance score and disease status were the major predictors of outcome. High-risk disease (ie, active AML or MDS with > 5% blasts) or even modest decreases in performance status were associated with poor outcomes. Patients with standard-risk leukemia (first or second complete remission) or MDS (< 5% blasts) had excellent outcomes despite unfavorable disease characteristics. CONCLUSION: Fludarabine and melphalan combined with in vivo alemtuzumab is a promising transplantation regimen for patients with AML or MDS and low tumor burden. For patients with active disease, this regimen provides at best modest palliation. Despite a low incidence of GVHD, transplantation is still associated with considerable nonrelapse mortality in patients with decreased performance status.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病20例临床疗效观察

 【摘要】　目的　探讨异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）治疗恶性血液病的疗效,观察造血重建、移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）发生、移植相关并发症及疾病的转归。方法　回顾性分析allo-HSCT治疗恶性血液病患者20例,男15例,女5例,中位年龄39岁（8～59岁）。供者于移植前3 d采用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（rhG-CSF）行干细胞动员;预处理方案：人类白细胞抗原（HLA）亲缘全相合移植患者采用改良Bu／Cy方案;HLA亲缘不全相合者采用改良Bu／Cy+ATG方案;急性T淋巴细胞白血病（T-ALL）和多发性骨髓瘤（MM）患者采用Flu+Bu／Cy方案。GVHD预防方案：麦考酚酸酯+环孢素+短疗程甲氨蝶呤。结果　20例患者均成功获得造血重建,中性粒细胞计数＞0.5×109／L的中位时间为13 d（12～17 d）,血小板＞20×109／L的中位时间为16 d（12～23 d）,且供者CD+34 细胞采集量＞2.5×106／kg（受者体质量）或单个核细胞采集量＞5.0×108／kg（受者体质量）所移植的患者造血重建较快。12例供受者血型不合,移植后未出现严重溶血反应;11例（55 %）发生急性GVHD（aGVHD）,包括Ⅰ度4例,Ⅱ度4例,Ⅲ度2例,Ⅳ度1例,均经治疗后好转。移植后所有患者均达到完全缓解（CR）,中位随访6个月（2～14个月）,1例白血病患者移植后5个月复发死亡,1例移植后4个月因自行停用环孢素发生自身免疫性溶血、慢性GVHD（cGVHD）、多器官衰竭死亡,其余患者仍处于CR状态。结论　allo-HSCT是治疗恶性血液病的有效方法。造血重建与采集物中造血干细胞的数量密切相关。ABO血型不合不是移植的障碍。复发、GVHD、感染是移植后死亡的重要原因。     

Retrospective Analysis of Prognostic Factors Associated With Response and Overall Survival by Baseline Marrow Blast Percentage in Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treated With Decitabine

BackgroundAfter the World Health Organization (WHO) changed the definition of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to ≥ 20% blasts, the International Working Group (IWG) response criteria for myelodysplasia were updated. This retrospective analysis evaluated response to decitabine using updated IWG criteria in patients pooled from 2 decitabine trials.Patients and MethodsOutcomes for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with baseline marrow blasts ≥ 20% and < 30% (RAEB-t group) and < 20% (MDS group) were compared.ResultsPatients with RAEB-t (n = 26) had a significantly shorter time from diagnosis to study treatment (7.3 vs. 18.3 months), a higher International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) risk (77% vs. 16% high-risk patients), and lower median baseline platelet count (62.3 vs. 112.7 × 10³/μL) vs. patients with MDS (n = 157), yet no significant difference in overall response rate (ORR) (15.4% vs. 28.0%). Patients with MDS had better duration of response (9.9 vs. 5 months; P = .024) and overall survival (OS) (16.6 vs. 9.0 months; P = .021) compared with patients with RAEB-t.ConclusionDecitabine is active in and may benefit patients with > 20% blasts (RAEB-t).     

A higher incidence of relapse for acute lymphocytic leukemia treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation conditioned with BU-CY<Subscript>2</Subscript> regimen

Objective: To analyze long-term outcome in sixty leukemia patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) following busulfan and cyclophosphamide (BU-CY2) between 1994 and 2000.Methods: BU-CY2 was used as the conditioning regimen and allo-HSCT was performed for all patients. All the patients were followed-up until August 2001 or death. The leukemia-free survival, relapse and transplant-related mortality were discussed. Results: All 60 patients had sustained engraftment. Acute GVHD occurred in 22 out of 60 patients (36.7%), and the incidence of acute GVHD was 48% in the patients with CML, 30% in AML and 26.7% in ALL. 38 patients are still alive in continuous remission with a median follow-up of 30 months (range 12-84) and 22 patients have died. The main causes of death were acute GVHD in 3 patients, CMV-IP in 7 patients and relapse in 11 patients,the remaining one died of pulmonary infection. Among 11 patients who died of relapse, 8 patients with ALL relapsed in the early stage post transplant (8115, 53.3%), relapse was observed in the remaining 3 patients with AML, and however, no relapse was observed in CML. The probability of disease-free survival at 3 years for CML. AML and ALL patients was 80%, 70% and 26.7%, respectively.Conclusion: This results suggests that BU-CY2 is an effective conditioning regimen in patients with AML and CML, resulting in a low relapse rate and high long-term survival rate, but not as effective in patients with ALL, with a higher incidence of relapse and therefore, not recommended for ALL patients.     

Prevention of relapse in pediatric patients with acute leukemias and MDS after allogeneic SCT by early immunotherapy initiated on the basis of increasing mixed chimerism: a single center experience of 12 children.

The success of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) in children is mainly affected by relapse or graft rejection. We have recently shown in a study of 55 patients with acute leukemias (ALL 21, AML 20 and MDS 14), that patients who demonstrate increase amounts of autologous marrow repopulation (increasing mixed chimerism) have a significantly enhanced risk of relapse (P < 0. 0001). Based on these findings, we asked whether post-transplant relapse can be prevented by withdrawal of immunosuppression and/or by donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). We describe the results of a pilot study where adoptive immunotherapy was used to treat 12 patients (five ALL, three AML, four MDS) who showed increasing mixed chimerism (MC) post-transplant. A response to immunotherapy, defined as the re-establishment of complete chimerism (CC) and continuous complete remission (CCR), was achieved in four patients (two ALL, two AML) following withdrawal of CsA and in a further six patients (three ALL, three MDS) after additional DLI. One ALL patient, who initially responded to DLI, developed severe GVHD that required further immunosuppression. GVHD was controlled but this patient subsequently relapsed. Another patient with ALL became a CC but developed an isolated relapse in the bone marrow 260 days later. One patient with MDS developed severe GVHD after DLI and died. Two children (one AML and one MDS) did not show any response to interventional treatment and died due to relapse. Of the 12 patients treated, seven remain in CCR at a median follow-up of 747 days (range 351-1109 days). In summary, these results provide evidence that increasing MC can be used to guide adoptive immunotherapy strategies and that these treatment modalities can be used to prevent relapse in children with acute leukemias or MDS after allo-SCT.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童恶性血液病15例临床分析

目的 观察异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）治疗儿童恶性血液病的疗效和相关并发症,探讨allo-HSCT治疗儿童恶性血液病的适应证.方法 回顾性分析15例接受allo-HSCT治疗的儿童恶性血液病患者的临床资料,其中13例为急性白血病,1例为慢性粒细胞白血病（加速期）,1例为骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS-REBT）;8例为亲缘供者,7例为非亲缘供者;11例行外周血造血干细胞移植治疗,4例行脐血造血干细胞移植治疗;6例为HLA配型全相合,9例为HLA配型不全相合.结果 15例患儿中生存7例,生存期为5个月～6年;5例因复发或重症感染放弃治疗;3例死亡.6例发生急性移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）,包括Ⅰ度3例,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ度各1例,其中发生Ⅳ度急性GVHD患儿死亡.2例发生广泛性慢性GVHD,其中1例死亡,另1例生活质量严重受影响.结论 allo-HSCT是治疗儿童恶性血液病的重要方法,其并发症多、风险大,在防治并发症的同时,应严格把握allo-HSCT治疗儿童恶性血液病的适应证.     

诱导aGVHD策略的异基因造血干细胞移植治疗难治复发性急性白血病的初步临床报告

背景与目的：异基因造血干细胞移植治疗难治复发性急性白血病,因移植后复发率和移植相关死亡率高而预后仍较差。本研究旨在探讨异基因造血干细胞移植治疗难治复发性急性白血病的过程中,主动诱导急性移植物抗宿主病(acute graft-versus-host disease,aGVHD)对防止复发的作用。方法：30例成人难治复发性急性白血病,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病16例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病10例,混合性急性白血病4例。移植时第一次完全缓解4例,第二次完全缓解9例,部分缓解12例,未缓解5例。分别实施亲缘性同胞外周血干细胞移植24例(全相合者21例和不相合者3例),非亲缘性全相合移植6例(骨髓移植5例和外周血干细胞移植1例)。所有病例均接受清髓性预处理而强化清除残留白血病细胞的作用。亲缘性全相合者单用环孢素A,亲缘性不相合者或非亲缘性全相合者采取环孢素A 甲氨蝶呤 骁悉 小剂量ATG方法预防aGvHD。移植后 30至 60天仍无aGVHD者,采取每周20％～30％比例逐步减少环孢素A维持剂量及预制性供者淋巴细胞输注等方法诱导移植后早期aGVHD的发生。结果：移植后中位随访18．1月,aGVHD发生率80％(24／30),其中Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD发生率13．3％(4／30)。在可评价的19例患者中慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)发生率57．9％(11／19),其中广泛性cGVHD发生率15．8％(3／19)。移植后18例无病生存,无病生存率60％(18／30)。12例死亡,其中复发率17．9％(5／28)和移植相关死亡率23．3％(7／30)。结论：诱导aGVHD策略在防止难治复发性急性白血病移植后复发方面有一定作用。     

Molecular analysis of T-cell repertoire in patients with graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Complementarity-determining region (CDR3) size spectratyping has often been used to analyze the clonal expansion of T-cells. CDR3 size spectratyping has been useful in the analysis of the oligoclonal expansion of T-cells in virus infection, graft-versus-leukemia effect (GVL), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and immune reconstitution of T-cells after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). We analyzed 26 T cell receptor (TCR)-β-chain subfamilies (VB) in 25 patients who underwent allo-SCT. Fifteen of these patients developed acute GVHD (aGVHD). Many TCR-VB were skewed in the early stage. In these TCR-VB subfamilies, VB6 was most often skewed at the time of skin aGVHD. We then analyzed the average score of the complexity of 26 TCR-VB spectratypings in patients with or without cGVHD. The patients who developed chronic GVHD (cGVHD) had a lower average score of TCR-VB complexity than that of patients without cGVHD (P = 0.010). In particular, the patients who developed the quiescent type and de novo type of cGVHD from 4 months after allo- SCT had a lower average score of TCR-VB complexity at 3 months than that of the patients who had no cGVHD (P = 0.0055). These results suggest that we might be able to consider a possible development of cGVHD by analyzing TCR-VB spectratyping after allo-SCT.