2型糖尿病足感染的病原菌分析

235例2型糖尿病足合并感染患者的细菌谱和药敏进行分析。结果共分离出282株病原菌，革兰阳性菌126株。占44．68％；革兰阴性菌150株，占53．19％；真菌6株，占2．13％。其中金黄色葡萄球菌86株，占30．50％；大肠埃希菌72株．占25．54％。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄菌大于60％，肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类药物耐药率为44％～65％。结论糖尿病足感染主要以金黄色葡萄菌和大肠埃希菌多见，革兰阳性球菌感染呈上升之势。主要病原菌对常用抗菌药耐药率高。     

呼吸机相关肺炎的病原学及耐药性分析

目的探讨呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)病原学分布特点。方法回顾分析62例VAP患者的临床资料。结果62例VAP患者共分离病原菌81株，革兰氏阴性杆菌占62．9％，革兰氏阳性菌占19．8％，真菌占17．3％。病原菌以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌为主。分离的细菌除对泰能较敏感外，对其它抗生素均有不同程度耐药。结论VAP常为多种病原菌的混合性感染，普遍存在耐药性；选择敏感抗生素可提高VAP治愈率。     

重症监护病房痰液标本的病原菌检出及耐药分析

目的了解ICU病房病原菌感染特点，为预防和控制感染及合理用药提供依据。方法收集该科2003年4月～2004年10月住院患者痰液标本做细菌培养。ATB自动细菌分析仪做鉴定和药敏试验。结果共检出病原菌341株，其中绿脓假单胞菌111株，占32．6％；念珠菌71株，占20．8％；葡萄球菌66株，占19．4％；鲍曼不动杆菌56株，占16．4％；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌18株，占5．3％；其他细菌19株，占5．6％。MRS检出率为86．3％。结论ICU病房痰标本病原菌以绿脓假单胞菌检出率最高，真菌及鲍曼不动杆菌的检出有不断上升趋势，绿脓假单胞菌对常用抗生素耐药率在70％以上。加强ICU病房各种医疗操作的清洁消毒，防止院内感染，重视病原菌检出，合理应用抗生素非常重要。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌特点及预防措施

目的研究ICU病区呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌的来源、分布特点，探讨VAP的发病机制及预防措施。方法收集47例VAP患者下呼吸道痰液、口腔分泌物、胃液标本进行细菌定量培养、分析，研究其菌群组成特点及耐药性，并对三组病原菌结果进行对比分析。结果VAP病原菌主要为G-菌（83．8％），其中以鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主，对多种抗生素耐药。口腔分泌物及胃液中G-菌分别占62．8％和82．9％，与VAP病原菌符合率分别为60．7％和41．2％，并显示与VAP病原菌有较高的同源性。结论VAP病原菌以G-菌为主，且耐药情况严重。口咽部定殖菌吸入及胃-咽-下呼吸道逆行感染为其重要感染途径。     

原位肝移植术后肺部感染及危险因素分析

目的探讨原位肝移植术后肺部感染的特点及其危险因素，以提高肝移植术后肺部感染的诊治水平。方法对250例原位肝移植术后肺部感染患者的资料进行了回顾性分析，以术前、术中及术后主要的临床表现和实验室指标作为研究对象，分析肺部感染组和对照组间的差别。结果250例原位肝移植患者中，57例术后共发生肺部感染72次，肺部感染率为22．8％（57／250）。最常见为细菌感染，单一细菌感染36例次，两种细菌感染5例次，多种细菌同时感染6例次。其次为真菌感染13例次，占18．1％（13／72），其中7例次合并细菌感染。病毒感染12例次，占16．7％（12／72），均为巨细胞病毒感染，其中3例次合并细菌感染。肺部感染组术后1、2、3年生存率分别为71．9％、61．4%、53．4%，对照组分别为93．1％、75．8％、67．2％（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析表明肝移植患者有术前感染、机械通气时间大于12h、手术时间、术中输血总量〉1000 ml、术后再次手术史、术后胸水、重症监护室住院天数这7个因素是术后肺部感染的独立危险因素。结论肺部感染以细菌感染为主，但多种病原菌的混合感染以及多重耐药菌日益增多。在临床工作中应重视对相关危险因素的控制，早期诊断、早期治疗是治疗成功的关键。     

呼吸道表皮葡萄球菌的分离、药敏及其意义

目的了解下呼吸道感染中表皮葡萄球菌药物敏感性及其临床意义。方法（１）对１９９０年～１９９６年间普通病房下呼吸道感染住院患者的合格痰标本进行培养、分离鉴定，研究表皮葡萄球菌分离率；（２）以纸片（ＫＢ）法或琼脂稀释法测定分离表皮葡萄球菌对常用抗生素的药物敏感性。结果（１）６２２８份痰标本中分离到细菌２６６０株，其中表皮葡萄球菌２５７株占９．７％，表皮葡萄球菌分离率为４．１％，在各病原菌中占第４位；（２）对２１种抗生素的药敏测定发现，除万古霉素外，表皮葡萄球菌对其它各抗生素均有耐药，耐药率在１５．２％～９８．１％，并存在多重耐药，其中亚胺培南、头孢噻吩、头孢哌酮为较敏感抗生素，耐药率分别为１７．１％、１８．７％和３０．０％，其它各抗生素的耐药率均在４８．３％以上，部分在８０％以上。结论表皮葡萄球菌在下呼吸道感染时分离率高，耐药性强，存在多重耐药，应引起重视。     

老年糖尿病患者医院内获得性下呼吸道感染痰培养病原学分析

目的 探讨老年糖尿病患者医院内下呼吸道感染的临床特点及病原学情况。方法 回顾性调查85例老年糖尿病合并医院获得性下呼吸道感染患者的临床资料，分析病原学及细菌耐药性的特点与糖代谢的关系。结果 老年糖尿病患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，占73．9％，主要为铜绿假单胞菌18．2％、肺炎克雷伯菌15．9％、大肠杆菌14．8％。2种细菌混合感染占14．1％，细菌与真菌并存占6．8％。药物敏感试验提示：革兰阴性杆菌对抗菌素的敏感性依次为头孢他啶(Ceftazidime)72．3％、氧氟沙星(Ofloxacin)70．8％、头孢曲松(Ceftriaxone)63．1％、头孢噻肟(Cefotaxime)61．5％、头孢哌酮(Cefoperazone)61．5％、头孢唑啉(Cefazolin)60．O％、哌拉西林(Piperacillin)53．8％。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素100％敏感。对青霉素、红霉素、四环素等呈现不同程度的耐药，耐药率在55％以上。血糖控制不好、基础疾病复杂、伴有并发症的老年糖尿病患者在医院内下呼吸道感染增多，且预后不良。结论 糖尿病患者中医院获得性下呼吸道感染常见，病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，应参考药物敏感试验结果并在控制血糖的基础上进行抗炎治疗。     

医院感染597例调查分析

目的预防和控制医院感染的发生，提高医院感染管理内涵质量。方法对德阳市人民医院2006年16767例住院患者进行回顾性调查分析。结果医院感染597例，感染率3．56％；感染部位下呼吸道占首位，为43．38％；感染科室以肿瘤科最高，为32．50％；病原菌共检出237株，其中G^-菌占38．82％，G^＋球菌占18．99％。真菌占42．19％。结论医院感染发生与患者年龄、宿主因素、侵入性操作、抗菌药物应用不合理、环境质量等因素有关。     

支气管扩张症患者感染加重期的病原菌分布及其药敏情况

目的观察支气管扩张症患者感染加重期的病原菌分布及其药敏情况。方法对58例支气管扩张症感染加重期患者的呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养及药敏试验。结果58例患者病原学检测阳性46例（79．3％）共分离出细菌63株,其中铜绿假单胞菌（47．6％）,其它单胞菌3株（4．8％）,大肠埃希菌9株（14．3％）,不动杆菌8株（12．7％）,肺炎克雷伯菌3株（4．8％）,产气肠杆菌2株（3．2％）,阴沟肠杆菌3株（4．8％）。金黄色葡萄球菌5株（7．9％）,药敏显示菌株对亚胺培南部分第三代、四代头孢菌素以及氟喹诺酮类抗生素敏感性较高,氨基糖苷类以阿米卡星敏感性较高。结论支气管扩张症感染加重期病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且铜绿假单胞菌排在首位。合理选用抗生素对及早控制支气管扩张症感染加重期病原菌及减少稳定期气道细菌定植起着重要作用。     

下呼吸道脑膜败血黄杆菌感染临床分析

对23例下呼吸道感染患者进行脑膜败血黄杆菌（FM）体外药敏试验，其中〉60岁占82．6％，气管插管或切开占91．3％，合并多脏器衰竭占39．13％，病死率39．13％。体外药敏实验显示，FM对抗G^-菌抗生素呈多重耐药，仅对氧哌嗪青霉素、环丙沙星有较好的敏感率，而对抗G^＋菌抗生素如万古霉素、克林霉素、阿奇霉素敏感。FM是老年、免疫力低下（特别是人工气道）患者下呼吸道感染的重要病原菌。     

Bacterial infection after liver transplantation

Infectious complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation, despite recent advances in the transplant field. Bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites can cause infection before and after transplantation. Among them, bacterial infections are predominant during the first two months post-transplantation and affect patient and graft survival. They might cause surgical site infections, including deep intra-abdominal infections, bacteremia, pneumonia, catheter-related infections and urinary tract infections. The risk factors for bacterial infections differ between the periods after transplant, and between centers. Recently, the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria is great concern in liver transplant (LT) patients. The instructive data about effects of infections with extended-spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria, carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria, and glycopeptide-resistant gram-positive bacteria were reported on a center-by-center basis. To prevent post-transplant bacterial infections, proper strategies need to be established based upon center-specific data and evidence from well-controlled studies. This article reviewed the recent epidemiological data, risk factors for each type of infections and important clinical issues in bacterial infection after LT.     

老年下呼吸道感染患者肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的：监测老年下呼吸道感染患者肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的耐药性。为临床合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法：对我院下呼吸道感染患者中分离出的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌240株，以Kirby-Bauer(K-B)琼脂扩散法作药敏试验；以美国临床实验室标准委员会（NCCLS）1999年推荐的表型确认试验检测超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs）。结果：老年组和非老年组肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对14例抗生素的耐药率分别为阿莫西林93．2％和87．3％，哌拉西林57．1％和42．9％、头孢呋新51．4％和33．3％、头孢噻肟40．1％和17．5％、头孢他啶13．6％和3．2％、头孢曲松39．0％和17．5％、头孢哌酮37．3％和15．9％，头孢吡肟10．2％和3．2％、阿米卡星47．5％和34．9％，环丙沙星54．2％和38．1％、亚胺培南15．9％、头孢吡肟10．2％和3．2％、阿米卡星47．5％和34．9％、环丙沙星54．2％和38．1％，亚胺培南0和0、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦0和0、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦1．1％和0、头孢美唑9．6％和4．8％。78株肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌被证实为产ESBLs菌，ESBLs检测出率为32．5％（78／240），其中老年组ESBLs检出率为38．4％（68／177），非老年组ESBLs检出率为15．9％（10／63）。亚胺培南，头孢哌酮／舒巴坦，哌拉西林／三唑巴坦和头孢美唑对产ESBLs菌的耐药率最低，分别为0、0、2．6％和12．8％。结论：老年下呼吸道感染患者肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的耐药率和ESBLs检出率均显著高于非老年患者；亚胺培南，头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦和头孢美唑是治疗由产ESBLs菌引起感染的有效抗生素。     

A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of infection in renal transplantation: clinical efficacy, absorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, effects on the microflora, and the cost-benefit of prophylaxis

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of long-term prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) for prevention of bacterial infection following renal transplantation, the absorption of TMP-SMZ in transplant patients, the effects of prophylaxis on the microflora, and the cost-benefit of prophylaxis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-two adult patients selected to undergo renal transplantation participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. RESULTS: Patients randomized to receive TMP-SMZ experienced fewer hospital days with fever (3.3% versus 7.7%, p less than 0.001) and significantly fewer bacterial infections during the transplant hospitalization after removal of a urethral catheter (0.76 versus 1.88 per 100 days, p less than 0.005) and following discharge from the hospital (0.08 versus 0.30 per 100 days, p less than 0.001). During the transplant hospitalization, a daily dose of 320/1,600 mg was highly effective for prophylaxis whereas 160/800 mg daily gave unexpectedly low blood levels and was effective only for prevention of urinary tract infections after catheter removal. Prophylaxis was most effective in prevention of infections of the urinary tract (24 versus 54, p less than 0.005) and bloodstream (one versus nine, p less than 0.01) and infections caused by enteric gram-negative bacilli (four versus 46, p less than 0.001), enterococci (six versus 22, p = 0.006), or Staphylococcus aureus (one versus nine, p = 0.01). Prophylaxis did not prevent urinary tract infection associated with urethral catheters in the early posttransplant period, but after catheter removal, reduced the risk of urinary tract infection threefold (p less than 0.001). No significant differences in colonization by TMP-SMZ-resistant gram-negative bacilli were identified between the two groups; patients given TMP-SMZ were, paradoxically, less likely to become colonized by candida, probably because of less exposure to antibiotics for treatment of infection. Recipients of prophylaxis did not have a higher rate of infection caused by TMP-SMZ-resistant bacteria or Candida; however, their infections were more likely to be caused by resistant bacteria than infections in patients in the placebo group (62% versus 18%, p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis with TMP-SMZ, which is well tolerated, significantly reduces the incidence of bacterial infection following renal transplantation, especially infection of the urinary tract and bloodstream, can provide protection against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and is cost-beneficial. Subnormal absorption of TMP-SMZ in the early posttransplant period mandates 320/1,600 mg daily for optimal benefit. Prophylaxis has little discernible effect on the microflora.     

肝移植患者医院内感染及其病原学特点

目的:研究肝移植患者医院内感染及其病原学特点。方法:对28例肝移植患者的临床资料及感染病原学资料进行回顾性分析。结果:28例肝移植患者医院内感染率为92.9%;感染例次为92例次,平均达3.29次。感染部位主要为腹腔、肺部和胆系,占84.8%。共分离各种病原菌132株,其中革兰氏阴性菌43株,占32.6%;革兰氏阳性菌58株,占43.9%;真菌31株,占23.5%。最常见的5种分离菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(28.0%)、铜绿假单胞菌(9.8%)、白色念珠菌(9.8%)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(9.1%)、不动杆菌属(8.3%)。结论:肝移植患者医院内感染常见,影响患者预后,应注意预防。     

继发性血流感染108例病原学特点分析

目的 研究感染来源明确的血流感染患者的病原学特点. 方法 收集四川省人民医院2011年1月—2013年6月实验室确诊、感染来源明确的血流感染患者临床资料,回顾性分析其病原学特点. 结果 共计108例诊断为有明确感染来源的血流感染患者纳入研究,其中93例为单一菌感染,15例为复数菌感染. 常见的感染来源为泌尿系统、腹腔和呼吸道. 泌尿系统和腹腔来源血流感染患者中,大肠埃希菌分别占75.8%和42.4%;下呼吸道来源血流感染者中,鲍曼不动杆菌占62.5%,且对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率为100%. 108例30 d死亡21例(19.4%),其中泌尿系统来源血流感染者病死率最低(3.0%),而下呼吸道来源血流感染者病死率最高(45.8%),非发酵革兰阴性杆菌和真菌血流感染患者的病死率分别为55.0%和50.0%. 结论 不同感染来源的血流感染患者病原菌分布差异较大,抗生素治疗应密切结合感染来源、菌种及细菌耐药情况.     

45例肝移植术后感染病原菌流行病学分析

探讨肝移植术后感染的病原菌分布及病原菌的耐药性等流行病学特点。45例肝移植手术术后细菌性感染的发生率为71.1%,其主要病原菌分别为粪肠球菌(70/398)、阴沟肠杆菌(64/398)、真菌(59/398)、大肠杆菌(56/398)。病原菌具有多重耐药与高耐药性的特点,碳青霉烯类、糖肽类抗生素仍分别是革兰氏阴性杆菌与革兰氏阳性球菌最有效抗生素,预防细菌性感染的发生与合理使用抗生素同样具有十分重要的意义。     

Etiology of acute severe lower respiratory tract infection in hospital-based patients.

Acute respiratory infections are common childhood illnesses. Most are mild and self-limiting. Five percent are lower respiratory tract diseases and are potentially serious. A prospective study was conducted to ascertain the etiology of community-acquired severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in hospital based patients. Mycoplasma was the most frequently identified agent (33%). This was followed by viruses (28%) and bacteria (15%). Twenty-four percent of children had no identified causative agent.     

Cefotaxime therapy of serious infections with multiresistant gram-negative bacilli

33 patients with serious gram-negative bacillary infections were treated with cefotaxime. In patients with normal renal function the dose varied between 1.5 to 4 g/day. 17 patients had urinary tract infections, 5 respiratory tract infections, 1 combined urinary tract infection and respiratory tract infection, and 10 miscellaneous infections. 16 patients had septicemia. 25 infections were due to pathogens resistant in vitro to ampicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin and/or tobramycin. 15 infections had failed to respond to ampicillin, cefazolin, gentamicin or tobramycin therapy. 32/33 patients responded favourably to cefotaxime (cure or improvement) but 4 patients developed superinfection with cefotaxime-resistant bacteria. No evidence of nephrotoxicity was observed except for a transient moderate rise in creatinine in one patient.     

Effect of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, educational program on the use of antibiotics in a geriatric university hospital

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of a comprehensive, educational antibiotic management program designed to improve antibiotic use and reduce treatment costs in elderly patients with suspected urinary or respiratory tract infection. DESIGN: Interventional cohort study with 12 cross-sectional drug utilization reviews of antibiotic use before, during, and after the multifaceted intervention. SETTING: A 304-bed university hospital for geriatric patients. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3,383 elderly patients. INTERVENTIONS: An educational program including distribution of guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections; lectures on geriatric infectious diseases; weekly ward rounds for patients with suspected infection; and targeted, individual counseling on diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of infections. MEASUREMENTS: Antibiotic utilization data were collected from the patients' records. Antimicrobial costs were calculated using 1998 hospital wholesale prices. RESULTS: Of 3,383 screened patients, 680 (20%) received at least one antibiotic. During the study period, the mean number of prescribed drugs per patient increased from 5.9 to 7.6 (29%; P<.001). In contrast, a reduction of 15% was observed in the proportion of patients exposed to antibiotic agents (P=.08) and a drop of 26% in the number of antibiotics administered (P<.001). This resulted in a 54% decrease in cumulative daily antibiotic costs. In 83 (75%) of 110 surveyed patients, the guidelines were correctly implemented. The intervention had no measurable negative clinical effect. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive, multifaceted educational program for treating urinary and respiratory tract infections in the elderly was a safe and practical method to change physicians' antibiotic prescribing practice and significantly reduce the consumption and costs of antibiotics in a geriatric hospital.