18F-FDG PET在头颈部癌治疗后复发中的应用

目的 探讨＾１８Ｆ－脱氧葡萄糖（ＦＤＧ）ＰＥＴ显像用于头颈部癌治疗后复发的价值。方法 ３８例头颈部癌患者,放疗或手术３个月－３ａ,临床怀疑复发。均行＾１８Ｆ－ＦＤＧＰＥＴ显像,其中２８例行ＣＴ检查,ＰＥＴ图像分析采用目测法与半定量分析法,将肿瘤区＾１８Ｆ－ＦＤＧ摄取分为４级,０级;无摄取;Ｉ级,轻度摄取,Ⅱ级：中度摄取,Ⅲ级;重度摄取。最后诊断依靠病理检查及临床随访,结果 以肿瘤区＾１８Ｆ－ＦＤＧ     

^18F—FDG PET—CT在头颈部肿瘤放射治疗中的应用

正电子发射型计算机断层显像（PET）是一种功能性影像技术,目前已广泛应用于恶性肿瘤的诊断中。PET—CT实现了PET和CT的两种技术的优势互补,使其在头颈部肿瘤放疔中的临床应用已受到越来越多的关注,但对临床的指导意义目前仍存在争议。本文分析了PET—CT在头颈部肿瘤放疗中的应用,包括肿瘤分期,预测放射治疗敏感性及预后,制定放疗计划,评估疗效并监测肿瘤复发等。     

^18C-胆碱和^18F—FDG在肿瘤PET中的比较

^18C—胆碱是最近研制的一种正电子肿瘤阳性显像剂，在肿瘤／非靶组织的比值高于^18F—FDG，特别在脑肿瘤和前列腺癌显像方面较^18F—FDG显示出优势。^18C—胆碱和^18F—FDG在脑肿瘤、肺癌、食道癌和前列腺癌的诊断方面各有优劣，两的摄取机理与显像方法也不同。除了^18C—胆碱，还有^18F—氟代胆碱(^18F-fluorocholine)，其临床价值有待更多的研究来证实。     

^18F—FDG PET／CT在探测头颈部肿瘤治疗后复发及转移中的应用

目的:评价~(18)F-FDG PET/CT在探测头颈部肿瘤治疗后复发及转移的价值,并与单独的PET和CT进行比较。材料和方法:对20例头颈部肿瘤病人行回顾性分析,以病灶为观察对象分析PET/CT、PET及CT对头颈部肿瘤复发转移灶诊断的灵敏性、特异性和准确性,行卡方检验比较诊断差异。结果:20例病人中11例有复发转移,共有105个复发转移灶,其中PET/CT检出102个,遗漏3个病灶;PET检出77个;CT检出68个;PET/CT、PET及CT的诊断灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为97.1%、100%、97.6%;73.3%、60%、71.2%;64.8%、40%、60.8%。20例病人中的4例因PET/CT的结果而改变治疗方案。结论:PET/CT对治疗后头颈部肿瘤的复发转移灶的诊断准确性高,优于单独的PET或CT,尤其对术后解剖结构紊乱和不愿行活检的病人。PET/CT还能指导临床及时更改治疗方案。     

^18F—FDG PET显像在肝癌中的应用

^18F－FDG PET在肝脏的原发肿瘤和转移性肿瘤的诊断中有重要价值，特别是在肝肿瘤的诊断，分期和治疗方案的选择方面。结合CT，MRI和超声可以提高诊断的准确性，同时，在对肝肿瘤疗效监测以及评价手术效果方面也有重要作用。     

18F-FDG PET显像在头颈部肿瘤中的应用

目的 探讨^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET显像在头颈部肿瘤中的应用.方法 39例头颈部肿瘤患者,共行56次^18F-FDG PET检查.图像分析采用视觉和半定量（标准摄取值,SUV）方法.结果 ①5例治疗前患者,PET显像使3例改变了分期;34例治疗后患者中,PET显像发现6例头颈部有残存或复发灶,11例淋巴结转移,4例肺部转移,3例骨转移.②22例PET显像阳性患者中,20例经手术病理检查或随访证实,2例假阳性;17例PET显像为阴性的患者均得到随访证实.PET显像用于头颈部肿瘤病情监测的灵敏度为100%,特异性为89.5%,准确性为94.9%.③21例患者有近期CT或MRI检查结果,其中6例PET显像发现了CT或MRI未发现的局部复发病灶和转移淋巴结.6例患者CT或MRI提示有肿瘤复发或转移,但PET显像结果阴性,并经随访证实.④9例患者多次进行PET检查随访,其中5例病灶消失,3例病情进展,1例无变化.结论 ^18F-FDG PET显像可较准确地发现头颈部肿瘤的残存、转移和复发病灶,并为肿瘤分期提供重要依据,但应与炎症鉴别.     

^18F—FDG PET—CT在淋巴瘤临床应用中的进展

PET-CT集中了PET的功能显像与CT的解剖显像的双重优势，在淋巴瘤的准确分期，恶性程度评价，治疗效果评估、肿瘤复发鉴别以及预后判断等方面有着重要的临床应用价值。     

^18F—FDG PET显像在肺癌中的应用

^18F-FDG(^18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖）PET可以反映正常机体组织和肿瘤细胞的功能状态，在对肺部病变的定性诊断、肺癌的临床分期、疗效评价、复发监测以及预后估计上都明显优于CT、MRI等形态解剖学检查，而且能间接提供瘤组织细胞分化程度和增殖潜能的判断依据，具有重要的临床应用价值。由于PET在空间分辨率上存在不足，应与其他影像学检查相结合，以提高其准确性。     

^18F—FDG PET／CT在肺部肿瘤诊治中的作用

正电子发射型断层屁像以及计算机断层扫描的结合是当代最先进的检测仪器之一，它能够将解剖和功能的图像融合在一起．在分子水平上对疾病进行诊断。随着计算机软硬件的发展和正电子药物的问世，正电子发射型断层显像以及计算机断层扫描已经在多种疾病的诊断、分期及观察疗效等方面发挥更大作用。本文主要介绍^18F-氯代脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射型断层显像以及计算机断层扫描在肺部肿瘤诊断、治疗中的作用和进展。     

^18F—FDG PET显像在恶性淋巴瘤中的应用

^18F-FDG（^18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖）PET显像作为一种功能显像技术,能反映肿瘤组织中的生化变化和代谢状态,对淋巴瘤准确分期、恶性程度评价、治疗疗效评价、治疗后复发的诊断以及预后估计等匀具有重要作用。     

Prognostic Value of Metabolic Tumor Volume Measured by 18F-FDG PET/CT in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas Treated by Surgery

Purpose

We assessed the prognostic value of metabolic tumor volume (MTV) measured using¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) inpatients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 56 patients (51 men, five women; mean age 56.0 ± 8.8years) who had locally advanced HNSCC and underwent FDG PET/CT for initial evaluation. All patients had surgical resection and radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. The peak standardized uptake value (SUV_peak) and MTV of the target lesion, including primary HNSCC andmetastatic cervical lymph nodes, were measured from FDG PET/CT images. We compared SUV_peak, MTV, and clinicopathologic variables such as age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, pN stage, pT stage, TNM stage, histologic grade and treatment modality to disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

On the initial FDG PET/CT scans, the median SUV_peak was 7.8 (range, 1.8-19.0) and MTV was17.0 cm³ (range, 0.1-131.0 cm³). The estimated 2-year DFS and OS rates were 67.2% and 81.8%. The cutoff points of SUV_peak 6.2 and MTV 20.7 cm³ were the best discriminative values for predicting clinical outcome. MTV and ECOG performance status were significantly related to DFS and OS on univariate and multivariate analyses (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The MTV obtained from initial FDG PET/CT scan is a significant prognostic factor for disease recurrence and mortality in locally advanced HNSCC treated with surgery and radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy.     

Initial Performance of NI-RADS to Predict Residual or Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The Head and Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System (NI-RADS) surveillance template for head and neck cancer includes a numeric assessment of suspicion for recurrence (1–4) for the primary site and neck. Category 1 indicates no evidence of recurrence; category 2, low suspicion of recurrence; category 3, high suspicion of recurrence; and category 4, known recurrence. Our purpose was to evaluate the performance of the NI-RADS scoring system to predict local and regional disease recurrence or persistence.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study was classified as a quality-improvement project by the institutional review board. A retrospective database search yielded 500 consecutive cases interpreted using the NI-RADS template. Cases without a numeric score, non-squamous cell carcinoma primary tumors, and primary squamous cell carcinoma outside the head and neck were excluded. The electronic medical record was reviewed to determine the subsequent management, pathology results, and outcome of clinical and radiologic follow-up.RESULTS:A total of 318 scans and 618 targets (314 primary targets and 304 nodal targets) met the inclusion criteria. Among the 618 targets, 85.4% were scored NI-RADS 1; 9.4% were scored NI-RADS 2; and 5.2% were scored NI-RADS 3. The rates of positive disease were 3.79%, 17.2%, and 59.4% for each NI-RADS category, respectively. Univariate association analysis demonstrated a strong association between the NI-RADS score and ultimate disease recurrence, with P < .001 for primary and regional sites.CONCLUSIONS:The baseline performance of NI-RADS was good, demonstrating significant discrimination among the categories 1–3 for predicting disease.

Radiologists are major stake-holders in the shift toward value-based performance. The American College of Radiology is leading the effort to re-engineer the radiology enterprise to be “patient centric, data-driven, and outcomes-based.” Standardized reporting systems, dictation templates, and linked management recommendations have been identified as key contributions to value.¹ Much of this shift toward data-driven and outcomes-based reporting stems from the success of the BI-RADS system for standardizing mammography reports. Similar templates have been developed for hepatocellular carcinoma,² prostate cancer,³ and thyroid nodules.⁴The Head and Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System (NI-RADS) was recently developed for surveillance contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) with and without positron-emission tomography in patients with treated head and neck (H&N) cancer.⁵ Both the primary tumor site and neck are assessed for recurrence and assigned a category of 1–4 based on imaging suspicion with linked management recommendations:

• Category 1: No evidence of recurrence
  • Imaging: Expected posttreatment change (tissue distortion, scar, radiation change)
  • Management: Routine surveillance (6 months typically, see “Materials and Methods”)
• Category 2: Low suspicion of recurrence
  • Imaging: Ill-defined abnormality with only mild enhancement and/or FDG uptake
  • Management: Direct inspection for mucosal findings or short (3-month) follow-up with CECT or PET for deep findings
• Category 3: High suspicion of recurrence
  • Imaging: Discrete, new, or enlarging lesions with intense enhancement and/or focal FDG uptake
  • Management: Biopsy
• Category 4: Known recurrence, pathologically proved or definite radiologic or clinical progression.

NI-RADS categories 1–4 are the same for CECT or CECT/PET, but the linked management recommendations and lexicon are slightly different (because FDG avidity is included in the latter). Furthermore, the first version of NI-RADS category 2 contains subcategories that also address lesion size and location (superficial or deep): 2a, superficial/mucosal surface; 2b, deep abnormality of <1 cm; and 2c, deep abnormality of >1 cm.⁵ These subcategories are useful to direct management, for example superficial mucosal abnormalities are amenable to direct inspection. Size criteria were not added to predict disease but rather to avoid biopsy in this indeterminate category unless immediate management depended on the biopsy.⁵ This template-driven approach reflects common language to promote collaboration between radiologists and referring providers, data-driven optimization of H&N cancer imaging, and greater direct engagement with patients.An obstacle to improvement in value-based performance and direct patient reporting is lack of a data-driven standard surveillance imaging algorithm. PET/CECT at 12 weeks is often the first posttreatment study, though a recent study suggests that it can be performed at 8 weeks.⁶ At our institution, patients with advanced H&N cancer are scanned with CECT/PET at 12 weeks as a baseline. If the findings are negative, they undergo CECT alone 6 months later, and if these findings are negative, they undergo CECT alone 12 months later. Although studies have investigated PET/CT for surveillance,^7–9 ordering practices among treating physicians remain variable. The 2015 National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommendations advocate imaging within 6 months for T3/4 primary tumors or N2/3 nodal disease and then additional imaging only for new signs/symptoms, smoking, or areas inaccessible to clinical inspection (the latter being arbitrary and difficult to apply).¹⁰ Yet, 79% of H&N cancer surgeons self-reported using PET/CT for asymptomatic patients.¹¹ Given this variation in practice, it is critical to have measurable categories to correlate with outcomes to develop a data-driven universal surveillance algorithm.NI-RADS allows H&N radiologists to perform structured radiologic-pathologic correlation and to determine accuracy, prognostic value, and interobserver agreement in contrast to subjective interpretations that provide no data for retrospective analysis. Our objective was to determine the initial performance of the NI-RADS scoring system to predict tumor recurrence or persistence in patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the H&N undergoing imaging surveillance.     

Phase I Trial of Radiochemotherapy with Bendamustine in Patients with Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: After initial radiochemotherapy of head-and-neck cancers, therapeutic options are often limited for patients with progressive disease. Reirradiation, with or without chemotherapy, appears to be the most potential treatment option. The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of bendamustine in combination with reirradiation for these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 13 patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head-and-neck region after initial radiochemotherapy were treated. Reirradiation of the recurrent region under protection of the spinal cord consisted of 1.8 Gy given five times per week, up to 30.6 Gy. Simultaneous bendamustine was administered on days 1 and 2 at increasing dose levels (80, 100, and 120 mg/m(2) bendamustine). The regimen was administered every 4 weeks. A minimum of three patients were enrolled at each dose level. RESULTS: The therapy was well tolerated. Patients received one to six cycles of bendamustine (median: three). Hematologic toxicities observed were leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, or anemia. At dose level II (100 mg/m(2) bendamustine), grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity was seen in one patient so that this level was filled up to six patients. There was no grade 3/4 toxicity seen in the other twelve patients. The most frequent nonhematologic toxicities (grade 1 or 2) were infections (in most cases C-reactive protein elevations without other clinical signs of infection) and nausea. CONCLUSION: The reapplication of radiochemotherapy with bendamustine is well tolerated. The recommended dose for phase II studies was established at dose level III (bendamustine 120 mg/m(2)).     

Multiple Skeletal Muscle Metastases in a Case of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder Detected by F-18 FDG PET/CT

We present a case of poorly differentiated muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma in a 64-year-old male diagnosed with FDG-avid mass in the urinary bladder wall and multiple skeletal muscles visualised on F-18 FDG PET/CT.