胃十二指肠恶性梗阻支架置入后失效原因及处理

经内镜放置膨胀式金属支架，为胃、十二指肠和近端小肠恶性梗阻患者的重要姑息性治疗措施，能有效缓解患者的梗阻症状，增加进食，避免外科手术创伤，提高生存质量。但支架置入后常会出现支架失效，引起再梗阻，必须对此进行处理，维持支架通畅。现总结我院2003年10月-2008年10月胃、十二指肠恶性梗阻支架置入后再梗阻患者内镜处理情况。     

胃出口、十二指肠和小肠恶性梗阻的金属支架治疗现状

内镜下自膨式金属支架治疗胃出口、十二指肠和上段小肠恶性梗阻是继食管、贲门和胆道支架治疗后的又一进展。经内镜钳道释放的专用支架问世以来。胃出口、十二指肠和上段小肠恶性梗阻支架治疗的基本操作方法有了很大改进。本文对其治疗方法的效果、并发症的发生与处理作一介绍和评价。     

胃出口、十二指肠和小肠恶性梗阻的金属支架治疗现状

内镜下自膨式金属支架治疗胃出口,十二指肠和上段小肠性梗阻是继食管,贲门和胆以架治疗后的又一进展,经内镜钳道释放的专用支架问世以来,胃出口,十二指肠和上段小肠恶性梗阻支架治疗的基本操作方法有了很大的改进,本对其治疗方法的效果,并发症的发生与处理作一介绍和评价。     

经内镜放置金属支架治疗胃出口恶性梗阻9例

目的:探讨内镜下放置金属支架治疗胃出口恶性梗阻的效果及技术技巧.方法:进展期胃癌幽门梗阻患者9例, 采用两种方法治疗: (1)经内镜直视下放置支架(支架推送器直径4-6 mm, 长度约140 mm); (2)经内镜直视下放置经钳道(可通过3.2 mm或4.2 mm的活检孔)的十二指肠支架.结果: 本组9例支架放置皆1次成功, 其中放置2 cm×10 cm支架3例, 放置2 cm×8 cm支架6例; 放置特制幽门支架2例, 放置十二指肠支架6例, 放置食道支架1例. 采用方法1放置7例, 采用方法2放置2例. 术后24-48 h摄片示支架膨胀约90%,术后24 h恢复进流食. 常见并发症是恶心、呕吐, 上消化道出血和上腹疼痛等, 1例支架术后出现进行性黄疸. 随访3 mo, 无支架移位, 脱落及梗阻. 生存10-15 d者3例, 生存1-2 mo者2例, 已生存3 mo者4例, 平均通畅期为53.4 d.结论:内镜下放置金属支架治疗胃出口恶性梗阻应采用一定的技术技巧, 治疗疗效取决于支架位置是否合适以及病变范围.     

胆肠联合支架置入姑息性治疗恶性胃出口梗阻合并胆总管梗阻22例分析

背景：予恶性胃出口梗阻合并胆总管梗阻者联合置入肠道和胆道支架是首选的姑息性治疗方法之一。目的：观察胆肠联合支架置入治疗恶性胃出口梗阻合并胆总管梗阻的临床疗效。方法：在内镜和X线造影下予22例恶性胃出口梗阻合并胆总管梗阻者放置经内镜活检孔肠道支架,以及从经皮经肝胆管引流（PTCD）途径放置胆道支架,胆道支架穿过肠道支架网孔,远端位于肠道支架内。结果：22例均成功置入肠道支架（24枚）和胆道支架（22枚）。术后造影示肠道和胆道均通畅,无严重并发症发生,平均生存期为124d。结论：胆肠联合支架置入姑息性治疗恶性胃出口梗阻合并胆总管梗阻安全有效,近期疗效较满意。     

内镜结合X线下支架置入术治疗胃出口恶性梗阻38例临床分析

背景：胃出口恶性梗阻的姑息治疗方法较多，但效果不理想，近年支架置入术成为治疗胃出口恶性梗阻的首选方法之一。目的：评价支架置入术治疗胃出口恶性梗阻的疗效以及内镜结合X线操作的优点。方法：取38例胃出口恶性梗阻患者，行内镜检查后经活检孔置入导丝，X线监视下置入并释放自膨式金属肠道支架。结果：38例患者成功置入42枚支架，其中TTS（through the seope）肠道支架3枚。支架置入后内镜和透视造影检查示支架均定位准确、通畅。所有患者均存在少量出血，16例（42．1％）予局部喷洒孟氏液止血，效果良好。37例（97．4％）患者术后3d可进食无渣或少渣食物，1例（2．6％）因远端小肠狭窄仍有呕吐，不能进食。术后随访发现16例（42．1％）患者术后3个月胃出121再次狭窄，其中4例（25．0％）再置入支架解决。38例患者的生存期为1～11个月不等，平均5．5个月。无大出血、穿孔、支架移位等并发症。结论：自膨式金属肠道支架置入术可有效治疗胃出口恶性梗阻，具有简单、创伤小、符合生理腔道和患者易耐受的优点，且对恶性梗阻的姑息治疗疗效优于传统外科手术治疗。内镜结合X线操作具有提高置入成功率、缩短操作时间、支架定位准确以及减少患者痛苦和手术相关并发症的优点。     

恶性胆总管梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的内镜治疗价值分析

目的 探讨经内镜置入胆管及肠道支架联合治疗胆总管恶性梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的临床价值.方法 对17例同时存在胆管及胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的恶性肿瘤患者在完成胆管金属支架置入术后再行肠道金属支架置入.观察操作成功率、胆管及消化道梗阻缓解情况、并发症发生情况、支架再阻塞情况以及患者生存期.结果 17例患者经内镜下置入胆管支架和肠道支架,成功率100％;术后7天患者血清总胆红素[(263.4±62.5)μmol/L降至(157.6±25.1)μmol/L]、直接胆红素[(233.2±66.5)μmol/L降至(130.9±27.7) μmol/L]和碱性磷酸酶[(534.2±78.7)IU/L降至(216.3±23.3)IU/L]均明显下降(P＜0.O1),胃出口梗阻评分[(0.9±1.1)分升至(2.1±0.7)分]明显上升(P＜0.01).所有患者均未出现严重并发症,生存70～332 d,中位生存时间192 d.结论 联合双支架置入是治疗胆管合并胃出口-十二指肠恶性梗阻的安全有效的方法.     

经内镜置入金属支架治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻的临床应用

目的经内镜置入金属内支架缓解不能手术的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者的症状。方法 31例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者均有反复恶心呕吐症状,且不能手术治疗。在透视监视下,使用介入放射学方法置入33个自膨胀式金属内支架。结果 31例患者支架置入均成功,随访期间患者均能进食,呕吐减轻,生活质量提高。无严重并发症发生。结论金属内支架置入是对胃十二指肠恶性梗阻一种简单、有效的治疗方法,对不能手术的胃出口部狭窄和术后吻合口狭窄有很好的缓解作用。     

急性结直肠癌性梗阻内镜治疗的临床价值

目的探讨经内镜放置金属支架和肠梗阻导管治疗急性结直肠癌性梗阻的可行性与临床疗效。方法在X线辅助下,经内镜放置金属支架或肠梗阻导管治疗26例急性结直肠癌性梗阻的患者。其梗阻的部位分别为直肠14例,乙状结肠8例,降结肠3例,横结肠1例。结果 26例结直肠癌性梗阻中,20例放置金属支架,成功18例；6例放置肠梗阻导管,成功6例,总的操作成功率为92．3％(24／26)。操作成功的24例中。1例无效,23例术后1～2 d梗阻症状缓解或消除,临床有效率为88．5％(23／26)。其中13例为永久性姑息治疗,10例经内镜治疗解除梗阻后7～10d行1期肿瘤切除,术后均恢复顺利,无感染及吻合口漏等并发症发生。1例直肠癌术后复发伴盆腔广泛转移者治疗失败,1例乙状结肠癌广泛转移者术中穿孔而急诊行Hartmann术。1例术后6周支架移位,导致梗阻复发。置入第2根支架后缓解。1例术后1个月粪块堵塞支架。以探条及网篮疏通后缓解。结论经内镜放置金属支架或肠梗阻导管治疗急性结直肠癌性梗阻。能够有效缓解患者的梗阻症状,避免行结肠造瘘术,显著降低患者的创伤和痛苦。提高患者的生活质量。     

自膨式金属支架置入术治疗胃十二指肠狭窄临床病例研究

目的 评价自膨式金属支架置入术对治疗胃十二指肠狭窄或者梗阻的效果.方法 对2005年至2011年间行胃十二指肠自膨式金属支架置入术的24例病例资料进行回顾分析.对患者术前及术后进食情况用胃出口梗阻记分系统(GOOSS)进行评估,经配对样本秩和检验比较两组差异.结果 支架置入的成功率100％(24/24),整个操作用时平均(25.9±11.0)min.20例(83.3％)患者在术后可进流质软食,患者术前GOOSS评分为0.14分(P50=0),术后第7天GOOSS评分为1.42分(P50=2),比较差异具有统计学意义,P＜0.01.3例患者出现消化道少量出血,无穿孔、误吸等严重并发症发生.结论 内镜下自膨式金属支架置入术是治疗胃十二指肠梗阻或狭窄的一种有效方法.     

Palliation of gastric outlet obstruction and proximal small bowel obstruction with self-expandable metal stents: a single center series

BACKGROUND: Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) are being increasingly used to palliate malignant stenoses of the gastric outlet and proximal small bowel. Accordingly, we reviewed our experience in this setting. METHODS: Patients with gastric outlet or proximal small bowel stents were identified by reviewing hospital charts. Outcome criteria included survival data, need for reintervention, and clinical improvement. RESULTS: A total of 52 SEMS were placed in 36 patients with nonesophageal upper GI stenosis. Initial stent placement was successful in 92% and clinical improvement documented in 75%. Mean survival of patients who eventually died was 3.5 months. Seven patients are alive (mean follow-up, 5.0 months). Stent dysfunction occurred in 36% and required subsequent interventions. Biliary obstruction was documented in 50% of patients, 12 of whom had previously undergone biliary stenting and 5 who needed subsequent biliary decompression. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral stent placement has been reported to be an effective alternative for palliation of high-risk surgical patients with malignant gastric outlet and small bowel obstruction. Considering the short life expectancy of these patients and significant complications including stent migration, perforation, biliary obstruction, and need for subsequent endoscopic, radiologic and surgical interventions, the authors suggest that this procedure be performed in experienced centers on selected patients only and that biliary decompression be ensured early.     

Treatment of gastric outlet and duodenal obstructions with uncovered expandable metal stents

AIM： To investigate and evaluate the technical feasibility and clinical effectiveness of fluoroscopically guided peroral uncovered expandable metal stent placement to treat gastric outlet and duodenal obstructions.
METHODS： Fifteen consecutive patients underwent peroral placement of WallstentTM Enteral Endoprosthesis to treat gastric outlet and duodenal obstructions （14 malignant, 1 benign）. All procedures were completed under fluoroscopic guidance without endoscopic assistance. Follow-up was completed until the patients died or were lost, and the clinical outcomes were analyzed.
RESULTS： The technique success rate was 100%, and the oral intake was maintained in 12 of 14 patients varying from 7 d to 270 d. Two patients remained unable to resume oral intake, although their s-tents were proven to be patent with the barium study. One patient with acute necrotizing pancreatitis underwent enteral stenting to treat intestinal obstruction, and nausea and vomiting disappeared. Ten patients died during the follow- up period, and their mean oral intake time was 50 d. No procedure-related complications occurred. Stent migration to the gastric antrum occurred in one patient 1 year after the procedure, a tumor grew at the proximal end of the stent in another patient 38 d post-stent insertion.
CONCLUSION： Fluoroscopically guided peroral metal stent implantation is a safe and effective method to treat malignant gastrointestinal obstructions, and complications can be ignored based on our short-term study. Indications for this procedure should be discreetly considered because a few patients may not benefit from gastrointestinal insertion, but some benign gastrointestinal obstructions can be treated using this procedure.     

Preliminary study of enteroscopy-guided, self-expandable metal stent placement for malignant small bowel obstruction

Background and Aims: Technical limitations of conventional endoscopes and delivery systems frequently hamper palliative endoscopic placement of self‐expandable metal stents for malignant small bowel obstruction. This study examined feasibility of the double balloon enteroscope‐guided withdrawal‐reinsertion method as a rescue procedure in patients with failed palliative stent placement for malignant small bowel obstruction. Methods: We enrolled 19 consecutive patients with small bowel obstruction due to metastatic gastric (n = 15) or colorectal cancer (n = 2), or primary small bowel carcinoma (n = 2), in whom previous attempts to place self‐expandable metal stents using conventional endoscopy had failed. Ten patients had undergone previous gastric surgery. After passing a guide‐wire using an enteroscope with or without the double‐balloon method, the enteroscope was withdrawn. A conventional endoscope was re‐inserted along the guide‐wire, and through‐the‐scope self‐expandable metal stent placement was performed. Results: Obstruction sites were efferent jejunal loop, proximal jejunum, and third duodenal portion. Technical success was achieved with 94.7% (18/19) of stents, and clinical success occurred with 84.2% (16/19) of patients. The gastric outlet obstruction score (pre‐procedure: 0.68 ± 0.58) increased by one week (2.05 ± 0.52, P < 0.001). Stent migration and restenosis occurred in two (10.5%) and four (21.1%) of 19 stents, respectively. Median stent patency duration was 67 days and median survival was 93 days; these did not differ significantly by palliative chemotherapy (P = 0.76 and 0.67, respectively). Conclusions: The double‐balloon enteroscopy‐guided method followed by conventional endoscopic self‐expandable metal stent delivery was effective for rescue palliation of malignant small bowel obstruction.     

无X线监视内镜下置入幽门支架治疗胃出口恶性梗阻36例

目的:评价无X线监视内镜下置入幽门支架治疗胃出口恶性梗阻的操作技术、临床疗效及并发症.方法:对2007-01/2009-12接受无X线监视内镜下幽门支架置入治疗的36例胃出口恶性梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:36例患者共置入39枚支架,其中3例患者为双支架.7例患者因病变狭窄程度高,先行内镜下球囊扩张,再行支...     

Endoscopic management of unresectable malignant gastroduodenal obstruction with a nitinol uncovered metal stent: a prospective Japanese multicenter study

AIM: To determine the safety and efficacy of endoscopic duodenal stent placement in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction.METHODS: This prospective, observational, multicenter study included 39 consecutive patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. All patients underwent endoscopic placement of a nitinol, uncovered, selfexpandable metal stent. The primary outcome was clinical success at 2 wk after stent placement that was defined as improvement in the Gastric Outlet Obstruction Scoring System score relative to the baseline.RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all duodenal stent procedures. Procedure-related complications occurred in 4 patients(10.3%) in the form of mild pneumonitis. No other morbidities or mortalitieswere observed. The clinical success rate was 92.3%. The mean survival period after stent placement was 103 d. The mean period of stent patency was 149 d and the patency remained acceptable for the survival period. Stent dysfunction occurred in 3 patients(7.7%) on account of tumor growth.CONCLUSION: Endoscopic management using duodenal stents for patients with incurable malignant gastric outlet obstruction is safe and improved patients' quality of life.     

胰腺癌合并胃出口及胆管梗阻的内镜治疗及疗效

目的探讨胰腺癌伴胃出13及胆管梗阻的内镜治疗策略及疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年12月沈阳军区总医院收治的106例晚期胰腺癌伴胃出口及胆管梗阻患者的一般临床资料、内镜治疗方法、术后并发症及疗效。结果106例患者中男性57例,女性49例,平均年龄（63±6）岁。共行134次内镜治疗,平均1．3次／人。共放置肠道支架112枚,胆管支架89枚,胰管支架55枚,其中肠道支架均为一次性放置成功。胆管、胰管及肠道3种支架同时放置者55例（51．9％）,胆管、肠道双支架同时放置23例（21．7％）,28例（26．4％）因内镜无法通过狭窄段而先放置肠道支架,再经肠道支架完成胆管支架置入。83例（78．3％）患者于支架置人术后9—14d恢复正常饮食。术后并发黑便9例,高淀粉酶血症6例,呕血1例,均经对症治疗后治愈;1例术后第3天支架经肛门排出。83例获得24周随访,死亡49例（59．0％）,平均生存期（128±33）d。随访期发生肠道支架堵塞6例,4例放置第2枚肠道支架,2例取出肠道支架后重新放置。结论多支架治疗胰腺癌伴胃出口及胆管梗阻是安全的,并发症发生率低,近期疗效确切,并能明显改善患者的生活质量。     

Comparison between uncovered and covered self-expandable metal stent placement in malignant duodenal obstruction

AIM:To compare the clinical outcomes of uncovered and covered self-expandable metal stent placements in patients with malignant duodenal obstruction.METHODS:A total of 67 patients were retrospectivelyenrolled from January 2003 to June 2013.All patients had symptomatic obstruction characterized by nausea,vomiting,reduced oral intake,and weight loss.The exclusion criteria included asymptomatic duodenal obstruction,perforation or peritonitis,concomitant small bowel obstruction,or duodenal obstruction caused by benign strictures.The technical and clinical success rate,complication rate,and stent patency were compared according to the placement of uncovered(n = 38) or covered(n = 29) stents.RESULTS:The technical and clinical success rates did not differ between the uncovered and covered stent groups(100% vs 96.6% and 89.5% vs 82.8%).There were no differences in the overall complication rates between the uncovered and covered stent groups(31.6% vs 41.4%).However,stent migration occurred more frequently with covered than uncovered stents [20.7%(6/29) vs 0%(0/38),P < 0.05].Moreover,the overall cumulative median duration of stent patency was longer in uncovered than in covered stents [251 d(95%CI:149.8 d-352.2 d) vs 139 d(95%CI:45.5 d-232.5 d),P < 0.05 by log-rank test] The overall cumulative median survival period was not different between the uncovered stent(70 d) and covered stent groups(60 d).CONCLUSION:Uncovered stents may be preferable in malignant duodenal obstruction because of their greater resistance to stent migration and longer stent patency than covered stents.     

Self-expandable metallic stents for palliation of patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction caused by stomach cancer

AIM: To ascertain clinical outcome and complications of self-expandable metal stents for endoscopic palliation of patients with malignant obstruction of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed throughout August 2000 to June 2005 of 53 patients with gastric outlet obstruction caused by stomach cancer. All patients had symptomatic obstruction including nausea, vomiting, and decreased oral intake. All received self-expandable metallic stents. RESULTS: Stent implantation was successful in all 53 (100%) patients. Relief of obstructive symptoms was achieved in 43 (81.1%) patients. No immediate stent-related complications were noted. Seventeen patients had recurrent obstruction (tumor ingrowth in 14 patients, tumor overgrowth in 1 patient, and partial distal stent migration in 2 patients). The mean survival was 145 d. Median stent patency time was 187 d. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic placement of self-expandable metallic stents is a safe and effective treatment for the palliation of patients with inoperable malignant gastric outlet obstruction caused by stomach cancer.     

Effectiveness of combined biliary and duodenal stenting in patients with malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction

Abstract

Introduction. Concomitant biliary and duodenal obstructions are not uncommon complications in patients with gastroduodenal or pancreatobiliary malignancies. Alleviation of obstruction is very important for the palliation of inoperable patients. We studied the clinical outcomes of combined biliary and duodenal stenting. Methods. Between January 2003 and January 2010, the records of 24 patients who underwent biliary and duodenal stent placement due to inoperable malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction were reviewed retrospectively. Results. Of the 24 patients, a duodenal stent was placed after biliary stenting in 23 patients and a biliary stent was placed after duodenal stenting in one patient. Biliary stents were placed endoscopically (33 cases) or percutaneously (14 cases). Duodenal stents were placed endoscopically by fluoroscopic guidance in all patients. Oral feeding was possible at a mean of 2.7 ± 1.2 days (range, 1–6 days) after duodenal stenting. Acute pancreatitis and acute cholangitis developed in three patients and one patient, respectively, as early complications after biliary stenting. Biliary stent occlusion was developed in 12 patients and was treated successfully by stent reinsertion. As complications of duodenal stent, one case of stent migration and five cases of stent occlusion developed. Median survival after initial bilioduodenal stenting was 195.5 days (range, 21–725 days). Stent patency was well maintained in 83.3% of patients after combined stent placements while patients were alive. Conclusion. Combined biliary and duodenal stenting seems to be safe and effective in palliation of inoperable malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction.     

Treating bilio-duodenal obstruction: Combining new endoscopic technique with 6 Fr stent introducer

Periampullary cancer may cause not only biliary but also duodenal obstructions. In patients with concomitant duodenal obstructions, endoscopic biliary stenting remains technically difficult and may often require percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. We describe a method of metal stent placement via a thin forwardviewing endoscope in patients with simultaneous biliary and duodenal obstruction. In two consecutive patients with biliary and duodenal obstruction due to pancreatic cancer, a new biliary meta...