头颈部肿瘤放射治疗新进展

临床肿瘤放射治疗进展 晚期头颈部肿瘤目前治疗上仍然存在着局部控制率低,疗后局部复发率高的缺点,因此如何进一步提高晚期头颈部肿瘤的局部控制率就成为改善预后的关键因素。通过超分割或加速分割技术,或通过化学治疗与放射治疗的配合,以及一些放疗新技术、新方法的应用,可望克服常规分割放疗的缺陷,从而相应改进头颈部肿瘤常规分割放疗的局部控制率。１　　非常规分割照射的研究 主要分为以下几种：（１）加速分割,治疗总时间中度缩短至３３～４０天,而总剂量不变;（２）加速超分割,治疗总时间缩短至１７～３３天,但总剂量相应…     

非常规分割放射治疗应用简介

从研究放射肿瘤技术起,人们就通过改变总剂量、总治疗时间、分割次数和每次剂量来改进治疗方案,以求提高疗效。目前放疗方案可分两类:即常规分割放疗和非常规分割放疗。所谓常规放疗为每日1次,每次2Gy,每周照射5天。这种方法自30年代Coutard倡导以来,迄今仍被广泛采用。由于放射生物学研究迅速进展,在临床上为适应不同肿瘤的需要试用了许多非常规分割放疗,兹将其主要者简介如下。 1.分程放疗(也称分段放疗) 总肿瘤量与常规放疗相同或稍大些,一般分为两个     

乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗的临床研究进展

乳腺癌保乳术后行全乳腺放疗在降低局部肿瘤复发同时也可改善患者生存情况。虽然全乳腺标准放疗可以实现良好的肿瘤控制及美容效果,且具有不良反应轻的特点,但5~7周的治疗时间对患者相对较长,甚至可能造成医疗资源浪费,因此临床上越来越倾向大分割放疗和加速部分乳腺照射的短疗程放疗。短疗程放疗与常规分割放疗均为安全有效的治疗模式,具有与常规放疗相似的生存和局部肿瘤控制效果,不良反应可以耐受。相较于常规分割放疗,短疗程放疗具有缩短治疗总时间,减少治疗费用,节约医疗资源,改善患者生存质量的显著优势。      

头颈部肿瘤的超分割放疗

英国的Ｂｅｎｔｚｅｎ最近讨论了头颈部肿瘤超分割放疗的研究现状。他指出，８０年代初，有学者提出了两种不同的分割放疗策略即超分割（ＨＦ）和加速分割（ＡＦ）。ＨＦ治疗采用比常规治疗（ １．８Ｇｙ／次～２．０Ｇｙ／次）分割剂量小的照射剂量，而ＡＦ治疗缩短了总治疗时间，使每周等效生物剂量的累计超过常规治疗（１０Ｇｙ／周）。上述治疗方 式的改变，至少在一些肿瘤和多数 晚反应正常组织导致了不同的生 物效应。ＨＦ和ＡＦ的疗效主要在 头颈部鳞癌治疗中被证实，一些大 样本临床随机对照研究一致证明， 改变分割方式确实可以改…     

乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗的不良反应研究进展

研究表明保乳术后大分割放疗与常规分割放疗相比,疗效相当且未增加不良反应,目前已成为全乳照射的优选方案。早期乳腺癌综合治疗后局部复发率低、生存时间长,放疗相关的不良反应是临床关注的焦点。而大分割放疗时代许多不良反应相关的危险因素尚不明确,有待进一步研究。本文就乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗的不良反应展开综述。     

康复新防治头颈部肿瘤同步放化疗引起的口腔黏膜炎

 目的　观察康复新对头颈部肿瘤放化疗期间口腔黏膜的保护作用,以提高放疗的远期疗效。方法　78例患者在接受直线加速器3D常规分割剂量照射时,同期应用氟尿嘧啶缓慢静脉滴注。放疗期间治疗组及对照组分别漱口后口服康复新口服液及蒙脱石散（思密达）悬浊液,2次／d,并对口腔黏膜进行观察及记录损伤分级。结果　治疗组口腔黏膜炎发生率94.87 %,对照组发生率为100.00 %。口腔黏膜炎大部分发生于放疗第3周至第4周,第5周后发生难免性口腔黏膜炎,但对照组发生时间明显早于治疗组,同时,治疗组口腔黏膜炎大部分为1～2级。结论　康复新能很好防治头颈部肿瘤放化疗引起的口腔黏膜炎,降低口腔黏膜炎级别,提高治疗依从性,并未见严重不良反应。     

贝复济防治急性放射性黏膜炎和皮炎的临床观察

放射治疗(放疗)是目前治疗恶性肿瘤的主要手段之一,但放疗是损伤性治疗,在杀灭肿瘤细胞的同时,对正常的组织细胞也有不可避免的损伤,急性放射性黏膜炎和皮炎即是头颈部肿瘤放疗中最常见的并发症,头颈部肿瘤患者在常规分割放疗中,严重的口腔黏膜炎发生率高达33%～49%.该并发症的发生不仅给患者带来极大的痛苦,严重者可导致放疗中断,疗程延长,从而影响肿瘤的放疗疗效.     

EORTC每日3次超分割放疗合并misonidazole治疗晚期头颈部肿瘤的远期效果和并发症

为明确超分割放疗及超分割放疗合并应用增敏剂是否会增加晚期头颈部肿瘤的局部和区域控制率、改善其生存率,ＥＯＲＴＣ放射治疗科于1981年至1984年进行了该项目的随机性研究。共有523例晚期恶性头颈部肿瘤病人进入该项研究,病人被随机分为3组:1.常规分割组(ＳＤＦ),即常规分割照射技术,每日一次,每次1.7Ｇｙ或2Ｇｙ,总量70～75Ｇｙ/7～9周;2.超分割治疗组(ＭＦＤ),每日照射3次,每次间隔4小时,每次1.6Ｇｙ,每天4.8Ｇｙ,照射2周后即剂量至48Ｇｙ时休息3～4周,然后缩野以同样的照射技术追加剂量至67.2～72Ｇｙ;3.超分割治疗合并应用增敏药物组(…     

大分割适形放射治疗在非小细胞肺癌中的应用

大分割适形放疗技术较常规分割技术能给予肿瘤更高的生物有效剂量,近年来研究显示,对早期不能手术非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者,大分割适形放疗高效低毒,是可选择的治疗方案。许多临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期研究显示,局部晚期NSCLC患者对大分割适形放疗耐受性良好。放射物理学模型和相关临床研究显示,与常规分割放疗模式相比大分割适形放疗不会增加放射性肺炎发生率。     

低分割照射——放射治疗的未来

100年来，2Gy／d，全程6-8周对人类上皮细胞癌照射30-40次，在放疗学界几乎是定律。由于正常组织反应，要增加每天照射的剂量非常困难。1967年，从瑞典神经外科医师Lars Leksell用伽玛刀1次大剂量治疗颅内疾病开始，40年来成功建立了放射外科，或称低分割放疗对良性疾病和恶性肿瘤治疗的医学领域；低分割放疗仪器的发展扩及X刀和先进的射波刀。射波刀低分割放疗的优势是疗程短、治疗适应证广、包括胸腹部随呼吸运动的肿瘤、手术和放疗失败的残瘤和复发瘤，在某些病例可与手术、放疗、化疗并用。100年来，在放疗学界，低分割放射也见于近距放疗、某些远距放疗、术中放疗、质子放疗和重离子放疗。为什么常规放疗用35次给予70Gy，而低分割放疗1-5次给予25-45Gy对生物学上相类似的上皮细胞癌的治疗会同样的成功，以射波刀治疗全身各部位肿瘤为例，放射外科或低分割放疗成功的三原则为射束分散、照射精准和照射中克服靶区移动。远距放疗仪器能向这三原则改进。未来的放疗必走向低分割治疗技术，这需要从物理学、生物学和哲学三个方向分析问题的本质，正确掌握未来。     

Reduced Fractionation in Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Curative-intent Radiotherapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Patients treated with curative-intent lung radiotherapy are in the group at highest risk of severe complications and death from COVID-19. There is therefore an urgent need to reduce the risks associated with multiple hospital visits and their anti-cancer treatment. One recommendation is to consider alternative dose-fractionation schedules or radiotherapy techniques. This would also increase radiotherapy service capacity for operable patients with stage I-III lung cancer, who might be unable to have surgery during the pandemic.Here we identify reduced-fractionation for curative-intent radiotherapy regimes in lung cancer, from a literature search carried out between 20/03/2020 and 30/03/2020 as well as published and unpublished audits of hypofractionated regimes from UK centres. Evidence, practical considerations and limitations are discussed for early-stage NSCLC, stage III NSCLC, early-stage and locally advanced SCLC. We recommend discussion of this guidance document with other specialist lung MDT members to disseminate the potential changes to radiotherapy practices that could be made to reduce pressure on other departments such as thoracic surgery. It is also a crucial part of the consent process to ensure that the risks and benefits of undergoing cancer treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainties surrounding toxicity from reduced fractionation have been adequately discussed with patients. Furthermore, centres should document all deviations from standard protocols, and we urge all colleagues, where possible, to join national/international data collection initiatives (such as COVID-RT Lung) aimed at recording the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer treatment and outcomes.     

An investigation report of radiotherapy centers in Beijing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective An investigation on the prevention and control measures taken by radiotherapy centers of various hospitals in Beijing during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted. The experience was summarized to provide reference for further work. Methods Electronic questionnaires were distributed to each radiotherapy center through members of the radiation oncology therapeutics branch of Beijing medical association and members of Society of Radiotherapy Specialists (Technicians) of Beijing Medical Doctors Association. Statistical analysis was performed based on the feedback results of electronic questionnaires. Results All forty radiotherapy centers in Beijing returned the questionnaires by the end of April 10, 2020. Except for the suspension of treatment in one center due to COVID-19 pandemic, all radiotherapy centers have taken corresponding prevention and control measures and continued to carry out radiotherapy. No COVID-19 infection of patients or medical staffs occurred during this pandemic. Conclusions During the COVID-19 pandemic, all radiotherapy centers attach great importance to optimizing the clinical process and adopt reasonable prevention and control measures. On the basis of efficient prevention and control measures, radiotherapy is delivered to fulfill the treatment demands of cancer patients.     

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer at a Canadian Academic Center: A Retrospective Chart Review

The large burden of COVID-19 on health care systems worldwide has raised concerns among medical oncologists about the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer patients. In this retrospective cohort study, we investigated the impact of COVID-19 on lung cancer diagnosis and treatment before and during the COVID-19 era. New lung cancer diagnoses decreased by 34.7% during the pandemic with slightly more advanced stages of disease, there was a significant increase in the utilization of radiosurgery as the first definitive treatment, and a decrease in both systemic treatment as well as surgery compared to the pre-COVID-19 era. There was no significant delay in starting chemotherapy and radiation treatment during the pandemic compared to pre-COVID-19 time. However, we observed a delay to lung cancer surgery during the pandemic time. COVID-19 seems to have had a major impact at our lung cancer center on the diagnoses and treatment patterns of lung cancer patients. Many oncologists fear that they will see an increase in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients in the coming year. This study is still ongoing and further data will be collected and analyzed to better understand the total impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our lung cancer patient population.     

Continuity of care for patients with de novo metastatic cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based observational study

During the COVID-19 pandemic recommendations were made to adapt cancer care. This population-based study aimed to investigate possible differences between the treatment of patients with metastatic cancer before and during the pandemic by comparing the initial treatments in five COVID-19 periods (weeks 1–12 2020: pre-COVID-19, weeks 12–20 2020: 1st peak, weeks 21–41 2020: recovery, weeks 42–53 2020: 2nd peak, weeks 1–20 2021: prolonged 2nd peak) with reference data from 2017 to 2019. The proportion of patients receiving different treatment modalities (chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy, radiotherapy primary tumor, resection primary tumor, resection metastases) within 6 weeks of diagnosis and the time between diagnosis and first treatment were compared by period. In total, 74,208 patients were included. Overall, patients were more likely to receive treatments in the COVID-19 periods than in previous years. This mainly holds for hormone therapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy and resection of metastases. Lower odds were observed for resection of the primary tumor during the recovery period (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.77–0.99) and for radiotherapy on the primary tumor during the prolonged 2nd peak (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.72–0.98). The time from diagnosis to the start of first treatment was shorter, mainly during the 1st peak (average 5 days, p < .001). These findings show that during the first 1.5 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were only minor changes in the initial treatment of metastatic cancer. Remarkably, time from diagnosis to first treatment was shorter. Overall, the results suggest continuity of care for patients with metastatic cancer during the pandemic.     

Changes in the Management of Patients having Radical Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK

AimsIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, guidelines on reduced fractionation for patients treated with curative-intent radiotherapy were published, aimed at reducing the number of hospital attendances and potential exposure of vulnerable patients to minimise the risk of COVID-19 infection. We describe the changes that took place in the management of patients with stage I–III lung cancer from April to October 2020.Materials and methodsLung Radiotherapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic (COVID-RT Lung) is a prospective multicentre UK cohort study. The inclusion criteria were: patients with stage I–III lung cancer referred for and/or treated with radical radiotherapy between 2nd April and 2nd October 2020. Patients who had had a change in their management and those who continued with standard management were included. Data on demographics, COVID-19 diagnosis, diagnostic work-up, radiotherapy and systemic treatment were collected and reported as counts and percentages. Patient characteristics associated with a change in treatment were analysed using multivariable binary logistic regression.ResultsIn total, 1553 patients were included (median age 72 years, 49% female); 93 (12%) had a change to their diagnostic investigation and 528 (34%) had a change to their treatment from their centre's standard of care as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Age ≥70 years, male gender and stage III disease were associated with a change in treatment on multivariable analysis. Patients who had their treatment changed had a median of 15 fractions of radiotherapy compared with a median of 20 fractions in those who did not have their treatment changed. Low rates of COVID-19 infection were seen during or after radiotherapy, with only 21 patients (1.4%) developing the disease.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in changes to patient treatment in line with national recommendations. The main change was an increase in hypofractionation. Further work is ongoing to analyse the impact of these changes on patient outcomes.     

The 3 Bs of cancer care amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: “Be safe,be smart,be kind”—A multidisciplinary approach increasing the use of radiation and embracing telemedicine for head and neck cancer

Because of the national emergency triggered by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, government-mandated public health directives have drastically changed not only social norms but also the practice of oncologic medicine. Timely head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment must be prioritized, even during emergencies. Because severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 predominantly resides in the sinonasal/oral/oropharyngeal tracts, nonessential mucosal procedures are restricted, and HNCs are being triaged toward nonsurgical treatments when cures are comparable. Consequently, radiation utilization will likely increase during this pandemic. Even in radiation oncology, standard in-person and endoscopic evaluations are being restrained to limit exposure risks and preserve personal protective equipment for other frontline workers. The authors have implemented telemedicine and multidisciplinary conferences to continue to offer standard-of-care HNC treatments during this uniquely challenging time. Because of the lack of feasibility data on telemedicine for HNC, they report their early experience at a high-volume cancer center at the domestic epicenter of the COVID-19 crisis.     

2019新型冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情期间北京市放疗工作情况调查报告

目的 对北京市各家医院在COVID-19疫情期间放疗工作与防控措施的调查研究进行经验总结,为下一步工作提供参考。方法 本次调查采用电子调查问卷,通过北京医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会和北京医师协会放射治疗专科医师(技师)分会的各位委员对各家医院放疗科进行调查问卷的填写与反馈。结果 截止2020年4月10日全北京市开展放疗工作的40家医院全部反馈了调查问卷,除1家医院因非疫情原因暂停治疗外,各医院均采取了相应的防控措施,并持续进行放疗工作。所有工作人员与收治患者均未发现COVID-19感染病例。结论 COVID-19疫情期间,各医院高度重视,优化临床收治流程,采取合理的防控措施;在满足疫情防控的基础上,坚持开展放疗工作,满足广大肿瘤患者的治疗需求。     

Is cancer a prognostic factor for severe COVID-19, especially for breast cancer patients?

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global upheaval in our health care system. Our hospital facilities have been subjected to a major influx of patients and the prevention of cross-contamination has been a key issue in the spread of the virus. New recommendations for good hygiene practice and new recommendations for disease management have emerged to limit the spread of the virus and reorganize the provision of care in key services. Many studies have attempted to identify factors that contribute to poor prognosis for COVID-19 infection. Among them, cancer patients, were considered more at risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of the pandemic as well as new recommendations for disease management that have emerged in oncology and radiation therapy in particular. In this article, we will try to provide some answers through a review of the literature to the question: is cancer a prognostic factor for severe COVID-19?     

Impact of COVID-19 on Radiation Oncology,an Austrian Experience

The COVID-19 pandemic has an unprecedented impact on cancer treatment worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the pandemic on the radiation treatment of patients in order to provide data for future management of such crises. We compared the number of performed radiotherapy sessions of the pandemic period from February 2020 until May 2021 with those of 2018 and 2019 for reference. At our department, no referred patients had to be rejected or postponed, nor any significant changes in fractionation schedules implemented. Nevertheless, there was a substantial drop in overall radiotherapy sessions in 2020 following the first incidence wave of up to −25% (in June) in comparison to previous years. For breast cancer, a maximum decline of sessions of −45% (July) was recorded. Only a short drop of prostate cancer sessions (max −35%, May) followed by a rebound (+42%, July) was observed. Over the investigated period, a loss of 4.4% of expected patients never recovered. The severe impact of COVID-19 on cancer treatment, likely caused by retarded diagnosis and delayed interdisciplinary co-treatment, is reflected in a lower count of radiotherapy sessions. Radiation oncology is a crucial cornerstone in upholding both curative treatment options and treatment capacity during a pandemic.     

Cancer and COVID-19: Unmasking their ties

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and its clinical manifestation, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) have rapidly spread across the globe, leading to the declaration of a pandemic. While most present mild symptoms, it appears as though nearly 20% of confirmed patients develop significant complications. These include acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock and multi-organ failure, with a 3–6% mortality. A plethora of treatments has been or is being assessed, but to date, none has been proven effective. Management is mainly symptomatic, with organ support for the critically ill. Several reports, mainly case series, from across the world have concluded that patients with malignancy appear more susceptible to severe infection and mortality from COVID-19. This could be attributed to immunosuppression, co-existing medical conditions and underlying pulmonary compromise which is often the case in lung malignancy. Patients with haematological cancer and those who are receiving active chemotherapy treatment may be at greatest risk due to increased immunosuppression. This pandemic tested the resilience of worldwide health-care systems in an unprecedented manner. It has forced oncologists to rethink the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process, based on the local prevalence and impact of COVID-19. In this review we will discuss the impact of COVID-19 on patients affected by cancer, their diagnosis and management, as well as the pathophysiology of COVID-19 induced acute respiratory distress symptoms and currently investigated treatment approaches.