改良式乳突根治术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎的临床护理体会

慢性化脓性中耳炎为耳科常见的一种疾病,是指由中耳黏膜、骨膜或者骨质发生慢性化脓性炎症而引起的。临床主要表现为听力下降、耳内反复流脓、鼓膜穿孔等症状,病情常反复发作,严重者可致面瘫、颅内感染等并发症。目前临床上治疗中耳炎时应尽量保留或者恢复中耳乳突生理功能,常采用的基本手术方法为改良式乳突根治术,此手术方法不仅可将中耳内的所有病灶彻底清除,还可将外耳道的后上骨壁切除,使得乳突腔以及鼓窦开放至外耳道;同时还能够保留患侧中耳传声的功能,而后行鼓室成形术。本文探讨改良式乳突根治术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎的临床护理体会,现报道如下。     

基于解剖学研究的枕下乙状窦后入路精准开颅技术探讨

目的　探索应用颅骨表面解剖标志指导枕下乙状窦后入路安全、精准、快速开颅技术。 方法　从2016年4月至2019年6月选取15具颅骨标本和8具尸头标本，定位颅骨标本解剖标志点：二腹肌沟顶点、乳突尖、星点及关键点（横窦-乙状窦移形处相对应颅外标志点），研究颅骨解剖标志点间的关系，制定开颅技术，并将该开颅技术应用于28例患者，通过评估相关指标，评价此开颅技术的可行性。 结果 （1）解剖研究及尸头验证：关键点与二腹肌沟顶点距离左侧为(16.79±3.50) mm、右侧为(14.82±2.96) mm，关键点与星点距离左侧为(19.53±3.84) mm、右侧为(22.59±4.08) mm，关键点与乳突尖的距离左侧为(33.98±3.87) mm、右侧为(32.78±3.29) mm，关键点与星点的距离左、右侧间差异有统计学意义（P=0.020）。将开颅技术应用于8例尸头标本，均未出现静脉窦损伤。（2）临床应用：28例患者进行开颅技术验证，23例横窦乙状窦暴露充分，无钻孔所致静脉窦破损，平均开颅时间为(23.1±2.2) min，骨瓣1.8 cm×2.0 cm，骨窗直径2.0~2.5 cm，术中骨瓣复位。 结论　以眶下缘与外耳道上缘连线为基线，过二腹肌沟顶点作基线的垂直线，在垂直线上定位二腹肌沟顶点上方14 mm(左侧)/12 mm（右侧）的点，确定此处为钻孔骨孔中心点并形成骨孔，可以获得满意的术区显露，避免静脉窦的损伤，为临床安全、精准、快速开颅提供依据。     

基于解剖学研究的枕下乙状窦后入路精准开颅技术探讨

目的　探索应用颅骨表面解剖标志指导枕下乙状窦后入路安全、精准、快速开颅技术。 方法　从2016年4月至2019年6月选取15具颅骨标本和8具尸头标本,定位颅骨标本解剖标志点：二腹肌沟顶点、乳突尖、星点及关键点（横窦-乙状窦移形处相对应颅外标志点）,研究颅骨解剖标志点间的关系,制定开颅技术,并将该开颅技术应用于28例患者,通过评估相关指标,评价此开颅技术的可行性。 结果 （1）解剖研究及尸头验证：关键点与二腹肌沟顶点距离左侧为(16.79±3.50) mm、右侧为(14.82±2.96) mm,关键点与星点距离左侧为(19.53±3.84) mm、右侧为(22.59±4.08) mm,关键点与乳突尖的距离左侧为(33.98±3.87) mm、右侧为(32.78±3.29) mm,关键点与星点的距离左、右侧间差异有统计学意义（P=0.020）。将开颅技术应用于8例尸头标本,均未出现静脉窦损伤。（2）临床应用：28例患者进行开颅技术验证,23例横窦乙状窦暴露充分,无钻孔所致静脉窦破损,平均开颅时间为(23.1±2.2) min,骨瓣1.8 cm×2.0 cm,骨窗直径2.0~2.5 cm,术中骨瓣复位。 结论　以眶下缘与外耳道上缘连线为基线,过二腹肌沟顶点作基线的垂直线,在垂直线上定位二腹肌沟顶点上方14 mm(左侧)/12 mm（右侧）的点,确定此处为钻孔骨孔中心点并形成骨孔,可以获得满意的术区显露,避免静脉窦的损伤,为临床安全、精准、快速开颅提供依据。     

侧颅底手术中乙状窦应用解剖学研究

目的　探讨侧颅底手术中乙状窦相关解剖标志的位置，为进一步提高侧颅底手术安全性提供解剖学基础。 方法　选取成人头颅标本40个，采用耳后切口行标准乳突根治术。充分暴露颅中窝及颅后窝硬脑膜、外半规管、面神经膝部、乙状窦、颈静脉球、乳突、茎乳孔、二腹肌嵴、外耳道后壁等重要解剖结构。使用双脚规测径器或电子数显游标卡尺分别测量相关解剖结构之间的距离。 结果　乙状窦前缘至外耳道后壁的距离是(1.41±0.32)cm，乙状窦外侧壁至乳突外侧壁的距离是(1.02±0.38)cm，面神经乳突段的长度是(1.28±0.13)cm，面神经乳突段起点（即面神经膝部）到乙状窦的距离是(0.56±0.20)cm，面神经乳突段终点（即茎乳孔部）到乙状窦的距离是(0.62±0.22)cm，二腹肌嵴至乙状窦的距离是(0.52±0.18)　cm，茎乳孔至乙状窦的距离是(1.02±0.24)cm。 结论　面神经乳突段起点和终点至乙状窦的距离及乙状窦至二腹肌嵴和茎乳孔之间的距离均呈正相关；乙状沟的深浅、宽窄及骨壁的厚薄因乳突气化程度不同而各异。     

咽鼓管上隐窝的应用解剖及其临床意义

目的：探讨咽鼓管上隐窝（STR）对咽鼓管骨部手术的临床意义。方法：对15例（30耳）成人尸头标本和40耳成人颞骨干标本进行了临床解剖学研究，内容包括STR的解剖界限和大小、STR与面神经的解剖关系、STR的临床定位以及咽鼓管骨部的四壁结构等。结果：STR顶壁前后径为（5．28±0．64）mm、内外径为（5．73±0．57）mm、STR顶壁厚为（0．65±0．05）mm。通过STR的准确定位，采用经颅中窝直接开放STR的方法来实施咽鼓管骨部手术是可行的，且无需暴露以锤砧关节为主要内容的上鼓室，故与传统方法相比有手术程序简单化、难度降低及听骨链损伤机会明显减少等优点。此外，STR与面神经的解剖关系提示可经STR内壁行膝状神经节及其附近神经根减压。结论：STR对经颅中窝咽鼓管骨部手术和面神经减压手术均有重要的临床意义。     

面神经乳突段的应用解剖

目的　为侧颅底手术中面神经乳突段的定位提供解剖学资料。 方法　 10%福尔马林固定成人头颅标本8例16侧,电动磨钻轮廓化乳突,暴露3个半规管、面神经乳突段全长。测量面神经乳突段的长度、宽度、面神经乳突段始端及末端与周围重要结构的距离,并观察面神经乳突段与周围毗邻结构的关系。 结果　面神经乳突段的长度为（11.04±1.03）mm,宽度为（2.29±0.39）mm。面神经乳突段起始部到乙状窦、外耳道后上棘、颅后窝硬膜、岩上窦-乙状窦-横窦交点、后骨半规管的最近距离分别为（9.41±　2.06）mm、（15.61±2.11）mm、（5.96±1.51）mm、（20.20±3.44）mm、（3.84±0.14）mm。面神经乳突段末端-乙状窦 、外耳道后上棘、乳突尖、颅后窝硬膜、岩上窦-乙状窦-横窦交点的最近距离分别为（7.05±2.01）mm、（20.32±2.69）mm、（16.48±2.48）mm、（7.97±2.61）mm、27.38±4.21)mm。 结论　外骨半规管、后骨半规管、二腹肌嵴是面神经乳突段定位的重要标志,面神经乳突段走行于外骨半规管、后骨半规管和二腹肌嵴前端形成的三角形内。     

颞骨岩部后骨板的临床解剖学研究

目的 :了解颞骨岩部后骨板的解剖及其变异情况对颞骨相关手术的影响。方法 :在 2 0例 40侧成人尸头上进行颞骨解剖 ,观察颞骨岩部后骨板成角变异的发生情况 ,测量相关数据。结果 :颞骨岩部上嵴与面神经水平段之间夹角为 (4 .61± 1.99)°、与矢状线之间夹角为 (63 .0 7± 9.3 0 )°。气化程度高的乳突其颞骨岩部后骨板与外耳道距离相对较大 ,相对而言发生乙状窦前移的几率较小。颞骨岩部后骨板成角变异发生率为 17.5 %。结论 :面神经水平段大致平行于颞骨岩部上嵴 ,气化的乳突其颞骨岩部后骨板与外耳道后壁之间距离较大 ;当颞骨岩部后骨板与外耳道后壁距离较小时 ,乙状窦位置更靠前 ,更易出现高位颈静脉球。     

先天性外中耳畸形颞骨发育程度及面神经垂直段位置变化的影像学研究

目的：应用cT影像资料研究外耳道闭锁组与狭窄组之间颞骨发育程度的差异及面神经垂直段位置的变异特征。方法：收集71例先天性外中耳畸形142侧颞骨CT影像资料。按照外耳道骨性段最宽处直径大小分为外耳道闭锁组、狭窄组和正常的对侧耳为对照组。比较3组颞骨Jahrsdoerfer（Js）评分值、面神经垂直段位置及乳突气房容积等的差异。结果：耳道闭锁组的颞骨Js评分为7．26±2．02,耳道狭窄组为8．92±1．02,耳道正常组为10±0。3组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。在面神经垂直段起点层面,闭锁组、狭窄组分别与正常组比较,面神经向前、向外移位明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;在面神经垂直段终点层面,闭锁组与正常组比较,垂直段面神经向前、外移位明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,狭窄组与对照组、闭锁组与狭窄组相比,其差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。3组间乳突气房容积比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。闭锁组和狭窄组内的Js评分与乳突气房容积、乳突气房容积与面神经至棘孔和乳突距离、Js评分与面神经至棘孔距离间关系,均成正相关。结论：颞骨总体发育情况与外耳道的发育基本一致,闭锁组Js评分最低,其颞骨发育相对最差。畸形外耳道（闭锁或狭窄）相对于正常外耳道而言,面神经垂直段位置变化较大,其前移、外移程度与颞骨发育情况、乳突气化大小密切相关。     

正常人面神经管垂直部与外耳道解剖位置关系的影像与临床研究

目的 观察、测量面神经管垂直部毗邻解剖关系及乳突的形态学指标,分析面神经管垂直部和外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘位置变化的相关性,探讨乳突气化程度与面神经管垂直部之间的关系及临床意义。 方法 1. 评价CT影像测量相关结构的正确性,采用64层螺旋CT对4具干颅标本进行扫描,在横断位测量面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘的距离,在矢状平面上测量乳突的前后径（外耳道下壁最低点至乳突后缘的水平距离）和高度（外耳道下壁至乳突尖的垂直距离）;按影像层面锯开标本,对上述距离行实体测量。影像测量均值与实体测量均值的差异行显著性检验。2. 在体研究：随机入选无耳部疾患的118人（236侧）,其中男性55例（110侧）,女性63例（126侧）,行颌面部CT扫描。如上选择层面,并测量面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘及乳突前后径和高度的距离,以乳突前后径与高度乘积的1/2定义为乳突面积,以乳突面积的大小来定义乳突气化程度,同时将乳突面积分别与面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘距离分别进行相关和回归分析。 结果 1. 标本部分：各项指标的影像测量值与实体测量值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2. 在体研究：各项指标测量结果侧别差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,性别差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。乳突面积与面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁距离之间呈负相关性,且相关性有统计学意义;乳突面积与面神经管垂直部至外耳门后缘有相关性,但相关性无统计学意义。 结论 乳突发育气化好,面神经垂直部位置偏前。 CT检查可以明确面神经管垂直部与外耳道后壁的关系,有助于耳外科手术术式的选择以及对术中重要结构损伤的控制。     

修正性乳突根治术相关解剖因素的CT影像分析

目的 探讨乳突根治术失败的相关解剖因素及术后复发原因,以便在修正性手术具有有针对性,提高乳突再根治手术成功率。方法 回顾性分析2008年5月—2016年4月北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科120例修正性乳突根治术患者的二次手术前颞骨高分辨率CT(HRCT)影像资料,并将颞骨HRCT的观察结果与再次手术中所见病变进行对比分析。结果 再手术前颞骨HRCT可以清晰显示初次开放式乳突根治术后乳突腔的大体解剖结构改变,主要征象为乳突腔扩大,与鼓室、外耳道融合,术腔内团块状异常软组织密度影。120例患者中,面神经嵴高位占39.2%(47/120),窦脑膜角残留气房占58.3%(70/120),乳突尖残留气房占50.0%(60/120),迷路周围残留气房占25.8%(31/120),上鼓室前隐窝未开放占41.7%(50/120),鼓室窦深位占40.0%(48/120),咽鼓管鼓室口病变占32.5%(39/120)。二次手术中探查乳突残留气房,咽鼓管鼓室口、鼓室窦、面神经嵴均发现有颞骨HRCT观察到的病变存在。结论 修正性乳突根治术患者术前颞骨HRCT扫描, 能够发现初次乳突根治手术后不干耳的相关解剖因素,可作为修正性乳突根治术的可靠依据。     

Significance of the auditory tube angle and mastoid size in chronic ear disease

The aim of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between mastoid size and auditory tube angle (ATA) and chronic ear disease. A radiological and clinical study was undertaken of the temporal bones of 36 subjects. There were 24 patients with unilateral chronic otitis media (COM) and 12 healthy controls (HC) the contralateral healthy ears of the COM patients were also used as control (CLHC). From each CT scan the distance between Henle spine and the sigmoid sinus (H-SS) and the ATA was assessed. The angle between a longitudinal line bisecting the transverse length of the external auditory canal and the longitudinal axis of the AT was calculated. A direct correlation between H-SS and ATA, both in COM and HC (p < 0.01), was observed, but not in CLHC (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the ATA results between COM and CLHC, or between COM and HC (p > 0.05), however there was a significant difference between CLHC and HC (p = 0.02). H-SS distances were not significantly different between COM and CLHC, or COM and HC, or CLHC and HC (p > 0.05). An association between ATA and mastoid size in both healthy and diseased ears was observed. The anatomical relationships of the AT, mastoid and middle ear, which form a functional unit, are not significantly important in chronic ear disease.     

Posterior tympanotomy is a riskier procedure in chronic otitis media than in a normal mastoid: a high-resolution computed tomography study

Purpose

The aim of our study was to compare the difficulty in performing a posterior tympanotomy in chronic otitis media (COM) versus the same procedure in a normal mastoid.

Materials and methods

The study included 122 patients who underwent tympanomastoidectomy for unilateral chronic otitis media with contralateral normal mastoid pneumatization. We evaluated the anatomical relationships between the mastoid segment and neighboring structures by analyzing axial temporal bone computed tomography scans. A vertical line (line A) was drawn tangential to the most lateral end of the posterior semicircular canal (point A). Three distances were measured: the distance (D1) between the point A and the most lateral end of the mastoid segment of the facial nerve (point B), the distance (D2) between the line A and the point B, and the distance (D3) between the point B and the posterior end of the bony annulus of the external auditory canal.

Results

The average measurements of D1 and D3 were 3.79 ± 0.55 and 2.63 ± 0.51 mm, respectively, in the normal mastoid ears and 3.47 ± 0.59 and 2.35 ± 0.44 mm, respectively, in the COM ears. The measurements of D1 and D3 were statistically shorter in the COM ears than in the normal ears.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the facial recess in COM may be narrower than in a normal mastoid and that performing a posterior tympanotomy may be riskier in COM than in a normal mastoid due to the potential for injury to the neighboring structures and the facial nerve.

     

The relationship between presbycusis and mastoid pneumatization

Presbycusis is defined as the natural hearing loss accompanying aging, caused by degenerative changes in the inner ear. The etiology of presbycusis is uncertain. However, it would appear that a complex genetic cause is most likely. The determinants of mastoid size continue to be controversial. One of the pneumatization theories is the hereditary theory. In this study, the possible relationship between presbycusis and the extent of mastoid pneumatization was investigated. This study was carried out on 21 patients with presbycusis and 21 normal subjects of similar ages. The pneumatized volume was measured by computerized tomography. The temporal bone was scanned at 2 mm thickness intervals. Exposure (kV 130, mA105). The scan plane was parallel to the orbitomeatal line and the CT images covered the entire mastoid region. The average mastoid pneumatization in presbycusis group was 6.08 +/- 2.52 cm(3) in the right ear and 6.19 +/- 2.93 cm(3) in the left ear. However, in the control group it was 4.69 +/- 3.17 cm(3) in the right ear (p=0.12) and 5.10 +/- 3.49 cm(3) in the left ear (p=0.28). No significant difference was found between the presbycusis patients and normal subjects in terms of the volume of mastoid pneumatization.     

Analysis of unilateral sclerotic temporal bone: how does the sclerosis change the mastoid pneumatization morphologically in the temporal bone?

Backgrounds Some disorders, such as otitis media and Eustachian tube dysfunction, may cause the temporal bone to become sclerotic. A sclerotic temporal bone has the tendency to shrink. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphologic changes that result from sclerosis of the temporal bone. Methods We measured 9 variables on 2 axial images, and 8 variables on 2 coronal images in healthy ears and diseased ears in 37 patients with unilateral chronic otitis media. We also measured the volume of mastoid pneumatization. Results The distance from sigmoid sinus to Henle’s spine was correlated to the degree of volume reduction, and it accounted for about 17.7% of the total variation in volume reduction. There was no difference in the sigmoid sinus type in comparisons between sclerotic and pneumatic mastoids. Conclusions The sclerosis of the temporal bone was observed to reduce the volume of the mastoid pneumatization. However, a large portion of the volume reduction may result from the sclerotic change in the air cell system, rather than from shrinkage of the mastoid bone. Therefore, the location of surgically-important structures, in the middle and inner ear, is only rarely changed in sclerotic temporal bone. Presented as a poster titled as “analysis of morphologic changes in the sclerotic temporal bone by spiral high-resolution computed tomography” at XVIII IFOS World Congress (June 25–30, 2006, Rome, Italy).     

不同压力及时间机械通气对大鼠血清白细胞介素8、白细胞介素10水平和肺组织形态学的影响

目的 探讨不同压力及时间机械通气对大鼠血清白细胞介素8（IL-8）、IL-10水平及肺组织形态学的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为空白对照组（C组）、低气道压力2 h组[L2组,压力为15 cm H2O（1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa）,通气时间为2 h]、低气道压力4 h组（L4组,压力为15 cmH2O,通气时间为4 h）和高气道压力2 h组（H2组,压力为25 cm H2O,通气时间为2 h）、高气道压力4 h组（H4组,压力为25 cm H2O,通气时间为4 h）,每组6只.连接呼吸机,设定呼吸频率为40次/min,按既定压力及时间进行机械通气,分别于机械通气2、4 h后血处死大鼠,检测血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量,并取肺组织,光镜及电镜下观察组织损伤的病理改变.结果 与C组相比,L2、L4、H2、H4组血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量均明显增加,且随通气时间的延长而升高,L4组高于L2组[IL-8：（71.5±7.6）ng/L比（38.4±6.3）ng,L,IL-10：（364.5±18.6）ng/L比（271.6±21.3）ng/L,P〈0.05],H4组高于H2组[IL-8：（140.7±23.5）ng/L比（76.4±9.2）ng/L,IL-10：（472.8±22.5）ng/L比（357.6±20.4）ng/L,P〈0.05];相同通气时间下,高气道压力组血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量较低气道压力组明显增多,H2组高于L2组,H4组高于L4组（P〈0.05）.光镜及电镜下组织学检查显示与C组比较,其余各组肺组织均出现不同程度的炎性细胞浸润、肺气肿、线粒体肿胀、内质网扩张、细胞核质间隙增宽等炎性反应改变,且随时问及气道压力的增加而加重.结论 通气压力及时间的增加能够刺激大鼠血清中炎性反应因子IL-8、IL-10水平的升高,加重肺组织的损伤.有效控制通气的压力及时间可以减轻肺组织炎性反应和损伤.     

桡尺远侧关节在体MRI运动学研究

目的　利用MRI轴位图像分析正常桡尺远侧关节（DRUJ）旋转运动。 方法　健康志愿者30名（男、女各15名）,共60个正常DRUJ,在腕关节完全旋外、旋外60 °、旋外30 °、中立位、旋内30 °、旋内60 °及完全旋内7个体位行DRUJ的MRI扫描。在DRUJ轴位图上,选取桡骨乙状切迹掌侧顶点（A）及背侧顶点（B）作一连线,利用工作站工具取得尺骨头中心点（C）,过C点作AB垂线,相交于D点,计算AD/AB比值（桡尺比值）;尺骨头-尺骨茎突背侧缘顶点E、F连线,测量EF与AB相交指向掌侧夹角（桡尺夹角）;由两名放射科医生独立完成测量、取其平均值,并评价该方法可信度。 结果　60个正常DRUJ完全旋外、旋外60°、旋外30°、中立位、旋内30°、旋内60°及完全旋内桡尺比值分别为（0.29±0.05）,（0.36±0.06）,（0.42±0.07）,（0.49±0.05）,（0.53±0.06）,（0.56±0.06）,（0.61±0.07）;桡尺夹角分别为（38.41±3.71）°,（48.74±5.54）°,（63.31±4.98）°,（105.56±5.63）°,（138.68±6.04）°,（162.45±6.00）°,（178.46±2.09）°。桡尺比值与桡尺夹角呈正相关,有统计学意义（r=0.97,P<0.05）,腕关节从完全旋外向完全旋内旋转过程中,桡尺比值随桡尺夹角增大而增大。不同体位两项测量指标观察者间相关系数（ICC）范围为0.83~0.96。 结论　通过建立DRUJ在不同体位下桡骨的不同旋转角度所对应桡尺比值正常范围,可以为桡尺远侧关节不稳的诊断提供更多参考依据。     

桡尺远侧关节在体MRI运动学研究

目的　利用MRI轴位图像分析正常桡尺远侧关节（DRUJ）旋转运动。 方法　健康志愿者30名（男、女各15名）,共60个正常DRUJ,在腕关节完全旋外、旋外60 °、旋外30 °、中立位、旋内30 °、旋内60 °及完全旋内7个体位行DRUJ的MRI扫描。在DRUJ轴位图上,选取桡骨乙状切迹掌侧顶点（A）及背侧顶点（B）作一连线,利用工作站工具取得尺骨头中心点（C）,过C点作AB垂线,相交于D点,计算AD/AB比值（桡尺比值）;尺骨头-尺骨茎突背侧缘顶点E、F连线,测量EF与AB相交指向掌侧夹角（桡尺夹角）;由两名放射科医生独立完成测量、取其平均值,并评价该方法可信度。 结果　60个正常DRUJ完全旋外、旋外60°、旋外30°、中立位、旋内30°、旋内60°及完全旋内桡尺比值分别为（0.29±0.05）,（0.36±0.06）,（0.42±0.07）,（0.49±0.05）,（0.53±0.06）,（0.56±0.06）,（0.61±0.07）;桡尺夹角分别为（38.41±3.71）°,（48.74±5.54）°,（63.31±4.98）°,（105.56±5.63）°,（138.68±6.04）°,（162.45±6.00）°,（178.46±2.09）°。桡尺比值与桡尺夹角呈正相关,有统计学意义（r=0.97,P<0.05）,腕关节从完全旋外向完全旋内旋转过程中,桡尺比值随桡尺夹角增大而增大。不同体位两项测量指标观察者间相关系数（ICC）范围为0.83~0.96。 结论　通过建立DRUJ在不同体位下桡骨的不同旋转角度所对应桡尺比值正常范围,可以为桡尺远侧关节不稳的诊断提供更多参考依据。     

Assessment of mastoid air cell size versus sigmoid sinus variables with a tomography-assisted digital image processing program and morphometry

We assessed the mastoid air cell size and variables of the sigmoid sinus in healthy ears and ears with chronic otitis media (COM). Thirty-eight patients with unilateral COM [15 with cholesteatoma (COM/+) and 23 without cholesteatoma (COM/–)], and 20 subjects with healthy ears, were included in the study. Assessment was performed using a quantitative digital image processing computed tomography (CT) program, and the volume of the mastoid bone was measured using the morphometric method of Cavalieri. In both COM/+ and COM/– patients the sigmoid to suprameatal spine distance and mastoid size were greater on the healthy side than on the diseased side (p<0.05). The distance and area were significantly greater in the healthy control subjects than in either the healthy or the diseased ears of the patients with COM (p<0.05). In the healthy ears of COM patients, there was significant correlation between the sigmoid to suprameatal spine distance and air cell size and mastoid volume (p<0.05). In the diseased ears of COM patients, this correlation was absent (p>0.05). The sigmoid sinus shape was of the half-moon type (62%), protrusive type (22%) and saucer type (16%). The digital image processing CT program allowed us to estimate the individual area of the air and soft tissue filled mastoid air cells. The mastoid size in both intact and disease ears of COM patients was smaller than in the healthy controls. The mastoid size may be determined genetically. However, environmental factors such as infection may also affect the mastoid size. Therefore, both genetic and environmental factors may be related to COM as far as the size of the mastoid air cells is concerned.     

The distance of the sigmoid sinus and the middle fossa dura from the external auditory canal in chronic otitis media

Purpose

Mastoid pneumatization is reduced in most patients suffering from chronic otitis media (COM). In most studies, the relationship between the degree of pneumatization and the distance of the sigmoid sinus from the external auditory canal has been examined, yielding different results. This study addresses the relationship between COM and the distance of the sigmoid sinus and also middle fossa dura from the external auditory canal.

Methods

This was a case–control study on 15 adult COM patients, 12 traumatic facial palsy patients, and 15 cadaver temporal bones. After mastoidectomy, the distance between the spine of Henle and both the middle fossa dura and sigmoid sinus were measured, and the findings in each group was analyzed using Tukey’s and ANOVA tests.

Results

The average distance of the external auditory canal and the sigmoid sinus was 15.27 ± 3.3 mm in the COM group, 16.92 ± 3.23 mm in the traumatic facial palsy group, and 14.53 ± 2.92 mm in the cadaver temporal bones. There was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.115). The average distance of the spine of Henle from the middle fossa dura was 6.73 ± 1.62 mm in the COM group, 11.4 ± 2.05 mm in the traumatic facial palsy group, and 8.93 ± 1.94 in the cadaver temporal bones. There was a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The distance of both the sigmoid sinus and the middle fossa dura from the external auditory canal (which indicates mastoid pneumatization) is reduced in COM patients.