气道正压通气对睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的疗效

目的:了解阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者在经鼻持续气道正压通气(nCPAP)治疗前后的睡眠特征和心身状况变化。方法:nCPAP治疗35例OSAS患者,治疗前、后分别采用多导睡眠分析仪对患者进行检查,分析治疗前、后多导睡眠图(PSG)各项指标改变。结果:治疗后患者临床症状消除,睡眠结构、最低血氧饱和度及呼吸紊乱指数等各项指标均有明显改善(P<0·01)。结论:nCPAP治疗不仅使睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(SAS)患者嗜睡、疲乏等临床症状消失,明显改善睡眠结构,而且改善心身健康状况。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与认知障碍的相关研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）可对患者生理、心理功能及生活质量造成严重的影响，OSA 致 认知障碍已成为研究热点。目前，OSA 导致认知障碍的发病机制及相关治疗尚不完全明确，现对相关 机制和治疗进行综述，以提高相关认识。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共患卒中

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS）是一个常见病,近期的研究显示其是导致卒中和死亡的危险因素。OSAS在卒中患者中高发,OSAS共患卒中的危险因素与传统的OSAS的危险因素类似。OSAS共患卒中的患者中,持续正压通气治疗可以防止继发性心血管事件,改善神经结局。本综述旨在探讨OSAS和卒中的关系以及OSAS共患卒中患者中的特征及治疗。     

持续气道正压通气治疗癫(痫)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共病疗效的系统评价

目的 评价持续气道正压通气治疗癫(痫)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共病的有效性.方法 以sleep apnoea、obstructive sleep apnoea、OSA、obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome、OSAS、sleepapnoea syndromes、sleep-related breathing disorder、epilepsy、continuous positive airway pressure、CPAP等英文词汇计算机检索1980年1月1日-2017年2月28日美国国立医学图书馆生物医学信息检索系统(PubMed)、荷兰医学文摘(EMBASE/SCOPUS)、Cochrane图书馆等数据库收录的关于持续气道正压通气治疗癫痼与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共病的随机对照临床试验、临床指南、系统评价(包括Meta分析)、病例对照研究、回顾性队列研究等.采用Jadad量表、Cochrane系统评价手册和RevMan 5.3统计软件进行文献质量评价和Meta分析.结果 共获得1197篇英文文献,经剔除重复和不符合纳入标准者,最终纳入17篇文献,包括临床指南1篇、系统评价和Meta分析各1篇、随机对照临床试验l篇、病例对照研究10篇、回顾性队列研究3篇.结果显示:(1)持续气道正压通气可以减少癫(痫)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共病患者癫(痫)发作频率甚至无发作.(2)持续气道正压通气可以减少难治性癫(痫)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共病患者癫(痫)发作频率.(3)持续气道正压通气可以减少老年癫(痫)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共病患者癫(痫)发作频率.(4)对3项Jadad评分≥4分的临床研究共153例癫(痫)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共病患者进行Meta分析,与未接受持续气道正压通气组相比,接受持续气道正压通气组癫(痫)发作频率减少＞50％的病例数增加(RR=3.170,95％ CI:1.650 ～ 6.090;P=0.001).结论 持续气道正压通气可以减少癫(痫)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征共病患者癫(痫)发作频率,其治疗效果取决于患者依从性,突然停止或压力不足可能导致癫痫发作频率增加,这一结论尚待更多随机对照临床试验证实.     

急性脑梗死患者的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征临床分析

目的 本研究初步探讨了急性脑梗死合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床特点.方法 评价19例连续收住的首次、非昏迷急性脑梗死患者和同期10例健康成人的年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、睡眠打鼾史、高血压病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、动脉血压,研究组还记录入院时和7d时斯堪的纳维亚卒中量表得分(SSS),使用多导睡眠监测系统记录睡眠过程中的多项生理事件,评价AHI和最低动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2).结果 急性脑梗死后74%患者有阻塞性或混合性睡眠呼吸暂停,63%的急性脑梗死患者出现了具有临床意义的睡眠呼吸暂停,AHI与患者年龄、BMI、最低SaO2、睡眠打鼾史、吸烟史、高血压、SSS有关,呼吸事件主要为阻塞性或混合性睡眠呼吸暂停,中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停在所有呼吸事件中约占8%.既往有心脏病史的患者甚至会出现Cheyne-Stokes呼吸.结论 应重视评价急性脑梗死患者OSAHS发生的可能性,对于病情重、存在多种脑血管病危险因素的患者更应作为常规评价的一部分.     

特发性颅内压增高与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停一例分析

目的 通过报道及文献复习探讨特发性颅内压增高(IIH)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)之间的关系.方法 报道1例中年男性颅内压增高患者,经MRI、血管造影排除颅内病变,确诊为IIH;患者有嗜睡、肥胖等症状,进行多导睡眠图(PSG)证实合并有重度OSA,在单纯使用降颅压治疗不能获得持续有效控制高颅压症状后,改用针对OSA给予控制体重和持续正压通气等综合治疗观察临床疗效.结果 经过3个月治疗,患者体质量指数由35.7降至31.4,呼吸暂停低通气指数由72.6降至10.1,血氧饱和度从67%上升到82%,头痛、视乳突水肿等高颅压症状得到持续改善.结论 睡眠呼吸暂停是IIH的风险因素之一,尤其是肥胖男性患者;对有睡眠症状的患者进行PSG监测有助于寻找IIH中容易被忽视的重要因素即OSA;采取积极措施治疗OSA能持续有效地缓解IIH患者高颅压症状.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征伴发肥胖低通气综合征23例诊治分析

本文研究安阳地区医院23例肥胖低通气综合征(OHS)合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者资料,报告如下。1资料与方法1.1研究对象2007-2011年我院23例OHS合并OS-AHS患者,男21例,女2例,年龄38～68岁,平均45.6岁。1.2方法经整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)检查,符合OSAHS诊断标准。OHS诊断标准:BMI≥30kg/m2,存在慢性肺泡     

睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与卒中关系的研究现状

早在19世纪,卒中患者的睡眠呼吸异常就被关注,1818年John[1]首次描述了心脏疾病和卒中患者的呼吸出现周期性现象。1877年Broadbent[2]首先报道了颅内出血患者出现阻塞性睡眠呼吸困难的症状。1965年Gastaut等首次采用多导睡眠图（polysomnography,PSG）证实了睡眠中存在呼吸暂停与低通气现象。然而,对于睡眠呼吸障碍疾病的深刻认识还是20世纪80年代PSG被广泛应用于临床之后。1999年,美国睡眠医学会（American Academy of Sleep Medicine,AASM）编写了有关睡眠呼吸障碍相关疾病的定义及诊断标准[3],该组织分别在2007年、2012年对这一标准进行了修正和补充[4-5]。根据此标准,睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, SAHS）被定义为睡眠状态下反复出现呼吸暂停（sleep apnea,SA）和低通气（sleep hypopnea, S H）,引起低血氧及高碳酸血症,从而使机体发生一系列病理生理改变的临床综合征,PSG是诊断SAHS的金标准。根据PSG监测结果,SAHS可分为：中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（central sleep apnea syndrome,CSAS）、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAHS）、混合性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（mixed sleep apnea syndrome,MSAS）及单纯低通气睡眠呼吸暂停综合征。本病在人群中的发病率因研究方法、诊断标准、研究对象的年龄、种族等差异而有所不同,美国一项流行病学研究显示中年人群中女性SAHS的发病率为5%,男性为15%[6]。但是值得关注的是,近年来大量流行病学及前瞻性研究显示SAHS与卒中关系密切,其中较多的证据表明OSAHS是卒中的独立危险因素,而卒中又可能引起或加重SAHS[7]。以下就相关的问题进行阐述。     

老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床特点与护理

本文通过对62例60岁以上老人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床观察与护理,总结了老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征临床特点与护理措施如下.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停诊治流程——案例分析

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停是指阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS）,是一种常见的睡眠呼吸障碍,在人群中的流行率约为5%.经整夜多导睡眠监测（polysomonography,PSG ）发现呼吸暂停低通气指数（Apnea Hypopnea Index,AHI）大于5次/h即可确诊[1].鼾声大、睡眠中被观察到的呼吸暂停、高血压和日间嗜睡是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者常见的伴随症状.由于睡眠呼吸暂停的临床症状表现多样化,故患者选择就诊的临床科室分布甚广,包括神经内科、精神科、耳鼻喉科和呼吸内科等.但是又由于目前一般国人甚至临床医护人员对该病的认识不够深入,往往造成患者就医诊治过程的波折及医疗资源的浪费.下面,以1例重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者的诊治流程为例,说明广大医务人员对OSAS认识的必要性.     

Default Network Response to a Working Memory Challenge after Withdrawal of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Lower working memory performance and altered brain activity have been reported in studies of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. However, little is known about the effect of treatment of OSA on brain function, particularly effects on default network processing. We previously reported increased brain response to a working memory challenge in active regions and decreased response in relatively deactivated a priori regions of interest (ROIs) following withdrawal of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. This follow-up analysis was conducted to examine the effects of CPAP withdrawal on default network processing using empirically defined ROIs analyses (i.e., in ROIs exhibiting significant deactivation in the sample). Ten OSA patients performed a 2-Back working memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging in two separate conditions, following regular CPAP use, and after two nights of CPAP withdrawal. Eleven clusters of significant 2-Back-related deactivation consistent with the default network were identified and further examined for CPAP withdrawal effects. Significant further deactivation relative to the treatment adherent baseline was observed in the majority of these ROIs during the withdrawal condition. The magnitude of deactivation during withdrawal was significantly associated with better working memory performance in the posterior cingulate and right postcentral gyrus, and greater sleepiness in the left and right medial frontal gyrus. Results suggest that default network functions are further suspended as a result of a shifting of attention towards a more difficult active task in the context of lowered attentional capacity related to sleepiness.     

Clinical Considerations of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Little REM Sleep

MethodsPatients with a chief complaint of sleep-disordered breathing were enrolled. All subjects underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) and completed questionnaires on sleep quality. Patients were divided into the following three groups according to the proportion of REM sleep detected in overnight PSG: little REM sleep [REM sleep <20% of total sleep time (TST)], normal REM sleep (20–25% of TST), and excessive REM sleep (>25% of TST). Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to the data. The success rate of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration was estimated in these groups.ResultsThe age and body mass index of the patients were 47.9±15.9 years (mean±SD) and 25.2±4.1 kg/m², respectively. The 902 patients comprised 684 (76%) men and 218 (24%) women. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in the little-REM-sleep group was 22.1±24.4 events/hour, which was significantly higher than those in the other two groups (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression showed that a higher AHI (p<0.001; odds ratio, 1.512; 95% confidence interval, 1.020–1.812) was independently predictive of little REM sleep. The titration success rate was lower in the little-REM-sleep group than in the normal-REM-sleep group (p=0.038).ConclusionsThe AHI is higher and the success rate of CPAP titration is lower in OSA patients with little REM sleep than those with normal REM sleep.     

Cognitive Function in Patients with Sleep Apnea after Acute Nocturnal Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Treatment: Sleepiness and Hypoxemia Effects

Abstract

Patients with sleep apnea are typically hypersomnolent during the daytime and may demonstrate higher order cognitive dysfunction. A persistent problem in interpreting impaired neuropsychological test performance in such patients is whether the observed deficits can be explained wholly by impaired vigilance. We examined 37 sleep apnea patients prior to and immediately subsequent to successful sleep apnea treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Patients were evaluated immediately after morning awakening in the sleep lab. A brief neuropsychological evaluation, was administered at that time. Following this, alertness was measured with a 30-min polysomnographically determined sleep latency test. Both tests (approximately 50 min in duration) were performed once following a baseline (diagnostic) night in the sleep lab and once in the morning following a CPAP (therapeutic) night in the lab. Subgroup analyses indicted that while vigilance impairment can account for some of the decreased test performance seen in sleep apnea (auditory verbal learning) the effects of severe nocturnal hypoxemia appear to affect other functions (sustained attention in repetitive arithmetic calculations) that were not easily modified by treatment. Thus, performance on the recall trial of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test increased from pre-CPAP to post-CPAP for the increased alertness group but decreased significantly for the decreased alertness group. On the Wilkinson Addition Test, non-hypoxemic patients showed statistically significant improvement in problems correctly solved from pre-CPAP to post-CPAP, but the hypoxemic patients showed only a marginal increase. These results are compatible with other studies suggesting that patients having sleep apnea may incur deficits as a result of both decreased vigilance and hypoxemia, and that at least some of these deficits are immediately reversible.     

合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的急性脑梗死患者血压变异性研究

目的 探讨合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS）急性脑梗死患者的血压变异情况与脑梗死之间关系。方法 将急性脑梗死患者分为合并OSAS组（n=126）和无OSAS组（对照组,n=51）。用24 h动态血压监测测得的血压标准差代表血压变异性。分析两组24 h的收缩压、舒张压、血压标准差、美国国立卫生院卒中量表（the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分及其他相关资料的差异。同时进一步分析基线资料、主要合并症与复发性脑梗死的相关性。结果 OSAS组与对照组比较,夜间收缩压标准差（12.1±4.7 vs 8.8±3.7,P=0.001）、白天平均收缩压（138.9±17.8 mmHg vs 131.4±15.8 mmHg,P=0.008）、NIHSS评分［3.0（2.0～8.75）分 vs 2.5（2.0～4.0）分,P=0.013］、合并脑梗死病史比例数（61.1% vs 41.2%,P=0.006）差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示高血压病史、合并OSAS、呼吸暂停低通气指数（apnea hypopnea index,AHI）及夜间收缩压标准差与复发性脑梗死相关,矫正了相关危险因素后夜间收缩压标准差是复发性脑梗死的独立危险因素（OR 0.910,95%CI 0.855～0.969,P=0.003）。结论 合并OSAS的急性脑梗死患者的夜间血压变异性增大,可能是导致脑梗死复发的原因之一     

美国痴呆最新药物治疗临床操作指南

本指南提供了包括5种经美国食品药品管理局核准的，与认知、整体功能、行为、情绪、生 命质量和日常生活活动等相关的痴呆药物疗法的循证医学证据。临床医生应在个体化评估的基础 上，进行胆碱酯酶抑制剂或美金刚的治疗（低级推荐，中等质量证据）；根据药物的耐受性、不良反 应谱、使用方便程度及费用选择治疗药物（低级推荐，低质量证据）。亟需对痴呆治疗药物的临床疗 效作进一步研究。     

nCPAP治疗伴轻中度OSAHS缺血性卒中患者的随访研究

目的 比较合并轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）非急性缺血性卒中患者接受经鼻持续气道正压通气（nasal continuous positive airway pressure,nCPAP）治疗与未接受nCPAP治疗患者2年内缺血性卒中复发事件及相关指标变化。 方法 前瞻性连续选取2008年3月～2010年3月北京市海淀医院神经内科住院及门诊的非急性缺血性卒中患者30例,发病90 d后进行多导睡眠图（polysomnography,PSG）监测,符合轻中度OSAHS诊断标准,纳入研究,根据是否应用nCPAP治疗,将患者分为nCPAP治疗组（14例）和非nCPAP治疗组（16例）,分别于入组后第6、12、18、24个月随访观察缺血性卒中复发、呼吸暂停低通气指数（apnea hypopnea index,AHI）、血压、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、Epworth嗜睡量表评分（Epworth Sleepiness Scale,ESS）、焦虑和抑郁状态发生率等。 结果 nCPAP治疗组和非nCPAP治疗组,入组时年龄、性别、糖尿病、高血压病史、AHI、收缩压、舒张压、BMI、改良Rankin量表评分、ESS评分、焦虑和抑郁状态发生率评分差异无显著性（P值均＞0.05）。随访2年中两组均无缺血性卒中复发事件。第6、12、18、24个月nCPAP治疗组AHI（3.9±0.6、3.8±0.5、3.9±0.5、3.8±0.5）较非nCPAP治疗组（20.8±4.1、21.7±4.5、22.6±4.2、26.8±6.1）改善,差异具有显著性（t值分别为16.2、15.9、17.8、15.0,P值均＜0.001）。治疗组ESS评分在第6、12、18、24个月（3.5±1.7、2.6±1.5、2.2±1.4、2.1±1.1）较对照组（6.8±1.2、7.0±1.3、7.1±1.2、7.2±1.6）改善,差异具有显著性（t值分别为6.1、8.8、9.9、10.0,P值均＜0.001）。在第24个月焦虑发生率改善（nCPAP组7.1%、非nCPAP组43.8%）,差异具有显著性（P=0.039）,抑郁发生率在第6、12、18、24个月无明显变化（nCPAP组14.3%、14.3%、14.3%、14.3%）（非nCPAP组18.8%、18.8%、18.8%、18.8%）,差异无显著性（P值均＞0.05）。在第6、12、18、24个月BMI nCPAP组（22.8±1.4、23.1±1.4、22.7±1.4、22.6±1.4）与非nCPAP组（23.3±1.4、23.7±1.6、23.5±1.6、23.0±1.3）差异无显著性（P值均＞0.05）。 结论 nCPAP治疗可降低合并轻中度OSAHS缺血性卒中患者的AHI,降低患者ESS评分及改善焦虑状态。     

Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Therapy for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) therapy was approved in 2014 for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in patients who are intolerant to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which is reported in up to 40–60% of patients. This therapy works via direct neurostimulation of the hypoglossal nerve in synchrony with respiration, to open the airway via tongue stiffening and protrusion. Studies have demonstrated significant reductions in both respiratory parameters such as disordered breathing indices, as well as subjective sleep complaints, such as daytime sleepiness, with the use of this therapy. This has increased the repertoire of treatment options for sleep providers to recommend to those patients that are intolerant to CPAP therapy.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13311-021-01012-x.Key Words: Hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy, upper airway stimulation, surgery, obstructive sleep apnea, continuous positive airway pressure, continue positive airway pressure intolerance     

Time Series Analysis of Treatment Adherence Patterns in Individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background  Adherence to medical recommendations is often suboptimal, making examination of adherence data an important scientific concern. Studies that attempt to predict or modify adherence often face the problem that adherence as a dependent variable is complex and non-normally distributed. Traditional statistical approaches to adherence data may mask individual variability that may guide clinician and researcher’s development of adherence interventions. In this study, we employ time series analysis to examine adherence patterns objectively in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although treatment adherence is poor in OSA, state-of-the-art adherence monitoring allows a comprehensive examination of objective data. Purpose  The purpose of the study is to determine the number and types of adherence patterns seen in a sample of patients with OSA receiving positive airway pressure (PAP). Methods  Seventy-one moderate to severe OSA participants with 365 days of treatment data were studied. Results  Adherence patterns could be classified into seven categories: (1) Good Users (24%), (2) Slow Improvers (13%), (3) Slow Decliners (14%), (4) Variable Users (17%), (5) Occasional Attempters (8%), (6) Early Drop-outs (13%), and (7) Non-Users (11%). Conclusions  Time series analysis provides a useful method for examining adherence while maintaining a focus on individual differences. Implications for future research are discussed.