珠芽蓼全球产地生态适宜性的分析

珠芽蓼的野生资源日渐稀少.为明确其全球产地生态适宜性,以珠芽蓼道地产区及主要分布区的139个分布数据为基点,选取海拔气候、土壤9个指标作为主要生态因子,应用《药用植物全球产地生态适宜性区划信息系统》(GMP-GIS),提取珠芽蓼全球分布的生态因子值,分析在全球和中国珠芽蓼的产地生态适宜性.珠芽蓼主要分布在海拔1000～...     

麦冬全球产地生态适宜性的分析

目的 明确麦冬全球产地的生态适宜性,为合理选择种植区提供科学依据。方法 以麦冬道地产区及主要分布区的570个分布数据为基点,选取海拔、气候、土壤等9个指标作为主要生态因子,应用《药用植物全球产地生态适宜性信息系统》提取麦冬全球分布的生态因子值,分析在全球和中国的麦冬产地生态适宜性。结果 麦冬主要分布在海拔2000 m以下,受年均日照和年均相对湿度的影响较大。在全球范围内,麦冬的生态适宜区域总面积约9.310×10⁶ km²,分布于中国、日本、澳大利亚、新西兰、美国、韩国、巴西等73个国家和地区,在中国,麦冬的生态适宜区域总面积约为3.218×10⁶ km²,主要适宜区为云南、四川、广西、浙江等省区。结论 对麦冬的生态适宜分析结果可为麦冬合理选择种植区提供依据。     

福建省柘荣县做强构大太子参产业

柘荣县独特的地理气候,适宜太子参的种植和生产,2004 年全县太子参种植面积2.6万亩,产量2600多吨,占全国总产量的1/2,是福建省太子参单品种区划　“最佳生产适宜区”和全国太子参主要集散地之一。2001年“柘荣太子参”证明商标注册,成为全国中药材除宁夏枸杞外仅有的以地名冠名的证明商标。柘荣县紧紧抓住太子参资源优势和取得品牌的有利契机,大力发展太子参加工产业,实现从单纯种植向产业化发展。闽东力捷迅药业有限公司、广生堂药业有限公司,分别生产太子参复方颗粒和太子参健胃消食片,产品自2001年投放市场,销路一路看涨,畅销10多个国家…     

基于最大熵模型的甘肃半夏生境适宜性评价

目的 探究半夏在甘肃省的潜在地理分布,明确其生境需求,为合理栽培提供理论依据。方法 基于100个半夏地理分布点和39个环境变量(包括19个生物气候变量、17个土壤变量和3个地形变量),利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和ArcGIS地理信息系统软件对其进行生境适宜性评价以及适生区划分,以刀切检验结果评价影响半夏生境的环境变量,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)评价预测结果可靠程度。结果 AUC值为0.993,表明MaxEnt模型预测结果可靠。月平均气温日较差、等温性、温度季节性变化标准差、年降水量、最湿月降水量、最干月降水量、最干季节降水量、最冷季节降水量和海拔是影响半夏生长主要环境变量。半夏在甘肃的适宜区主要集中在陇南、天水和平凉等地区,其中高适宜区、中适宜区和低适宜区的面积分别为16 180.4,15 413.96,21 204.84 km2。结论 该研究结果可以为半夏资源保护和规范化栽培提供理论参考。     

气候变暖对阿勒泰地区春玉米播种期和种植布局的影响--测试文章

采用阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961—2010年逐日平均气温资料,使用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验并基于Kriging插值法,分析近50年日平均气温稳定通过≥10℃的初日、终日、持续日数和积温的时空变化特征,揭示春玉米播种期及种植布局的变化规律。结果表明,阿勒泰地区近50年≥10℃积温呈现初日提前、终日推迟、持续日数延长、积温增加的现象,其倾向率分别为0.3、1.3、1.6 d·10a^-1和57.1℃·10a^-1,且突变年份均发生在20世纪90年代中期。各县市春玉米播种期提前3～8 d,生长季延长6～11 d。突变前青河东部不能种植春玉米,晚熟品种不能种植或种植风险较大。随着气候不断变暖,春玉米不同熟性品种可种植区逐渐东扩,各县市春玉米在品种熟性上均发生了改变,表现为由不能种植到种植早熟、早熟向中（晚）熟、中晚熟向晚熟品种的变化。     

府谷县耕地糜子种植适宜性研究--测试文章

为了更合理地开发和利用当地有限的耕地资源，维护和提高耕地生产力,采用府谷县2011年“测土配方施肥”项目数据，基于GIS技术平台，综合利用地统计学、特尔斐法、综合评价法等方法，结合“3414”田间肥效试验结果，建立府谷县糜子种植适宜性评价体系。结果表明：对糜子种植而言，府谷县土壤有机质含量偏低（＜10 g·kg^-1），碱解氮含量中等（25～40 mg·kg^-1），有效磷含量偏低（5～10 mg·kg^-1），速效钾含量中等（70～100 mg·kg^-1）。研究区耕地糜子种植适宜性水平分异大，高度适宜的耕地面积占总耕地面积的11.20%，适宜占28.99%，二者多沿河流阶地分布；勉强适宜占54.62%，遍布黄土丘陵区；不适宜占5.19%，呈点缀状分布于中部黄土丘陵区。增施碱解氮和有效磷，提高土壤有机质含量，保持土壤速效钾含量，同时注意改善土壤结构，提高土壤抗旱保肥和供肥能力，进一步提高糜子种植适宜性水平。     

陕西省极端无雨日数的时空分布特征

利用陕西省78个地面气象站1961—2010年的逐日降水资料，统计了四季最大连续无降水日数，采用正交函数分解、Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法，分析了各季节极端无降水日数的空间结构和时间演变规律。结果表明：极端无雨日数最多出现在冬季，为16～45 d，最少是夏季，为8～14 d；冬、春季节的高值中心出现在陕北北部、关中的东部，冬季陕北北部达43 d以上，夏季高值中心出现在关中的东部，为11～13 d；冬、春旱陕北最多，关中次之，陕南较少，夏、秋旱关中最多，陕北次之，陕南较少；在大尺度天气系统控制下，四季极端无降水日数事件的步调基本一致，不同季节的天气系统对陕西各区域的影响具有明显的局地性和阶段性；近50 a来夏季和秋季表现为持续增多趋势，冬季和春季有部分站点呈现出反向变化趋势，其中夏季和秋季陕北局部、陕南局部干期日数增多趋势显著。     

可吸收生物膜复合人工合成骨粉填充在牙种植患者中的应用效果

目的探讨可吸收生物膜复合人工合成骨粉填充在牙种植中的效果。方法开展前瞻性随机对照试验。选取2020年1月至2022年4月在陕西中医药大学附属医院因牙列缺损就诊的98例单颗前牙缺失伴唇侧骨缺损患者作为研究对象, 采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组, 各49例。对照组男29例、女20例, 年龄(40.95±8.03)岁, 给予口腔修复膜复合人工合成骨粉填充;研究组男26例、女23例, 年龄(41.37±7.86)岁, 给予可吸收生物膜复合人工合成骨粉填充。对比两组患者种植体植入成功率(种植3个月、6个月、12个月)、种植体牙周健康情况(种植前、种植12个月)、种植体唇侧骨壁厚度(种植后即刻、种植12个月)、骨缺损再生情况(种植3个月)、种植体龈沟液因子(种植前、种植3个月)及并发症发生情况。采用t检验、χ2检验。结果两组患者种植3个月、6个月、12个月的种植成功率比较, 差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。种植前, 两组患者牙周袋深度、附着丧失水平及牙龈沟出血指数比较, 差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);种植12个月, 研究组牙龈沟出血指数、牙周袋深度、附着丧失水平均低于...     

抗微生物药招标对医院该类药品销售的影响

目的:了解抗微生物药招标对医院该类药品销售的影响。方法:根据2007年招标分类对某三级甲等医院2006年抗微生物药销售情况进行分析,并按药品规格及品种分析2007年中标的抗微生物药的降价率、使用量、日均费用、影响因子等。结果:2007年选中2006年中标的品种占2006年品种的56.48%;在2006年销售金额排序前30位中,2007年中标且入选品种11个,金额占排序前30位品种的37.73%。2007年与2006年相比,头孢孟多、头孢地嗪、帕珠沙星的影响因子较大,头孢地嗪、帕珠沙星重量影响因子排前2位。2006、2007年销售金额排序前10位的药品费用占当年总费用的比例基本一致。结论:延续使用招标药品对患者有积极意义,但降价品种使用量的降低抵消了其带来的实惠,患者平均费用没有因药品降价而减少,凸显药品招标有待完善。     

气候暖湿变化对黑河流域绿洲农业生产的影响--测试文章

利用黑河流域上中游6个气象台站1959—2009年气象资料,黑河50年流量资料及张掖市30年小麦、玉米生育资料,探讨流域气候变暖、增湿背景下农业气候条件、水文特征变化对农作物种植结构、作物布局、生育期进程和产量的影响。研究表明：近50年黑河流域增温趋势明显,中、上游地区增温趋势尤为显著,其上游地区倾向率最大,达0.53 ℃·10a^-1,中游地区达0.35 ℃·10a^-1;热量条件好转,≥0℃积温,上游、中游、中下游分别比60年代增加151.1℃、387.6℃、247.3℃;降水趋势中游地区变化平缓,中、上游地区秋、冬两季明显增加,其倾向率中游地区达3.38 mm·10a^-1,上游地区达13.87 mm·10a^-1;气候变暖、增湿有利于农业生产发展,使农业生产潜力增大,但水、热不同季,时空差异大,使易受春旱和春末夏初干旱威胁的高耗水、喜温凉气候的春小麦、水稻等作物产量增长趋势变缓,生育进程加快,发育期缩短,近10年春小麦发育期比20世纪80年代平均缩短了4 d,适宜种植区面积减小,品质下降;而品质好,经济效益高且喜温的玉米、棉花适宜种植区面积扩大,种植海拔上限提升,玉米中晚熟品种种植适宜区上限高度已由海拔1 500 m提升到海拔1 800 m左右,作物发育期延长,近10年发育期比20世纪80年代延长了13 d,产量提高;气候湿润指数呈周期性波动性变化,20世纪80年代中期以前呈波动性上升趋势,以后由于流域内增温幅度大于增湿幅度,水、热增长趋势失衡,使得气候湿润指数缓慢下降。导致高山冰川、积雪融化速度加快,河流来水量增加,水资源过度消耗,对流域内绿洲农业可持续发展影响巨大。     

气候变化与感染性疾病的防治进展

因人类活动造成的温室效应致使全球气候变化已是事实。笔者回顾因气温升高、降雨频繁、暑热干旱及雷雨、飓风等对虫媒或动物感染性疾病以及经水或食物传播感染、地方性真菌感染等的发生、发展及其流行区域带来的变化，并简要叙述有关预防措施和药物治疗进展。     

Pre-Harvest Modelling and Mitigation of Aflatoxins in Maize in a Changing Climatic Environment—A Review

Aflatoxins (AFs) are harmful secondary metabolites produced by various moulds, among which Aspergillus flavus is the major AF-producer fungus. These mycotoxins have carcinogenic or acute toxigenic effects on both humans and food producing animals and, therefore, the health risks and also the potential economic damages mounted by them have led to legal restrictions, and several countries have set maximum allowable limits for AF contaminations in food and feed. While colonization of food and feed and AF production by A. flavus are highly supported by the climatic conditions in tropical and subtropical geographic regions, countries in the temperate climate zones are also increasingly exposed to AF-derived health risks due to climate change. In the present study, we have reviewed the available mathematical models as risk assessment tools to predict the possibility of A. flavus infection and levels of AF contaminations in maize in a changing climatic environment. After highlighting the benefits and possible future improvements of these models, we summarize the current agricultural practices used to prevent or, at least, mitigate the deleterious consequences of AF contaminations     

An Agro-Climatic Approach to Developing a National Prevention Tool for Deoxynivalenol in French Maize-Growing Areas

The levels of deoxynivalenol (DON)—a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum—in maize for food and feed are subject to European Union regulations. Obtaining a compliant harvest requires the identification of agronomic and climatic risk factors related to higher fungal contamination and DON production. A national, multiyear database for maize was created, based on field survey data collected from 2004 to 2020. This database contains information about agricultural practices, climatic sequences and DON content at harvest for a total of 2032 maize fields localized in the French maize-growing regions. A linear mixed-model approach highlighted the presence of borers, late harvest and inadequate crop residue management, normal-to-cold temperatures in March, humidity in August and the absence of a hot end of the maize development cycle with a dry August as creating conditions favoring maize contamination with DON. The various possible associations between these risky climatic conditions and agricultural practices were compared, grouped and ranked as related to very low to high DON concentrations. Some combinations may even exceed the regulatory threshold. The national prevention tool, created for producers and agricultural cooperatives, is informative and easy-to-use to control the sanitary quality of their harvest.     

湘葛一号总黄酮与气候因子的灰色关联度分析

目的运用灰色关联法筛选出影响湘葛一号总黄酮含量的气候主导因子。方法利用紫外分光光度法测定不同采收期湘葛一号不同部位总黄酮含量,采用灰色关联法对其与气候因子的相关性进行分析。结果湘葛一号不同部位、不同采收期总黄酮含量有较大区别。月平均气温、月极端最高气温、月极端最低气温、月平均相对湿度、月降水量、日照时数6个气候因子与湘葛一号根、茎、叶中总黄酮含量关系密切,灰色关联系数均达到0．50以上。其中月平均相对湿度、月极端最高气温和日照时数与根、茎、叶的灰色关联系数达到0．75以上。结论月平均相对湿度、月极端最高气温和日照时数是影响湘葛一号不同部位总黄酮含量的主导因素,实验结果可为湘葛一号的规范化种植提供科学依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.