加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定培哚普利片中有关物质的含量

目的 采用加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定培哚普利片中有关物质的含量。方法 采用GL Inertsil C8-3色谱柱（4.0 mm×150 mm,5 μm）,以流动相A（用50%高氯酸调节pH至2.5的水溶液）和流动相B（0.03%的高氯酸乙腈溶液）进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为215 nm,进样量为20 μL,柱温60℃,测定培哚普利叔丁胺和杂质B、E、F的线性方程,以斜率计算杂质相对于培哚普利叔丁胺的校正因子,用相对保留时间确定各杂质位置。并进行了方法学验证。用相对校正因子计算培哚普利片中杂质B、E和F的含量,并与杂质对照品法测得的结果进行比较。结果 培哚普利杂质B、E和F的相对保留时间分别为0.68,1.14,1.61;校正因子分别为0.77,1.02,1.24;检出限分别为2.24,0.52,1.02 ng;定量限为6.73,1.57,3.06 ng;采用校正因子的主成分自身对照法和外标法测得的结果无显著性差异。结论 该方法简便快速,可准确测定培哚普利片中杂质B、E和F含量。     

加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定阿托伐他汀钙中杂质D的含量

目的 建立加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定阿托伐他汀钙中杂质D的含量。方法 采用hplc,色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) 和Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₈ (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相A为乙腈-四氢呋喃-柠檬酸盐溶液(3.9 g·L^-1一水合柠檬酸溶液用氨水调节pH值至5.0)(21∶12∶67);流动相B为乙腈-四氢呋喃-柠檬酸盐溶液(3.9 g·L^-1一水合柠檬酸溶液用氨水调节pH值至5.0)(61∶12∶27),梯度洗脱;检测波长：244 nm;流速为1.5 mL·min^-1,柱温35 ℃;进样量：20 μL。通过测定阿托伐他汀钙和杂质D的线性方程,以斜率计算杂质D相对于阿托伐他汀钙的校正因子。结果 测得杂质D相对于阿托伐他汀钙的保留时间为1.96,相对校正因子为0.94,采用外标法和加校正因子的主成分自身对照法分别测定3批阿托伐他汀钙中杂质 D的含量,2组检测结果无差异。结论 用加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定阿托伐他汀钙中杂质D的含量,方法可行。     

罗红霉素分散片有关物质分析方法优化及一致性评价研究

目的 优化有关物质分析方法,有效分离罗红霉素分散片中13种杂质,建立加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定有关物质,并与原研制剂进行有关物质一致性评价研究。方法 使用Waters XBridge^® C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,3.5 μm） ,以0.52 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢铵水溶液（用5 mol·L^-1氢氧化钠调节pH值至4.3）为流动相A,以乙腈-水（70∶30）为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱;体积流量0.9 mL·min^-1,柱温20℃,检测波长205 nm,进样20 μL。对13种杂质成分进行线性回归,以线性斜率计算各杂质相对于罗红霉素的校正因子,用加校正因子的主成分自身对照法计算杂质含量并进行方法验证。罗红霉素分散片经碱破坏、酸破坏、氧化破坏、高温破坏、光照破坏后检测色谱图变化;取参比制剂及自研制剂,置于温度40℃、相对湿度75%条件下放置6个月,分别于第1、2、3、6个月取样测定其有关物质含量。结果 在已建立的色谱条件下,罗红霉素与相邻杂质、杂质与杂质之间均能有效分离,分离度均≥1.5。罗红霉素在0.968 9～100.090 0 μg·mL^-1相关系数为0.999 4,其他已知杂质在相应浓度范围内相关系数也均在0.999 0～1.000 0,线性关系均良好。各已知杂质平均回收率均在90.0%～108.0%,9份回收率的RSD≤5.0%。采用加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定3批样品中杂质含量,结果与杂质对照品外标法一致。自研制剂杂质与原研制剂具有有关物质一致性。自研制剂在光照条件下稳定;在氧化、酸、碱、高温破坏条件下均有不同程度的降解,在酸条件下主峰降解最为明显,杂质B、D显著增加;氧化条件下降解产生氮氧化物;原研制剂与自研制剂在加速条件下均未检出杂质B、K及氮氧化物,在加速6个月过程中,二者杂质D均有增长趋势,其他杂质无明显变化。结论 建立的方法具有良好的专属性、准确性和重复性,可采用加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定罗红霉素分散片中有关物质。     

尼莫地平口服溶液中降解杂质的结构鉴定及分析

目的 对尼莫地平口服溶液中2个未知降解杂质进行结构鉴定和分析测试。方法 通过二维液相色谱-高分辨质谱（2DLC-HRMS）推测未知杂质的化学结构,并采用定向合成的方式获得杂质单体,经核磁共振¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR对杂质结构进行确证,采用Thermo Syncronis C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以5 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾（pH 2.8）为流动相A,以甲醇-乙腈（50∶50）为流动相B,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温为30℃;检测波长为235 nm。结果 尼莫地平与其降解杂质分离良好,各杂质校正因子均在0.9~1.1。结论 建立的方法专属性好,可有效分离和测定尼莫地平口服溶液中的有关物质。本研究可为尼莫地平口服溶液及其他剂型的杂质控制提供参考。     

依帕司他原料药有关物质的HPLC测定方法改进研究

目的 采用改进的高效液相色谱法测定依帕司他原料药有关物质。方法 采用依利特Hypersil BDS C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-pH6.5磷酸盐缓冲液（0.025 mol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄+0.025 mol·L^-1 Na₂HPO₄,用H₃PO₄调节pH至6.5）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为396 nm和280 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为20 μL。结果 依帕司他与相邻杂质能较好地分离。立体异构体杂质在浓度0.010~30 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,检测限和定量限分别为0.80,2.4 ng·mL^-1。精密度、稳定性、准确度、耐用性均符合要求。结论 该方法可用于依帕司他原料药有关物质的检查。     

HPLC测定保泰松原料及糖衣片剂有关物质的改进研究

目的 建立保泰松原料及糖衣片剂中5个已知杂质及其他未知杂质检测方法。方法 分离条件：Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,柱温为30℃,流动相为醋酸铵缓冲液（取醋酸铵2.72 g,加水700 ml溶解,用冰醋酸调节pH值至4.1,加水至1 000 ml,摇匀）-乙腈（58：42）,流速为1.5 mL·min^-1,检测波长为254 nm,进样量为20 μl。结果 5个已知杂质在25 min内能够完全分离,其中杂质A、B、C、D均在5~30 μg·ml^-1,杂质E在0.03~0.15 μg·ml^-1具有良好的线性关系;最低检出限量分别为27.86,28.52,26.28,31.96,0.24 ng;原料、糖衣片剂中5个已知杂质的平均回收率分别为98.1%,99.3%,97.6%,97.4%,95.1%和96.9%,97.1%,96.6%,96.1%,94.7%。结论 改进的方法灵敏度更高、定量准确,重复性更好,可有效控制保泰松原料及糖衣片剂中杂质含量。     

HPLC测定赛利司他有关物质及降解产物

目的 建立HPLC测定赛利司他有关物质的方法。方法 采用Agilent Phenyl色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以5 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾（用10%磷酸调pH值至4.0）-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为226 nm。结果 各杂质与主峰之间的分离度良好。开环杂质（杂质A）、2-十七烷基氧-6-甲基-4氢-3,1-苯并噁嗪-4-酮（杂质B）、2-十八烷基氧-6-甲基-4氢-3,1-苯并噁嗪-4-酮（杂质C）浓度分别在0.049 5~1.981 μg·mL^-1,0.059 9~0.399 1 μg·mL^-1,0.059 6~0.397 5 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r均为0.999 9;杂质A、B、C加样回收率的平均值分别为104.2%,107.0%和107.8%,RSD分别为2.09%,1.77%和2.18%。结论 本方法简便、准确可靠,适用于赛利司他中有关物质的控制。     

HPLC测定非诺贝特缓释胶囊的有关物质

目的 建立非诺贝特缓释胶囊有关物质的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Kromasil-100-5 C₁₈柱,流动相为乙腈-水（用磷酸调节pH至3.0）（67：33）;流速1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长为286 nm;柱温为40℃;进样量为10 μL。结果 非诺贝特与其他杂质的分离度较好,非诺贝特的线性范围为0.54~3.23 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,检测限为0.03 μg·mL^-1。结论 建立的方法简便、准确、专属性强,可作为非诺贝特缓释胶囊有关物质的检测方法。     

HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质

目的 建立HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质的方法。方法 色谱柱为NUCLEOSIL 100-3 C₁₈（4.6 mm×150 mm,3 μm）,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（770：225：5）为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温为25℃,检测波长为355 nm。结果 异维A酸峰与杂质H、I、维A酸、强制降解杂质峰分离良好;异维A酸、杂质H、I和维A酸的线性范围分别为0.000 545 5~21.82 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,0.002 856~7.14 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）,0.002 789~6.97 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、0.017 07~22.76 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）;检测限分别为0.27,0.60,0.65,5.50 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.55,2.85,2.80,17.00 ng·mL^-1;杂质H、I和维A酸的平均回收率分别为101.57%,102.02%,101.03%,RSD分别为0.5%,0.8%,1.5%。结论 建立的HPLC方法准确、专属性强,可用于异维A酸有关物质的测定。     

2D-LC-IT-TOF-MS鉴定他克莫司原料有关物质

目的 应用在线脱盐-飞行时间-液质联用法，对他克莫司原料中检出的一杂质峰进行结构定性。方法 采用Thermo Hypersil GOLD C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm，3 μm），乙腈-叔丁基甲醚-磷酸溶液为流动相，梯度洗脱；然后采用InertSustain C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm，2 μm），0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈（30∶70）为流动相，等度洗脱；电喷雾电离离子源，正离子检测模式，雾化气流速度1.5 L·min^-1，干燥气流速度10 L·min^-1，脱溶剂管温度200℃。根据多级图谱信息推定特定杂质峰结构。结果 推定出他克莫司原料中特定保留时间处色谱峰的物质结构，该检出峰不是美国药典给出的子囊霉素杂质而是有药理活性的他克莫司异构体Ⅰ，应参与含量计算。结论 建立的方法可用于他克莫司原料杂质的鉴定，为更加精准控制产品质量和工艺优化研究提供可靠的技术保证。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.