短肠综合征时结肠的代偿研究

目的　观察及评价短肠大鼠结肠代偿性增生及结肠对营养物质吸收的促进作用。　方法　制作切除（80～85）%的超短肠大鼠模型,用百普素(Pepti-2000)做肠内营养（EN）治疗,观察全身营养状况和结肠形态学的改变,并在术后第21天用木糖和15N-甘氨酸混合液对带血管蒂的结肠进行封闭式灌注,观察结肠对水、碳水化合物和氨基酸的吸收情况。　结果　EN组于术后第21天净氮平衡与对照组（CONT）无差异,体重仅比术前减轻(10±18)g。结肠壁明显增厚,皱襞增大增粗,结肠壁的厚度、粘膜厚度、皱襞高度和皱襞表面积与CONT组相比差异具有非常显著性意义（P＜0.01）。EN组与CONT组相比DNA指数1.21±0.11vs.1.01±0.15(P＜0.05),S期细胞百分比（52.6±5.5）%vs.（42.9±4.1）%（P＜0.05）。连续循环灌注3h之后EN组对水、木糖和氨基酸的吸收明显高于CONT组（P＜0.05）。　结论　大鼠结肠在短肠综合征时发生了明显的形态和功能上的代偿。早期适当的肠内营养不但可使超短肠大鼠获得足够营养支持,并且能够促进短肠大鼠结肠代偿。     

精子顶体素ELISA检测法的建立与临床应用

从人精子中提取顶体素，制备兔抗人精子顶体素抗体，建立定量检测顶体素的ELISA方法。本法线性范围为（0．35～3．0）×10－3g／L，批内、批间cV分别为7．8％～9．6％和8．4％～10．8％。临床检测结果表明，在精子密度为50×109／L，生育组（n=15）顶体素含量（X±S）为（1．04±0．10）×10－3g／L；不育组（n=30）顶体素含量为（0．81±0．18）×10－3g／L，两组之间差异显著（P＜0．01），顶体素含量与精子密度、精子顶体完整率之间呈正相关（r=0．987、r=0．821），提示精子顶体素含量的降低是引起男性不育的原因之一。     

不同营养途径对急性胰腺炎大鼠肠道淋巴细胞归巢的影响

目的探讨肠外、肠内营养对急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)大鼠肠道淋巴细胞归巢及黏附分子表达的影响。方法存活7 d的20只AP大鼠分别给予:肠外营养(n=10),肠外营养+肠内营养(n=10)。采集正常大鼠肠淋巴细胞体外~(51)Cr标记,于第7天将标记细胞输入各组大鼠体内后,引流肠系膜淋巴液1 h,流式细胞仪检测肠淋巴细胞CD4、CD8及归巢受体L-选择素(L-selectin)、α4整合素表达,免疫组化法测定肠淋巴细胞中B细胞百分比;处死大鼠取胃、Peyer淋巴结、小肠、大肠、肠系膜等器官组织,用γ-计数器测定各器官组织中的标记淋巴细胞占输入体内总量的百分比。结果肠外营养+肠内营养组1 h引流肠淋巴细胞数量明显多于肠外营养组(0．41±0．13×10~7vs．0．99±0．27×10~7,P＜0．05)．其中的B细胞、CD4、CD8T细胞百分比均明显高于肠外营养组(P＜0．05);归巢到小肠、Peyer淋巴结、肠系膜组织的标记淋巴细胞量明显多于肠外营养组(P＜0．05),L-选择素、α4整合素表达明显高于肠外营养组。结论肠内营养能改善AP大鼠肠淋巴细胞L-选择素、α4整合素的表达,促进肠道淋巴细胞归巢。     

重组生长激素促短肠大鼠结肠代偿机制的探讨

目的　探讨重组生长激素促短肠大鼠结肠代偿的作用机制。方法　将短肠大鼠分成肠内营养（EN）和肠内营养+重组生长激素（EG）两组。结果　自术后第15天起,EG组体重的减轻明显低于EN组(P＜0.05),术后第21天起体重已大于术前;EG组氮平衡的改善明显好于EN组;血浆蛋白水平也高于EN组(P＜0.05);EG组结肠壁胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)mRNA含量比EN组明显升高〔(1291±43）vs.（1026±42）,P＜0.05〕,IGF-1受体mRNA含量明显降低〔(899±5）vs.（1113±7）,P＜0.05〕;EG组的血IGF-1水平明显高于EN组〔(455±107）ng/mlvs．（329±68）ng/ml,P＜0.05〕,GH水平也显著升高〔(9.7±3.3）ng/mlvs.（5.8±2.4）ng/ml,P＜0.05〕。结论　重组生长激素可促使短肠大鼠IGF-1和结肠壁IGF-1mRNA的合成及残留肠道对营养物质吸收。     

茉莉花提取物的舒血管作用

目的 观察中药茉莉花提取物（EJs）对大鼠离体胸主动脉环的舒血管作用并探讨其作用机制。 方法 采用离体血管环灌流装置,观察EJs对苯肾上腺素（PE）或氯化钾（KCl）预收缩血管的影响。检测左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）和氯化钡（BaCl2）,格列本脲（Gli）对0.5,1,2,4,8 g.L-1EJs舒血管作用的影响;观察EJs对氯化钙（CaCl2）及PE在无钙液中收缩影响;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术检测血管平滑肌细胞内钙浓度。结果 在内皮完整血管上,EJs依赖性地降低PE或KCl预收缩血管的张力,最大舒张幅度分别为（105.0±3.2）%,（78.0±6.5）%; L-NAME明显削弱对EJs的舒血管作用（P<0.01）,最大舒张幅度为（58.0±6.9）%;BaCl2,Gli均能明显削弱EJs的舒血管作用（P <0.01）,最大舒张幅度分别为（37.0±5.2）%,（78.0±10.0）%;在无钙环境下,EJs能抑制PE引起去内皮主动脉环短暂收缩（P <0.01）,最大收缩幅度（70.0±6.3）%,EJs能抑制0.5～8 mmol.L-1CaCl2引起的收缩（P <0.01）,血管收缩幅度降低（65.0±3.2）%。4,8 g.L-1Ejs钙Fmax/F0分别为（2.0±0.2）和（1.5±0.2）。结论 EJs 能够浓度依赖性舒张大鼠胸主动脉,其作用机制可能与促进一氧化氮释放、激活多个K＋通道,减少细胞内钙离子浓度有关。     

腹腔镜下带血管蒂回肠移植阴道成形术2种术式比较

目的 总结全腹腔镜和腹腔镜辅助下带血管蒂回肠移植再造阴道2种术式的临床效果.方法 2004年1月～2005年11月我院行腹腔镜下带血管蒂回肠移植阴道成形术40例,其中全腹腔镜下回肠代阴道成形术18例(全腹腔镜组)腹腔镜引导下,配合使用超声刀、直线切割闭合器,不开腹完成肠系膜分离、回肠段切取、肠端吻合、回肠段下拉移植成形阴道;腹腔镜辅助下回肠代阴道成形术22例(腹腔镜辅助组)腹腔镜下选择移植肠段,肠系膜游离后,延长耻骨联合上穿刺孔至3～4 cm进入腹腔,经该切口将回肠拉出腹腔外,直视下切取移植肠襻及回肠端端吻合术,将移植肠段及吻合后的回肠送入腹腔,腹腔镜辅助下造洞穴,打开盆底腹膜,完成回肠段下拉移植成形阴道.结果 40例手术均获得成功.全腹腔镜组与腹腔镜辅助组术中出血量、术后排气时间、住院时间无统计学差异,分别为(48.1±9.4)ml vs.(50.5±7.7)ml(t=-0.888,P=0.380),(33.9±9.1)h vs.(33.3±8.3)h(t=0.218,P=0.829),(12.3±2.4)d vs.(11.4±2.0)d(t=1.294,P=0.203).全腹腔镜组手术时间、住院费用显著高于腹腔镜辅助组,分别为(213.2±37.4)min vs.(139.2±29.5)min(t=6.999,P=0.000),(22 386.5±2153.7)元vs.(10 027.4±1758.5)元(t=19.991,P=0.000).40例随访3～18个月,平均13个月,移植回肠段成活良好,再造阴道符合生理要求.结论 全腹腔镜下回肠代阴道手术在腹壁上不留手术瘢痕,美容效果理想,但操作难度大,费用较高;腹腔镜辅助下回肠代阴道成形,腹壁留有小手术瘢痕,操作简便,手术时间短,手术费用低,可根据患者需求选择相应术式.     

重组胰高血糖素样多肽2对烧伤大鼠肠黏膜的保护作用

目的验证重组胰高血糖素样多肽2（GLP-2）对严重烧伤大鼠的肠道保护作用。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组；烧伤对照组；重组GLP-2治疗组（重组治疗组），烧伤后4h皮下注射重组GLP-2，100nmol·kg^-1·d^-1；化学合成GLP-2治疗组（合成治疗组），烧伤4h后皮下注射合成GLP-2，剂量同上。每组6只大鼠。伤后第7天检测各致伤组大鼠肠黏膜通透性、肠黏膜湿质量与肠段及躯壳质量比、肠黏膜蛋白含量以及观察肠道组织病理学变化，正常对照组观察指标相同。结果重组治疗组及合成治疗组与烧伤对照组[（0．350±0．040）mg／m1]比较，大鼠肠黏膜通透性明显降低（P〈0．01），分别为（0．250±0．026）、（0．243±O．008）mg／ml；肠黏膜湿质量与躯壳质量比及肠黏膜蛋白含量明显增加，重组治疗组大鼠肠黏膜蛋白含量为（57．9±2．8）mg／g，高于合成治疗组（48．9±4．1）mg／g。与正常对照组比较，各致伤组大鼠伤后第7天肠黏膜绒毛明显变短脱落、排列紊乱、基底层变薄。重组治疗组损伤较烧伤对照组有所减轻，与合成治疗组大鼠无明显区别。结论重组GLp02与合成GLP-2，能减轻烧伤大鼠肠道损伤，具有明显的肠道保护作用。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2对短肠大鼠残留小肠代偿的影响

目的　研究胰高血糖素样肽 2 (GLP 2 )对短肠大鼠残留小肠代偿的影响及机制。方法　 75 %小肠切除大鼠随机分成空白 (SB)组、生长激素 (GH )组和GLP 2组。术后 6d行残留回肠黏膜形态学检测、细胞增殖核心抗原 (PCNA)测定及原位末端标记 (INST法 )染色。结果　GLP 2组回肠黏膜形态学指标显著高于SB组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,并且其黏膜厚度显著高于GH组 (P <0 .0 5 )。GLP 2组PCNA指数显著高于SB组 (0 .5 1± 0 .0 9与 0 .40± 0 .0 6比较 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,但和GH组比较差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。GLP 2组细胞凋亡显著低于SB组 (67.7± 10 .1与 81.7± 12 .9比较 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,但和GH组比较差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　GLP 2能刺激小肠黏膜上皮增生 ,抑制凋亡 ,显著促进短肠大鼠残留小肠黏膜的形态代偿。     

青蒿琥酯对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾功能和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1及肿瘤坏死因子-α的影响*

摘要目的 观察青蒿琥酯对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾功能及单核细胞趋化蛋白1（MCP1）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）表达的影响。方法雄性斯泼累格·多雷（SD）大鼠36只,随机分为6组,每组6只：正常对照组,模型对照组,青蒿琥酯小剂量组（10 mg·kg－1·d 1）、中剂量组（20 mg·kg－1·d 1）、大剂量组（30 mg·kg－1·d－1）,依那普利组（10 mg·kg－1·d－1）。采用高糖高脂饮食联合一次性腹腔注射小剂量链脲佐菌素法建立2型糖尿病肾病模型。分别干预8周后,检测各组大鼠血糖、24 h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、尿素氮等评估肾功能情况;光镜下观察肾组织病理形态学变化;检测大鼠血清MCP 1、TNF α水平。结果与模型对照组比较,各治疗组24 h尿蛋白、血肌酐、血尿素氮、血糖均一定程度下降（均P＜0.01）,尤以青蒿琥酯中、大剂量组下降更显著（均P＜0.01）。模型对照组MCP 1及TNF α的含量分别为（181.71±23.06）,（3.98±0.24） pg·mL－1;青蒿琥酯小剂量组分别为（157.47±38.53）,（3.14±0.38） pg·mL－1,中剂量组分别为（138.65±18.03）,（2.58±0.11） pg·mL－1,大剂量组分别为（105.09±12.64）,（2.25±0.16） pg·mL－1,均显著降低（均P＜0.05）。结论青蒿琥酯对2型糖尿病肾病具有一定的治疗作用,其机制可能部分是通过减少炎性因子MCP 1、TNF α的分泌,抑制肾脏炎性反应,调节肾功能,缓解肾脏的病理损伤,从而延缓肾脏病变的发展。     

肠缺血再灌流时肠内给予葡萄糖能增加肠黏膜血流量

目的 探讨肠制备再灌流损伤时肠内营养与肠黏膜血流改变的关系。方法 SD大鼠随机分为丙氨酸组（12只）、葡萄糖组（14只）和甘露醇对照组（10只）。先制作空肠袋,将激光多谱勒探头和肠黏膜张力计放置在空肠代两端,分别向袋内注入丙氨酸、葡萄糖和甘露醇。用动脉夹阻断肠系膜上动脉血流60min后,再恢复灌流60min。每30min分别测定肠黏膜血流量和局部PCO2张力（PrCO2）。结果 缺血再灌流过程中,与甘露醇组比较,葡萄糖组肠黏膜血流量显著增加,PrCO2降低,P＜0.01。结论 缺血再灌流过程中,肠内给予葡萄糖能增加肠黏膜血流量,对缺血再灌流损伤的肠道提供保护作用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.