丙泊酚复合芬太尼辅助硬膜外麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜手术

目的比较丙泊酚复合芬太尼辅助硬膜外麻醉与氯胺酮复合咪唑安定辅助硬膜外麻醉在妇科腹腔镜手术的应用.方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级心肺功能正常100例妇科腹腔镜下非全子宫切除术病人,随机分为两组,每组50例.对照组K组,氯胺酮复合咪唑安定组,实验室P组,丙泊酚复合芬太尼组.两组均选L1～2间隙施行连续硬膜外麻醉,试验剂量为2%利多卡因5ml,首次剂量为1%罗哌卡因10～15ml,控制硬膜外阻滞平面在T8～S4.两组患者均于气腹前、气腹后15min和气腹后30min均记录平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(f)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)和潮气量(VT).同时记录两组患者术后头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐等不良反应发生率.结果 K组患者HR于气腹后15min明显升高,P＜0.01,VT于气腹后15min明显下降,P＜0.05,f和PETCO2于气腹后15min、气腹后30min明显升高,P＜0.01.P组患者MAP于气腹后15min、30min明显下降,P分别＜0.05和＜0.01,HR于气腹后15min、30min明显下降,P＜0.01;VT于气腹后15min也下降,P＜0.05,f和PETCO2于气腹后15min、30min均明显升高,P＜0.01.与K组比较,P组患者MAP、HR于气腹后15min、30min明显低于K组,P＜0.01;P组患者PETCO2于气腹后15min明显高于K组,P＜0.05.与K组相比,P组不良反应发生率明显低于K组.结论丙泊酚复合芬太尼辅助硬膜麻醉.     

妇科腹腔镜手术中七氟烷与丙泊酚对呼吸循环功能影响的比较

目的：观察妇科腹腔镜手术中七氟烷和丙泊酚麻醉对呼吸循环功能的影响。方法：择期妇科腹部腔镜全麻手术患者80例,随机分为七氟烷组（S组）40例、丙泊酚组（P组）40例。分别记录两组诱导前、插管时、插管后5min、建立CO2气腹后5min、T位（Trendelenburg体位、头低脚高位20°-30°）后5min、CO2气腹后15、30、60、90min和气腹完的收缩压（SBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、气道压（RAW）及动脉血气所测定PH值、CO2值（PaCO2）。结果：两组插管即刻SBP、MAP、HR较诱导前明显升高（P〈0．05）,气腹开始后SBP、MAP、HR也较诱导前明显升高（P〈0．05）;改变体位和充气后RAW均较诱导前显著升高（P〈0．05）,改变体位后P组RAW较S组显著升高（P〈0．05）;气腹后30minPH、PETCO2、PaCO2较气腹前显著升高（P〈0．05）、气腹后60minPH、PETCO2、PaCO2较气腹后30min显著升高并维持至气腹完的各时间点（P〈0．05）。其余参数与诱导前比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,两组间其余参数比较也无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：CO2气腹和体位改变均对呼吸和循环功能有明显影响;但七氟烷麻醉较丙泊酚麻醉在改善气道阻力和胸肺顺应性上有积极意义。     

异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼控制性降压在高血压病人手术中的应用

目的：观察高血压手术患者异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼控制性降压的安全性。方法：择期行胃癌、直肠癌根治术高血压患者60例,随机分为两组,降压组（Ⅰ组）30例,对照组（Ⅱ组）30例。Ⅱ组不施行控制性降压,Ⅰ组于打开腹膜后开始降压,瑞芬太尼初始速度为每分钟0.25μg/kg,每隔2 min增加每分钟0.1μg/kg,直到降至术前血压的75%。分别记录诱导前（T0）、降压开始即刻（T1）、20 min（T2）、40 min（T3）、停止降压10 min（T4）的HR、MAP,并于各时间点抽桡动脉和颈内静脉血标本,即刻行血气分析,计算动脉血氧浓度（CaO2）、颈内静脉血氧浓度（CjvO2）、脑氧摄取率（CERO2）及脑动脉-静脉氧浓度差（Da-jvO2）。结果：与T0比较,T2、T3、T4时Ⅰ组CjvO2升高,Da-jvO2及CERO2降低不明显（P〉0.05）;Ⅱ组以上指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组T2、T3、T4时CjvO2升高,Da-jvO2及CERO2降低无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼用于高血压手术患者控制性降压安全、有效。     

吸入麻醉药七氟烷复合丙泊酚用于动脉瘤介入栓塞手术控制性降压的效果评价

目的:探讨吸入麻醉药七氟烷复合丙泊酚用于动脉瘤介入栓塞手术控制性降压的应用效果。方法:选择择期行动脉瘤实施介入栓塞手术的患者55例,分为单纯使用七氟烷组(S组35例)和七氟烷复合丙泊酚组(SP组20例)。控制性降压过程中,平均动脉压(MAP)控制在65 mm Hg左右。监测并记录达到目标血压的时间以及麻醉前、麻醉中、控制性降压中、手术结束后的HR、MAP、SpO2;观察控制性降压过程中心电图的变化;记录控制性降压过程中意识恢复时间、拔管时间以及术后躁动发生率。同步采集桡动脉血和颈内静脉血行血气分析,测定动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、颈内静脉血氧分压(PjvO2)、颈内静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)、血红蛋白(Hb),并计算动脉血氧含量(CaO2)、颈内静脉血氧含量(CjvO2)、动静脉血氧含量差(Da-jvO2)及脑氧摄取率(CERO2)。结果:两组在麻醉及手术各时点的HR、MAP和SpO2比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),但SP组吸入七氟烷浓度低于S组(P0.05)。两组均未有患者出现心电图改变及心率失常发生。两组意识恢复时间及拔管时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。S组拔除喉罩后出现心动过缓、躁动情况均明显高于SP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组中PaO2、SaO2和SjvO2在降压前、降压中、降压后均明显高于麻醉前(P0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);降压前、降压中、降压后的CjvO2均显著低于麻醉前(P0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);降压前、降压中、降压后的Da-jvO2和CERO2均显著低于麻醉前(P0.05),且SP组明显低于S组(P0.05)。结论:七氟烷复合丙泊酚麻醉在需控制血压的动脉瘤介入栓塞手术中优于单纯七氟烷吸入麻醉,七氟烷用量减少,停药后不会出现血压反跳,对心脏影响小,意识恢复和拔管快,清醒平稳未出现术后躁动等不良反应,能够更好地控制性降压和脑氧代谢,同时减少脑血流量;能够安全、有效地应用于介入手术控制性降压过程中。     

丙泊酚辅助麻醉下行腹腔镜手术气腹体位对呼吸及循环功能的影响

目的：探讨丙泊酚辅助麻醉下行腹腔镜手术气腹体位对呼吸及循环功能的影响。方法108例腹腔镜手术患者根据手术类型随机分为观察组与对照组,每组54例,两组患者采取不同体位进行手术治疗,采集两组患者气腹前（T0）、气腹后10min（T1）、体位改变后15min（T2）、体位改变后30min（T3）及撤除气腹并恢复体位10min （T4）时的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）及PETCO2、气道峰压（Ppeak）并进行比较。结果 T1、T2、T3时点两组患者MAP、HR、Ppeak及PETCO2与T0期比较存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,观察组T2、T3时点MAP、Ppeak、PETCO2明显高于对照组,T4时点观察组MAP及HR明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论腹腔镜手术中体位是影响呼吸及循环功能的主要因素,应根据患者的实际病情及手术操作选择最为适宜的体位进行腹腔镜手术治疗。     

不同麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术CO2气腹对呼吸循环的影响

目的：探讨两种麻醉方法下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）时CO2气腹对呼吸循环功能的影响是否一致；方法：ASAⅠ级－Ⅱ级LC患者156例，随机分成2组，其中全麻组80例硬膜外麻醉组76例，均连续监测记录围术期心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SPO2）、平均动脉压（MAP）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）、呼吸频率（RR）；结果：全麻组：气腹后PETCO2、RR较气腹前明显升高（P＜0．01）；硬膜外组：气腹后MAP较气腹前明显降低（P＜0．01），RR及PETCO2较气腹前明显升高（P＜0．01），两种麻醉方法围术期SPO2、HR基本不变。结论：两种麻醉方法进行LC时，CO2气腹对PETCO2、RR均有不同程度的影响，但硬膜外组对MAP、PETCO2、RR影响较明显。     

压力容积曲线指导PEEP通气对截石位腹腔镜手术患者脑血流的影响

目的 观察压力容积曲线（pressure-volume curve,P-V环）指导呼气末正压（positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP）小潮气量通气对CO2气腹截石位手术患者脑血流的影响.方法 将全麻下行CO2气腹截石位择期手术患者50例（TNM分期Ⅰ～Ⅲ期直肠癌根治术11例、子宫肌瘤全宫切除术39例）（ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级）,随机分为2组,对照组（A组）和P-V环组（B组）,每组25例.气腹前,两组通气参数设定：潮气量（VT）为8 ml/kg,呼吸频率（RR）12次/min,吸呼比1：2.气腹后A组通气参数不变;B组通气参数：PEEP值（PLIP＋VT）为6 ml/kg,RR 18次/min.于气腹前（T0）、气腹后30 min（T1）、60 min（T2）测呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）、气道峰压（Ppeak）、平均气道压（Pmean）;测定心率和平均动脉压;颈内静脉球部和桡动脉采血行血气分析,检测动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）、颈内静脉血氧分压（PjvO2）、颈内静脉血氧饱和度（SjvO2）、颈内静脉血氧含量（CjvO2）,根据Fick公式计算动脉-颈内静脉血氧含量差（Ca-jvDO2）.结果 组内比较：与T0相比,两组T1、T2时MAP、HR、Pmean、Ppeak、PETCO2、PaCO2、PjvO2、SjvO2、CjvO2明显升高（P＜0.05）,而两组T1、T2时PaO2、Ca-jvDO2均显著减小（P＜0.05）.组间比较：与A组相比,B组T1、T2时Pmean 、PETCO2、PaCO2、SjvO2均明显增高（P＜0.05）,而Ppeak均显著减小（P＜0.05）,B组T1时Ca-jvDO2显著减小（P＜0.05）.结论 P-V环指导下PEEP值、小潮气量通气可以改善CO2气腹截石位手术患者的脑血流量和脑氧供需平衡.     

小潮气量加低水平呼气末正压通气对腹腔镜胆总管手术患者脑保护的影响

目的 探讨小潮气量(VT)加低水平呼吸末正压通气(PEEP)对腹腔镜胆总管手术患者脑保护的影响.方法 选取2012年5月-2014年5月择期全麻下行腹腔镜胆总管手术的患者60例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为研究组(VT+PEEP研究组)和对照组,每组30例.记录两组在气腹前(T0)、气腹后30 min(T1)、60 min(T2)的心率及血压的变化,并分别抽取各时点的颈静脉球血和桡动脉血进行血气分析,检测动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SPO2)、颈内静脉血氧分压(PjvO2)、颈内静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2),并计算颈内静脉血氧含量(CjvO2),动脉-颈内静脉血氧含量差(Da-jvO2).结果 两组在气腹后T1和T2时点动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、颈内静脉血氧分压(PjvO2)、颈内静脉血氧含量(CjvO2)和颈内静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)明显升高(P＜0.05),而两组动脉-颈内静脉血氧含量差(Da-jvO2)在各时点均明显减小(P＜0.05);与对照组相比研究组PjvO2、SjvO2和CjvO2均高于对照组,而且Da-jvO2研究组明显小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在VT+PEEP通气可改善二氧化碳CO2气腹腹腔镜胆总管手术患者的脑血流量和改善脑氧供需平衡.     

腹腔镜手术中不同体位对呼吸功能的影响

目的：观察不同的腹腔镜手术体位对患者呼气末二氧化碳的影响。方法：全麻下行择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（A组）、妇科手术（B组）患者各80例。A组仰卧位头高足低50°～60°、B组仰卧位头低足高30°～45°,气腹压力均维持在10～13 mm Hg,连续监测心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼吸末二氧化碳（PETCO2）。分别于气腹前5 min（T1）、气腹后5 min（T2）、10 min（T3）、30 min（T4）及气腹结束后5 min（T5）记录各测量值。结果：两组患者各时间点MAP组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组患者的MAP在T3、T4时较T1时明显升高（P〈0.05）。两组各时间点的PETCO2均较T1时明显升高（P〈0.05）,两组T4时组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：腹腔镜头低足高位手术对呼气末二氧化碳及呼吸功能的影响较大。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中CO2气腹对呼吸及循环的影响

目的 观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术中CO2气腹对呼吸及循环的影响。方法 选择择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者50例,全部病例采用气管插管静吸复合全麻。分别测定气腹前、CO2气腹后5,15min及放气后10min的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心电图（ECG）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、、呼气末二氧化碳浓度（PETCO2）、血氧分压（PaO2）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、气道峰压各项参数。结果 CO2气腹后5,15min的MAP,HR,PETCO2,PaCO2气道峰压各项参数较气腹前、放气后10min差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中CO2气腹对呼吸和循环有严重影响,因此术中应严密监测呼吸和循环的变化,以提高手术的安全性。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.