红花注射液表面增强拉曼光谱研究

摘 要 目的： 研究红花的表面增强拉曼光谱,利用表面增强拉曼光谱技术对红花注射液进行快速有效的鉴别。 方法: 通过对红花注射液图谱与相应对照药材标准图谱的比较分析,实现对红花注射液的快速鉴别。结果:研究表明,红花的几个特征峰在表面增强拉曼光谱中得到了很明显的增强,表面增强拉曼光谱可很好地识别红花注射液。结论: 该方法简单、快速、可靠、专属性强,可以作为鉴别红花及红花注射液的方法。     

应用近红外光谱和拉曼光谱建立主成分分析模式识别法鉴别不同厂家阿法骨化醇软胶囊

摘 要 目的：比较近红外光谱法和拉曼光谱法对不同厂家阿法骨化醇软胶囊进行模式识别的特点,建立定性模型,并对不同厂家的阿法骨化醇软胶囊进行分析鉴别。方法: 应用近红外光谱与拉曼光谱,首次采用主成分分析的模式识别方法,结合光谱信息分析处方工艺,对不同厂家的阿法骨化醇软胶囊进行近红外光谱和拉曼光谱分析。结果: 近红外光谱法与拉曼光谱法均能提取出阿法骨化醇软胶囊的光谱信息,并进行判别分析。制剂中不同着色剂的荧光效应的影响在拉曼光谱中体现出较大差异。据此,建立了拉曼光谱主成分分析判别模型,前三个主成分重构的三维图中,代表6个不同厂家来源的阿法骨化醇样品点各自聚集,相互区分,实现了正确判别。结论: 利用拉曼光谱与近红外光谱互补性,建立不同工艺的阿法骨化醇软胶囊的识别方法,可用于阿法骨化醇软胶囊工艺一致性的分析。     

拉曼光谱快速检测加替沙星注射液

摘 要 目的： 建立用拉曼光谱技术快速鉴别和测定加替沙星注射液的方法。方法: 以加替沙星注射液为研究对象,运用拉曼光谱技术对加替沙星注射液进行快速鉴别和含量测定,测定条件：显微拉曼光谱仪,激发光波长:785 nm,物镜:50X,激光功率:3 mW,信号采集时间:60 s。结果:研究表明,拉曼光谱法可以鉴别加替沙星注射液,并能测定此类注射液中加替沙星含量分别为99.49%、97.56%、100.2%（规格：10 ml∶0.2 g）和97.75%、94.58%、96.25%（规格：2ml∶0.1 g）, 测定结果与HPLC法测定的结果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论: 本方法操作简便、快速无损,可作为加替沙星注射液快速检测的分析方法。     

仿制药质量拉曼光谱快速评价系统研究

目的 探索建立通过仿制药一致性评价品种上市后药品质量一致性快速评判方法,用于市场仿制药质量快速评价。方法 基于拉曼光谱法,根据质量控制需求,分别采用一致性评价参比制剂、申报批、同批次制剂作为参比标准,以相似度值、置信区间、不确定度作为评判指标。检验流程分为建库和快检 2 部分,建库：参比制剂和申报批的拉曼光谱作为标准谱图存于云端数据库,或取市售仿制药某批样品自身某片药品建库;快检：采集 10 片药物制剂样品拉曼光谱分别上传,与拉曼光谱库“四同”（同生产企业、同品种、同规格、同批号）样品标准谱图比对,在标准拉曼光谱库中未能获取标准谱图时,进行市售批自身片与片之间比对。基于中国拉曼光谱云计算中心“药品追溯”模块,优化升级成“仿制药评价”模块,与仿制药评价专用手持式拉曼光谱仪联合,形成“仿制药质量拉曼光谱快速评价系统（CEVAR 系统）”。该项目在2020 年度山东省药品质量风险监测项目中进行了应用,共征集到省内 18 家企业、45 个品种（73 个品规）、225 批次的市售批样品;征集到 3 家企业、3 个品种、5 个批次的参比制剂;3 家企业、4 个品种、12 个批次的申报批样品。取瑞舒伐他汀钙片参比试剂和市售批用拉曼光谱成像系统进行验证。结果 将相似度 99% 作为通用判定阈值;征集到的绝大多数品种的自身相似度都大于 99%,但是有 5 个品种样品虽然平均相似度值大于 99%,但是每批次有 3～5 片与标准比对相似度小于 99%;充分证实CEVAR 系统检测的准确性。瑞舒伐他汀钙片拉曼光谱成像系统的验证结果与 CEVAR 系统结果一致。结论 通过大批量样品测试数据,相似度 99% 可以作为质量优劣判定的阈值,CEVAR 系统适合于对药物制剂工艺质量的普遍筛查。     

左氧氟沙星的拉曼光谱研究

摘 要 目的:研究左氧氟沙星的固体常规拉曼光谱及表面增强拉曼光谱,对其分子振动模式进行识别。方法: 采用便携式拉曼光谱仪对左氧氟沙星的常规拉曼和表面增强拉曼进行考察,并对几种左氧氟沙星注射剂进行了表面增强拉曼光谱检测。结果:在表面增强拉曼光谱中,左氧氟沙星的几个特征峰明显增强,可很好地识别左氧氟沙星的几种注射剂。结论:该方法简单、快速、可靠、专属性强,可以用作鉴别左氧氟沙星。     

激光拉曼光谱法测定中药三七花中非法添加的化学降压药

摘 要 目的：对中药三七花中非法添加的化学药进行快速检测。方法: 采用激光拉曼光谱仪对三七花中添加的化学降压药进行检测,考察其检测限,根据光谱图进行定性分析。结果: 拉曼光谱法可检测出添加于三七花中的化学降压药,三七花中各化学降压药与相应对照品的拉曼谱图特征峰基本一致,检测方法简便,结果准确。结论:拉曼光谱技术可用于三七花中非法添加化学降压药的测定。     

药物辅料中有毒掺杂物的拉曼/近红外光谱法检测灵敏度评价

目的 建立常用药物辅料(甘油)中有毒掺杂物(二甘醇)的快速检测方法。 方法 利用拉曼/近红外光谱法结合移动窗口相关系数法评价有毒掺杂物的检测灵敏度。 结果 拉曼光谱下获得的检测灵敏度优于近红外光谱,同时移动窗口法可进一步提高检测灵敏度。 结论 拉曼光谱法有望成为现场快速检测药物辅料中掺杂有毒物质的有效方法。     

注射液拉曼光谱图谱制备及影响因素研究

目的制备注射液拉曼光谱图谱并对其影响因素进行研究。方法使用便携式拉曼光谱仪,扫描范围2 350~250 cm-1,分辨率6cm-1,激发光源起始波长785 nm,对《国家基本药品目录》中部分注射液品种,取溶液置石英池测试,每品种各扫描6次制备拉曼光谱图谱。对于药品本身产生荧光而难以获得特征性强图谱的品种,选用表面增强拉曼光谱法(SERS)试验。结果获得30个品种拉曼光谱图谱,图谱清晰,特征峰强,重复性好。结论该法建立注射液拉曼光谱图谱作为对照图谱库,可在药品快检车快速鉴别注射液真伪方面推广应用。     

表面增强拉曼光谱法检测保健品中添加的微量西布曲明

摘 要 目的： 对保健品中添加的西布曲明进行快速检测。方法: 用便携式拉曼光谱仪对市场上几种添加了微量西布曲明的保健品进行快速检测,实验条件：激发波长: 785 nm±0.5 nm,光谱覆盖范围: 175～3 100 cm^-1,信号采集时间20 s,光谱分辨率: 8 cm^-1。结果: 研究表明, 表面增强拉曼光谱法可快速检测出添加于保健品中的微量西布曲明,检测结果与传统方法检测的结果相吻合。结论:该方法快速、简便、无损,可作为检测保健品中非法添加的微量西布曲明的快检方法。     

基于伸缩移动窗口相似度与贝叶斯法的药品拉曼光谱分析

目的 提出伸缩移动窗口相似度结合贝叶斯法通过拉曼光谱技术对弱主药信号药品的真假进行快速判别。方法 采用伸缩移动窗口相似度方法,以弱主药信号药品的药用活性成分（API）的拉曼光谱峰宽为参照,动态调整窗口的大小。在窗口内,分别计算API的拉曼光谱峰信号与药品拉曼光谱的相似度,以及药品与辅料的拉曼光谱相似度,选择那些突出API拉曼光谱峰信号对弱主药信号药品的拉曼光谱信号有贡献的窗口作为贝叶斯判别模型的变量,进而构建弱主药信号药品真假判别模型。结果 本研究构建的弱主药信号药品真假判别模型对弱主药信号药品的真假准确识别率为94.7%,对验证集样本准确识别率为95.6%。结论 基于伸缩移动窗口相似度与贝叶斯算法构建的贝叶斯判别模型可以对弱主药信号药品的真假进行快速判别。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.