蒲黄药材及其饮片的质量分析

目的：评价蒲黄药材及饮片的质量。方法：通过对蒲黄药材及饮片的现行法定标准检验和探索性研究检验,综合评价其质量状况。结果：按现行法定标准检验蒲黄及其饮片134批次,不合格率为25.4%;通过探索性研究检验,发现染色、增重和掺假为影响本品质量的主要问题,且有用多种染色剂进行非法染色的情况。结论：蒲黄药材及饮片总体质量可通过法定检验和探索性研究检验予以监测,但其质量问题来源复杂,须从生产、流通、使用各个环节加强监督管理,综合进行质量控制以保障民众用药的安全与有效。     

基于国家药品抽检的血竭饮片的质量问题分析

目的：通过开展血竭饮片的国家抽检工作,提升现行标准,全面掌握血竭的质量问题,为血竭的监管提供技术支持,保障公众用药安全。方法：依据法定标准进行检验,从影响药品的安全性、有效性及标准完善等方面开展探索性研究。结果：共抽检47批血竭饮片,按现行质量标准检验并结合探索性研究,其不合格率为70.2%。改进了薄层色谱和含量测定方法,针对血竭中掺龙血竭问题,建立了补充检验方法。结论：血竭饮片质量较差,非法掺入龙血竭现象严重,应加强监管;检验标准仍需进一步完善,建议修订薄层色谱鉴别和含量测定方法,制订血竭中龙血竭成分检查的补充检验方法。     

全国地黄饮片评价性抽验结果分析

目的:开展地黄饮片的全国评价性抽验,不断完善和修订标准方法,保障公众的用药安全和有效。方法:依据法定标准进行检验,并开展探索性研究。结果:共收到187批地黄饮片,不合格率22.5%。建立了地黄饮片中7种糖类成分的含量测定方法,探索不同炮制时间对地黄糖类成分的影响。增加熟地黄中甘露三糖的含量测定,完善熟地黄的质量标准。结论:通过本次抽验,发现地黄饮片仍存在质量问题,建议加强监管;地黄、熟地黄的标准仍需完善,建议修订标准。     

厚朴药材专项抽验情况分析与研究

目的：通过分析176批厚朴饮片及其炮制品的国家评价性抽验结果,对其质量现状进行评价。方法：按照厚朴现行法定标准检验中出现的问题,建立了真伪鉴别、有效性、安全性方面的探索性研究,对厚朴饮片及其炮制品的质量状况进行了全面的分析与评价。结果：法定标准检验合格率为95.5%;探索性研究方法检验合格率为88.8%。不合格的主要原因有含量、掺伪及炮制品辅料等。结论：厚朴饮片及其炮制品质量现状较好,但检验标准仍需进一步完善。     

国产乳酸环丙沙星滴眼液质量分析

目的评价国产乳酸环丙沙星滴眼液的质量现状。方法采用现行法定标准检验结合探索性研究结果,对市场上3家企业生产的36批乳酸环丙沙星滴眼液的质量进行比较分析,通过对含量测定、有关物质及抑菌剂合理性等项目的考察,结合稳定性试验,分析不同企业产品的质量差异。结果法定标准检验36批乳酸环丙沙星滴眼液,合格率为100%;探索性研究显示,该品种现行标准多个安全性检查项目缺失、检验方法专属性差、标准不统一。结论国内乳酸环丙沙星滴眼液整体质量一般,现行质量标准有待提高。     

补中益气丸(颗粒)质量分析

目的对国家评价性抽验品种补中益气丸(颗粒)的检验及探索性研究结果进行统计和分析,评价全国范围内补中益气丸(颗粒)的质量状况,并提出建议。方法采用各品种的法定质量标准对262批补中益气丸蜜丸、水丸、浓缩丸及颗粒剂抽验样品进行检验;针对4种剂型的各自现行质量标准,采取填平补齐,统筹考虑的思路,并结合生产工艺,开展如下探索性研究:①大叶柴胡检查及柴胡TLC鉴别;②有机氯农药残留量检测;③重金属及有害元素测定;④蜂蜜检查;⑤白术、甘草、陈皮、升麻、当归TLC鉴别;⑥含量测定;⑦风险评估。结果 129批蜜丸按法定标准检验有4批不合格(不合格率为3.1%),不合格项目为细菌数超标(2批),甘草薄层鉴别不合格(1批),水分超标(1批);1批浓缩丸按注册标准检验,结果甘草含量不合格;其余98批浓缩丸、30批水丸、4批颗粒剂按中国药典2010年版一部标准检验,全部符合规定。探索性研究方法检验结果为:蜜丸不合格率为22.4%,水丸不合格率为12.6%,浓缩丸不合格率为8.0%,颗粒剂不合格率为0。比较依据中国药典2010年版一部标准检验结果和探索性研究方法检验结果,增加探索性研究方法后可见不合格率增加。结论各剂型现行标准存在或多或少的缺陷,不能有效地控制产品质量,建议加以完善提高;所有企业对法定标准有控制的项目认真对待,对法定标准之外的项目采取的质量控制措施不严格,建议国家食品药品监督管理局组织力量加强对这类企业的GMP检查,以保障患者用药安全有效。     

2016年全国当归饮片评价性抽验结果分析

目的：开展当归饮片的全国评价性抽验,不断完善和修订标准方法,保障公众的用药安全和有效。方法：依据法定标准进行检验,并开展探索性研究。结果：共收到192批当归饮片,涉及163家生产企业。其中173批次合格,19批次不合格,总体合格率90%。建立当归饮片中阿魏酸、藁本内酯和正丁烯基苯酞的含量测定方法,用以建立和完善当归饮片质量标准。解决当归检验中的实际问题。结论：通过本次抽验,发现当归饮片仍存在一些质量问题,建议加强监管。     

国产四环素片质量分析

目的 综合评价不同企业生产的四环素片的质量。方法 采用现行法定标准检验结合探索性研究结果，对市场上24家企业生产的200批四环素片的质量进行系统比较，通过对原料药和制剂含量测定、有关物质及水分等项目的考察，结合稳定性试验，分析不同企业产品的质量差异。结果 法定标准检验200批四环素片，合格率为100%；探索性研究显示，法定标准中有关物质及水分检查项的缺失，导致质量控制不到位。结论 国内四环素片整体质量一般，现行质量标准有待提高。     

基于国家药品抽检的氨咖黄敏胶囊质量评价

目的 通过国家药品抽检工作,了解氨咖黄敏胶囊的质量现状并发现该品种存在的质量问题,完善质量标准,为药品监管提供技术支持。方法 采用现行质量标准对290批样品进行检验,基于检验中发现的问题进行探索性研究,建立多项检验方法全面分析其质量。结果 按照法定标准检验,290批样品合格率为100.0%;按探索性研究检验,合格率降为87.9%,不合格项目为溶出度、含量均匀度和含量测定。结论 氨咖黄敏胶囊总体质量良好,部分生产企业存在生产工艺缺陷、生产过程控制不严,或者投料准确性不足等问题;现行法定标准已不能有效控制产品质量,从项目的设置到检验方法都有待完善,建议修订质量标准。     

全国大黄药材及其饮片评价性抽验结果分析与一测多评法研究

目的：开展大黄药材及其饮片的全国评价性抽验,不断完善和修订标准方法,保障公众用药安全有效。方法：依据法定标准进行检验,并开展探索性研究。结果：共收到174批大黄药材及其饮片,涉及142家生产企业。其中152批次合格,22批次不合格,总体合格率为87%。以一测多评方法建立用大黄素同步测定大黄药材及其饮片中5种蒽醌类成分含量的方法,可以提高检验效率,避免对照品溶解性差异所带来的测定偏差,解决大黄检验中的实际问题。结论：通过本次抽验,发现大黄药材及其饮片仍然存在一些质量问题,应进一步加强监管。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.